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57-687: Established in 1959 as a section of the International Union of Physiological Sciences, IUPHAR became an independent organization in 1966 and is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). The first World Congress of Pharmacology was held in Stockholm , Sweden in 1961 and subsequently held every three years. After 1990 the World Congresses were moved to a four-year interval. These meetings present

114-673: A General Assembly of all Members was convened every three years. ICSU has three Regional Offices − Africa, Asia and the Pacific as well as Latin America and the Caribbean. The principal source of ICSU's finances was the contributions it receives from its members. Other sources of income are the framework contracts from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and grants and contracts from United Nations bodies, foundations and agencies, which are used to support

171-501: A constitutional right in the country. China first published their own EML in 1982, with the current EML containing over 2,000 herbal, chemical, and biological medicines. The Ministry of Health (MOH) consists of medical and economic experts that are divided into a consult and review group to develop their national medicines list. Provinces in China are able to form their own EML, but are not allowed to remove medicines already listed in

228-432: A potential of drug abuse and was established as an essential medication, yet raised some ethical questions. With the lack of literature highlighting its safety, it was highly discouraged to place Codeine as an essential medication. Not to mention, it was further discouraged in 2011 when Codeine was removed from WHO essential medicine list for children, causing greater discussion of its use in adults. Another article discusses

285-584: Is common, health equity measures and economic policy helps evaluate the affordability of medications as well as the effects of public health legislation. Brazil had published their first EML called RENAME 13 years prior to the WHO's first essential medicines list. RENAME included medicines that focused on safety, efficacy, and availability of medications, as well as Brazil's health priority of their population. The WHO EML encouraged Brazil to separate medications based on therapeutic classes, leading to both lists having

342-405: Is lower in comparison to the WHO's goal, with little progress in expansion over the years. This systematic review and meta-analysis study pooled studies that reported the availability of essential medicines in various regions of China from 2009 to 2019. The data supports the need to improve the access and distribution of medication across regions to ensure that the goal of universal health coverage

399-470: Is reached. Having essential medications be accessible to everyone is the foundation to a better health without financial hardships for the general public. The goal of universal health coverage was set in place in 2015, where multiple countries have taken steps towards ensuring treatment, palliation , rehabilitation , and preventative health measures for everyone. Understanding that accessibility to appropriate and applicable essential medications within

456-454: Is the guardian of this work." The ICSU Secretariat (20 staff in 2012) in Paris ensured the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of an elected executive board. Three Policy Committees − Committee on Scientific Planning and Review (CSPR), Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science (CFRS) and Committee on Finance − assisted the executive board in its work and

513-506: Is the subject of debate between producers ( pharmaceutical companies ) and purchasers of drugs (national health services). It is estimated that access to essential medicines could save 10 million people a year. Access to essential medicine is a cornerstone of effective healthcare systems and a fundamental component of global health initiatives aimed at improving quality of life , reducing health disparities , and fostering sustainable development . Proper access to essential medicine can lower

570-402: Is to provide appropriate use of treatment and not include medications that have been withdrawn from the market in other countries due to unfavorable benefit-to-harm balance. Despite many efforts from different countries, some individuals do not have their needs met and have to turn to an alternative plan called the judiciary in order to receive the medications required. The Judiciary also known as

627-759: The International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris . The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: Activities focused on three areas: International Research Collaboration, Science for Policy, and Universality of Science. In July 2018,

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684-452: The " Judicialization of access to medicines, " this involves technical, scientific, legal, and social aspects. Further research is needed to explore these aspects comprehensively. Medications can be priced differently, due to the fact that each medication can have many qualities and uses. Because various medicines have different costs, individual uses, and distinct advantages, it prompts the theory of cost effectiveness . Cost effectiveness

741-451: The 2023 list contains 361 medications. The intention of creating an EML for children is to improve child survival and provide treatment options for mortality and morbidity causes. WHO launched a "Make Medicines Child Size" (MMCS) campaign in 2007 with the purpose of creating appropriate regimens and formulations for children based on their weight and age. A 2021 study assessing the age-appropriateness of enteral formulations listed on

798-499: The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET), as a learning resource to support education and training in the pharmacological sciences. The materials are intended for use by students of pharmacology, clinical pharmacologists, and others interested in the pharmacological sciences. The stated aim is to produce a simple, attractive, easily searchable resource that will support students and teachers of

855-671: The ICSU became the International Science Council (ISC). The ICSU itself was one of the oldest non-governmental organizations in the world, representing the evolution and expansion of two earlier bodies known as the International Association of Academies (IAA; 1899–1914) and the International Research Council (IRC; 1919–1931). In 1998, Members agreed that the Council's current composition and activities would be better reflected by modifying

