Misplaced Pages

#684315

33-582: The movement was aligned with the pro-Soviet wing of the Estonian Communist Party , and opposed the Estonian independence movement led by the pro-independence Popular Front of Estonia and the liberal wing of the CPE. The Intermovement was not an organisation built on nationalist principles, as it gathered almost exclusively supporters from ethnic non-Estonians . The main leader of the movement

66-559: A number of reasons and the criteria for acceptance as a resident may change over time. In New Zealand the current range of conditions include being a skilled migrant, a retired parent of a New Zealand national, an investor and a number of others. Some countries have adopted biometric residence permits, which are cards including embedded machine readable information and RFID NFC capable chips. See German residence permit See Permanent residency in France In Italy

99-536: A strong position within the Estonian trade union movement. In the parliamentary elections EKP's front organisations took always more than 5% of the vote. However, following the 1 December 1924 failed coup attempt by the Estonian communists, the party rapidly lost support, its membership fell to around 70–200 people and remained low until 1940. According to the EKP's own records, there were only 150 party members remaining by

132-515: Is a document or card required in some regions, allowing a foreign national to reside in a country for a fixed or indefinite length of time. These may be permits for temporary residency, or permanent residency . The exact rules vary between regions. In some cases (e.g. the UK ) a temporary residence permit is required to extend a stay past some threshold, and can be an intermediate step to applying for permanent residency. Residency status may be granted for

165-479: Is issued, in general, for a period of 1 year provided that there is at least one of legal grounds for temporary stay in Ukraine. Permanent residence equals to immigration. Biometric Residence permit, a type of card in lieu of visa which allows a non-British citizen to work & reside in the UK. Biometric Residence card, a type of card which allows European Union Settlement Scheme holders to work & reside in

198-648: The All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) . The territorial organization of the AUCP(b) in the Estonian SSR became known as Communist Party of Estonia (bolsheviks) (EK(b)P). The EK(b)P was purged in 1950 of many of its original native leaders they were replaced by a number of prominent Estonians who had grown up in Russia, see " Yestonians ". When the AUCP(b) changed its name in 1952 to CPSU,

231-604: The Northern-Baltic Committee of the RSDLP(b) ( Estonian : VSDT(b)P Põhja-Balti Komitee ). After the February Revolution , as in the rest of the empire, Bolsheviks started to gain popularity with their demands to end the war immediately, as well as their support for fast land reform and originally even ethnic claims (to introduce Estonian as an official language parallel to Russian). During

264-618: The permesso di soggiorno is released by the Polizia di Stato 'state police'; it must be requested by the immigrant to be allowed to reside in the country for more than eight days, or more than ninety days if having a visto d'ingresso 'travel visa' for tourism. It is not required for EU citizens . See Permanent residency in Singapore In Ukraine there are two types of residence permits: temporary residence permit and permanent residence permit. Temporary residence permit

297-771: The Bolsheviks had markedly fallen, and they failed to mobilise mass support for "revolutionary warfare". A pro-Leninist puppet government (" Estonian Workers' Commune ") was set up in areas occupied by the Red Army , but it had very limited influence. At this time the party branch had been reorganized into the Central Committee of the Estonian Sections of the RCP(b) ( Estonian : Venemaa Kommunistliku (bolshevike) Partei Eesti Sektsioonide Keskkomitee ). After

330-823: The EK(b)P removed the (b) from its name. EKP was divided in 1990, as the pro-sovereignty majority faction of EKP separated itself from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and became the Estonian Democratic Labour Party ( Estonian United Left Party ). The remaining pro-Soviet faction reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party of Estonia (CPSU platform) . (Birth–Death) (Birth–Death) Residence permit A residence permit (less commonly residency permit )

363-595: The Estonian Sections of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was separated from its mother party. During the first half of the 1920s the Bolsheviks' hopes for an immediate world revolution were still high, and communists and their sympathizers in Estonia had their own hopes of restoring power, and these hopes were supported by the widespread economic and social crisis at the time. Activists of

SECTION 10

#1732780690685

396-622: The Popular Front. From 29 August 1990 to 21 August 1991 the Intermovement ran the radio station Nadezhda ( Russian : Надежда , meaning 'Hope'), which contrary to the ordinary procedure got its license from the central authorities of the Soviet Union without informing local authorities in Estonia. Following an order by the Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov , the radio station was installed at

429-614: The Soviet Union. Being committed to the USSR's territorial integrity, they forged alliances with Russian nationalist organizations. Pyotr Rozhok, a participant of the Intermovement, became a LDPRF politician in 1990s before running as Stalinist Bloc candidate in the Russian legislative election in 1999. On 15 May 1990, the Intermovement had a mass gathering in front of the Toompea Castle , that escalated into an attempt to take over

462-507: The demand for an independent, or Finland-linked, Estonia and wished to redistribute land to the landless and small farmers. In the first question the Estonian Bolsheviks, although having introduced Estonian as an official language after their takeover, promoted the idea of Estonia as a part of Soviet Russia. In the land reform policy, Estonian Bolsheviks continued to support immediate collectivisation. Bolshevik rule in Estonia

495-401: The established democratic political system, the organisation never tried to legalise itself in the independent Republic of Estonia in 1920–1940, nor did it ever abandon calls for an armed uprising to unite Estonia with the USSR. Although by early 1920s EKP had dropped much below from its 1917 level of popularity, it still had significant support amongst the industrial proletariat and it held

528-658: The former KGB general Oleg Kalugin ( Russian : Олег Калугин ) it was established in Estonia as also in other parts of the USSR on the initiative of the KGB , as a counterbalance to the Popular Fronts , perceived as nationalist organizations. Despite the stereotyping of the Russophones as an elitist force opposing an Estonian independence movement, the Interfront organizations were mass movements and their membership