912-594: The Research in Humans Compendium, a free resource to provide the scientific community interested in human research with information on the design of research protocols to assess the effectiveness of a drug in a series of pathological conditions. IUPHAR is involved in the development of pharmacology in developing countries . In conjunction with ICSU the Pharmacology for Africa (Phar f A) initiative

969-513: The WHO EML can be done with national medication selection committees that are able to operate with consultive mandates. These committees also need very clear leadership, monitoring, and evaluations. Implementation of EMLs can be done efficiently if there is a form of a reimbursement process in order to help keep costs low. Additionally, EMLs should have recommended clinical practices, such as listing necessary items, in order to make implementation of

1026-593: The WHO Essential Medicine List for Children (EMLc) highlighted the dependence on factors such as dose adaptability, formulation flexibility, and the child's swallowing ability. Analysis of the EMLc between 2011 and 2019 revealed that most enteral medications were not age-appropriate for children under six years old, necessitating manipulation of the medicine prior to administration. This practice raises concerns regarding safety and efficacy. Consequently,

1083-579: The WHO Essential Medicine List has been used to provide consistency and alignment of treatment across the nation. In the 2022 quantitative analysis study of cardiovascular medications, the data suggests how adopting a common formulary of combination therapy and specific types of drug classes improved patient adherence and cardiovascular outcomes within the region. The study compared South Africa and 15 different South African Development Communities (SADC) essential medication lists of 2021 for cardiovascular medications. Having majority of SADC lists aligned with

1140-502: The WHO essential medicine lists of South Africa, supports how implementing this into the national EML would provide greater accessibility and availability of CVD medications consistently throughout the nation. While the WHO Essential Medicine Lists are a very valuable tool and integral to the country's medicine policy, there has not yet been enough effort to implement them. There are several factors that affect

1197-610: The WHO has published a model list of essential medicines, with the 2019 list for adult patients containing over 400 medicines. Since 2007, a separate list of medicines intended for child patients has been published. A new list was published in 2021, for both adults and children. Several changes have been implemented since the 2021 edition, including that medication cost should not be grounds for exclusion criteria if it meets other selection criteria, and cost-effectiveness differences should be evaluated within therapeutic areas. The following year, antiretroviral agents, usually used in

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1254-416: The adaptation and implementation of the WHO Essential Medicine Lists, as found by a 2022 qualitative evidence synthesis. This study identified areas that need support in order to implement EML at a country level. The lack of effort to implement WHO Essential medicines lists undermines the potential health benefits, exacerbates inequities in access, increase health costs and infrastructure. Implementation of

1311-569: The amount for really expensive treatments and hospitalizations by managing early and effectively. The WHO made the Model List of Essential Medicines in 1977 based on the idea that certain medicines are required more often than others and are often inaccessible to many different populations. As of 2018, 146 countries are using the Essential Medicines concept, which is also used to guide the reimbursement of medicines depending on

1368-462: The antibiotics on the essential medicines list from 138 countries and assessed each countries national listing. The data showed that on average of the 44 essential antibiotic medications, 24 of them were accessible to the population, 5 of them considered on reserve, and 15 of them on WATCH using the AWaRe classification. Additionally, the use of therapeutic guidelines as a reference for the creation of

1425-424: The appropriateness of empirical dosing of different antibiotics on EMLs from multiple countries. Using the top 31 priority bacterial infections as a comparator, results showed how broadening the antibiotic list and dose, would not only increase adherence to treating the infections. It would also address the antibiotic resistance complication in most bacterial infections. This 2021 Cross-Sectional study , reviewed

1482-596: The biomedical sciences, medicine, nursing and pharmacy. It is also intended as an introduction to some of the new data in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, particularly for those less familiar with such material. The early years of the 21st century will be focused on integrating basic and clinical research to implement translational medicine techniques more quickly. The 9th World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Québec City , Canada

1539-772: The earlier IUPHAR-DB. This is a joint endeavor with the British Pharmacological Society , and has been supported by the Wellcome Trust . It includes all the G protein -coupled receptors, voltage-gated ion channels , 7TM receptors, nuclear receptors , ligand-gated ion channels and Kinases which are known to be in the human genome . Where relevant, data on the rat and mouse homologues are presented to assist researchers and clinicians in developing and/or enhancing therapeutics for eventual medication in humans. NC-IUPHAR also promulgates standards of name nomenclature for research in pharmacology and

1596-501: The free and responsible practice of science, the council promotes equitable opportunities for access to science and its benefits, and opposes discrimination based on such factors as ethnic origin, religion, citizenship, language, political or other opinion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, or age. The International Science Council's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in Science (CFRS) "oversees this commitment and

1653-531: The importance to public health, the efficacy, the safety, and the cost of the medicines. The goal of the Essential Medicine concept is that medicines that have the highest relevance in public health, meaning medicines that are used the most often, should be available equally to everyone in a population either for free or at a very affordable cost. The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines has been updated every two years since 1977. The 23rd version

1710-548: The latest pharmacological research, technology, and methodology, and provide a forum for international collaboration and exchange of ideas. A General Assembly, consisting of delegates from all the member societies, is convened during the congresses so member societies have an opportunity to elect the Executive Committee and vote on matters concerning the governance and activities of the union. IUPHAR members are regional, national and special-interest societies around

1767-400: The latter category. This age-based cutoff may lead to an oversight of the unique healthcare needs of this demographic. It would be a good idea to create a list for adolescents as well. This is important as it allows healthcare providers to offer tailored care for each group. This differentiation ensures that treatments are appropriate for children's unique physiological needs. The first EML

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1824-586: The list easy to do. For example, in the case of injectable medications, the EML should indicate that in addition to the medication a patient would also need an injection device and safety box. Finally, there needs to be clear legislation and monitoring to make sure there is compliance. Access to essential medicines are part of the Sustainable Development Goals , specifically goal 3.8. A number of organizations, which are global in scope, use

1881-560: The list to determine which medications they will supply. Rather than strictly following the list, many nations refer to the essential medicines list as a guide for developing their own laws and regulations based on their own requirements. Ecuador , Ghana , The Philippines , South Africa , and Ukraine all include some mention of essential medicines or other health infrastructure that helps guide their economic policies on medicine pricing and benefit selection. Especially in middle income countries where out-of-pocket spending on medications

1938-483: The major obstacles being low supply, including shortages of inexpensive drugs. Following these shortages, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a report in fall of 2019 with strategies to overcome and mitigate supply issues. The original WHO definition in 1977 was that they were medicines " of utmost importance, basic, indispensable, and necessary for the healthcare needs of the population ". The concept

1995-568: The most cost-effective manner. The lists serve as a baseline for health insurance entities to include or exclude the medication, and modify the dose based on clinical study evidence. To improve the accessibility of essential medicines for both children and adults, it is necessary to ensure the rational use of medicine while also being cost-effective. In a 2023 study evaluating the availability, distribution, and progress of essential medicines in China , results showed that access to essential medicines

2052-889: The name from the International Council of Scientific Unions to the International Council for Science, while its rich history and strong identity would be well served by retaining the existing acronym, ICSU. The Principle of Freedom and Responsibility in Science : the free and responsible practice of science is fundamental to scientific advancement and human and environmental well-being. Such practice, in all its aspects, requires freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data, information, and other resources for research. It requires responsibility at all levels to carry out and communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and transparency, recognizing its benefits and possible harms. In advocating

2109-620: The national EML. India first developed their National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) back in 1996 with only a minimal amount of revisions. Evidence-based criteria is used to determine which medications to add or remove to the list. Clinicians, pharmacologists , pharmacists , etc. discuss and review the list where an open-house discussion is used to modify and finalize the NLEM. However, poor medical supplies and staff with low health investments in implementations have caused people to go to private hospitals and clinics for treatment . And with

2166-740: The needs and research tools for clinicians. The Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) provides a uniform guideline for naming and classifying results from the Human Genome Project , naming proteins derived from new sequences as functional receptors and ion channels. Sections specializing in various areas of pharmacology have been established, including Drug Metabolism and Drug Transport , Education , Gastrointestinal Pharmacology , Immunopharmacology , Pharmacology of Natural products , Neuropsychopharmacology , Pediatrics Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics . Volunteers participate in

2223-623: The population. As part of this mission, with the support of ICSU and the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , the IUPHAR Education Section organized a series of workshops, mostly in Africa, to train young investigators on ethical laboratory practices, including the three Rs of ethical use of animals . IUPHAR Pharmacology Education Project is a website developed by IUPHAR, with support from

2280-563: The quadrennial General Assemblies. A biannual newsletter entitled Pharmacology International is published. As a non-government organization in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), IUPHAR representatives help shape international policy on essential medicines , appropriate dose therapeutics for children, and clinical pharmacology core competencies among its many WHO-related activities. The Division of Clinical Pharmacology compiled and released

2337-549: The region, is the first step towards reaching equitable and universal healthcare . Items are chosen as essential medicines based on how common the disease that is being treated, evidence of benefit, the degree of side effects and the cost compared to other options. In order to explore the human rights law and WHO's essential medicines policies into national legislation regarding medicines, affordability and financing needs to be understood to enhance universal access to essential medicines. The intention of essential medicine lists

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2394-442: The related disciplines. In general, IUPHAR offers individual pharmacologists free curriculum expertise, career development and job listings (the non-profit PharmacoCareers.org), research resources, and collaboration opportunities. IUPHAR offers its member societies venues for participating in worldwide initiatives, publicizing member meetings and activities, nominating individuals for Young Investigator awards, and naming delegates to

2451-462: The same format, despite different medications listed. The addition of the WHO's 2009 children's EML inspired Brazil to consider their own RENAME pediatric list. But limitations have caused Brazil to wait for further pediatric drug evidence within the country before finalizing their own children-specific EML. Challenges such as high prices and poor availability have impacted how citizens are actually able to obtain their medications, despite healthcare being

2508-465: The scientific activities of the ICSU Unions and interdisciplinary bodies. Essential medicines Essential medicines , as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), are medicines that " satisfy the priority health care needs of the population ". Essential medicines should be accessible to people at all times, in sufficient amounts, and be generally affordable. Since 1977,

2565-400: The study emphasizes the urgent need for more comprehensive information and guidelines for selecting and developing age-appropriate essential enteral medicines for pediatric populations. While the practice of maintaining separate lists for the general population and children under 12 years of age is beneficial in tailoring healthcare interventions, it inadvertently excludes adolescents from

2622-651: The treatment of HIV/AIDS , were included on the list of essential medicines. The WHO distinguishes between "core list" and "complementary list" medications. This list forms the basis of the national drugs policy in more than 155 countries, both in the developed and developing world . Many governments refer to WHO recommendations when making decisions on health spending. Countries are encouraged to prepare their own lists considering local priorities. Over 150 countries have published an official essential medicines list. Despite these efforts, an estimated 2 billion people still lack access to essential medicines, with some of

2679-480: The various sections and division according to their interests and training. A primary purpose of IUPHAR is providing global free access to a major, on-line repository of characterization data for receptors , ion channels, enzyme target classes and drugs through the Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), established in 1987. The Guide to Pharmacology established in 2012 superseded

2736-462: The world. The various sections and committees are composed of individuals from academia , pharmaceutical companies , and government organizations. IUPHAR resources are available to all members of the pharmacology-related societies that adhere to IUPHAR. IUPHAR is divided in sectional topics. The Division of Clinical Pharmacology, including 3 subcommittees of Developing Countries , Geriatrics , and Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, focuses on

2793-687: Was a central theme of the 17th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (WCP2014) held July 13–18, 2014 in Cape Town , South Africa. The 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (WCP2018) being held in Kyoto, Japan on July 1–6, 2018 will focus on drug development and therapeutics using new methodologies such as genome sequencing, stem cell biology, nanotechnology and systems biology. International Council for Science The International Council for Science ( ICSU , after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions )

2850-465: Was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science . Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with

2907-420: Was higher (61.5%) than non-essential medicines (27.3%). But in the public sector, the median availability was 40% for essential medicines, compared to 6.6% for non-essential medicines. Thus, overall, the availability of essential medicines in the public sector is still suboptimal, indicating challenges in achieving equitable access. The first edition of the " WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children ",

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2964-406: Was mentioned in one of the ten points of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on primary health care . In 2002 the definition was changed to: Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. This remains the definition as of 2019 . The use of essential medicines lists has resulted in better quality of care and improved management of health resources in

3021-449: Was published in 1977 and was created as a tool to improve the accessibility and availability of medications for everyone. Multiple editions of EMLs and studies since then have been released, comparing the necessity, efficacy, safety, and of certain medications on the list. In addition, studies have been done comparing EMLs from multiple regions to ensure the appropriateness of dosing and safety of drug classes. Medication like Codeine has

3078-460: Was published in 2007, while the 9th edition was published in 2023. It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations . While the EML (Essential Medicine List) is intended for the population as a whole, the EMLc (Essential Medicine List for Children) is intended for children up to 12 years old. The first edition contained 450 formulations of 200 different medications and

3135-472: Was published in July 2023. Over that period, the number of medications has more than doubled, from the original 208 in 1977, to more than 500 in 2023. Medicines are then categorized as essential or non-essential based on their inclusion in each country's EML. results are then analyzed by WHO regions, World Bank income groups, wealth inequality, and therapeutic groups. The group for essential medicines availability

3192-580: Was the last IUPHAR meeting to present clinical pharmacology separately. The World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology in Copenhagen , Denmark on July 17–23, 2010 was the first integrated meeting. The merging of these different approaches to the same discipline is to accelerate the introduction of improved therapeutics for humans. Educational components will be emphasized for both existing pharmacology programs as well as increasing and enhancing pharmacology training in developing countries. This topic

3249-500: Was undertaken in 2006 to promote and organize pharmacology on the African continent. The South African Society of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology is building a database and network of institutions and pharmacologists to create an infrastructure for training and funding pharmacologists. The long-term goal is for the African continent to attain the necessary pharmacological knowledge and resources to address disease-related issues affecting

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