561-520: The government's actions, Juri Mišin and a few other former activists of the Intermovement made demands of regional autonomy for Estonia's Russian minority, seeking autonomy of the ethnic Russian dominated areas in North-East Estonia. Activists held an unconstitutional plebiscite on this matter in the Narva region. Some raised concerns that the central government might use force to prevent

594-399: The industries were forced to restructure their production and re-orient to new markets, which in most of cases drastically reduced production and forced lay off many people, a large number of whom were Soviet-era immigrants. According to critics, the movement's aim was to protect the conservative Soviet values and make everything possible to block the actions of the Popular Front. According to

627-652: The leaders of the Intermovement cared really about human rights, one could find common language with them. However, what they thought about weren't people. For them, as well as for the radical nationalists, people were means, not aim. They'd cared about destiny of the CPSU, Soviet Empire, red flag, marxism-leninism etc. In elections for the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union in 1989 pro-Intermovement candidates won 6 seats out of Estonia's 36, against 27 won by

660-503: The parliament building. Edgar Savisaar made a radio announcement "Toompea is under attack". Thousands of Estonians responded and forced the unarmed anti-independence protesters to disperse within few hours. Images of Intermovement leaving Toompea by Jaan Künnap : Estonian Communist Party The Communist Party of Estonia ( Estonian : Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei , abbreviated EKP ; in Russian: Коммунистическая партия Эстонии)

693-691: The party did however start to decline, and the Constituent Assembly election of January 1918 was never completed. Moreover, the party faced the situation in which it had difficulty building alliances. Their opponents, the Democratic Bloc, was able to initiate cooperation with the Labour Party, Mensheviks and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party . Those parties supported different ideas but were united around

SECTION 20

#1732780690685

726-436: The party had not only to support the agenda, but also to be ready to participate in the illegal actions, such as organising conspirative apartments, transporting weapons and communist propaganda material, hide undercover activists and collect information for the revolutionaries. It resulted in a standing conflict situation with the Estonian government and authorities. As EKP was not oriented towards official political action within

759-558: The plebiscite, but these concerns were not based in fact, and it tookplace on July 16–July 17, 1993. According to the activist commissions in Narva and Sillamäe , 53.2% percent of voters participated and 98% in total (97.2% in Narva). However, the central government determined the majority of the population did not participate, and demanded the Narva city council, which had provided material support to separatists, to disband. The Intermovement

792-606: The summer of 1917, elected Bolshevik members along with their supporters, achieved a controlling majority in the Tallinn city council. By the end of 1917, Estonian Bolsheviks were stronger than ever — holding control over political power and having significant support — remarkably more than in Russia. In the elections into the Russian Constituent Assembly, their list got 40.2% of the votes in Estonia and four of six seats allocated to Estonia. The support for

825-745: The territory of the Soviet military base in Keila , near Tallinn. In 1993 Estonian state adopted a law on citizenship and residency , based on Jus sanguinis . Under the new law, former Soviet citizens who had neither held Estonian citizenship nor were descended from citizens (including approximately 500,000 ethnic Russians) were to be regarded foreigners. Some raised concerns that the new foreigners would face possible expulsion from Estonian territory; however, these concerns were not based in fact and in general, Soviet-era non-citizen immigrants were furnished with long-term residence permits . Ostensibly in response to

858-565: The time of the Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia in June 1940. Like in the rest of the Russian empire, the RSDLP branches in the Governorate of Estonia had been ravaged by division between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. In 1912 the Bolsheviks started a publication, Kiir , in Narva . In June 1914, the party took a decision to create a special Central Committee of RSDLP(b) of Estonia, named

891-399: The war a reorientation was found to be necessary (since Estonia was now an independent state) by the central leadership of the RCP(b) and thus on 5 November 1920 the Communist Party of Estonia (EKP) was founded as a separate party. In the rigged 1940 Estonian parliamentary election , the EKP candidates were included in the " Estonian Working People's Union " bloc. In 1940, EKP was merged into

924-661: Was Jevgeni Kogan ( Russian : Евгений Коган , sometimes transliterated as Evgeny Kogan). Kogan was also one of the leaders of the hardline Soyuz faction in the USSR legislature. Other leaders of the Intermovement included Vladimir Jarovoi ( Russian : Владимир Яровой , also transliterated as Vladimir Yarovoi), Arnold Sai, Vladimir Lebedev ( Russian : Владимир Лебедев ) and economist Konstantin Kiknadze The Intermovement functioned at factories, mainly, at military plants and those factories that had an all-union importance. A large part of Estonian heavy industry

957-625: Was a regional branch of the Soviet communist party which in 1920–1940 operated illegally in Estonia and, after the 1940 occupation and annexation of the country by the Soviet Union , was formally re-merged into the USSR's All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) and operated as part of the CPSU until 1990. The predecessor of EKP was formed on 5 November 1920, when the Central Committee of

990-645: Was ended by the German invasion in the end of February 1918. The party branch continued to function in exile in Soviet Russia. After the German revolution in November 1918, when an independent Estonian national government took office, the Estonian Bolsheviks supported the Lenin 's Soviet Russian regime's armed invasion against the new democratic country. By this time, the level of local Estonian popular support for

1023-672: Was made up of people from all walks of life. One of initiators of foundation of the Popular Front R. Grigorjan afterwards gave the following evaluation: One cannot say that everything in the ideas and slogans of the Intermovementians was wrong. Their concerns that Estonian language will be introduced and people will be fired for not speaking it, fulfilled completely. Or, that the Russian-speakers will be deprived of political rights (citizenship) and turn into second-class people, that Russian schools will be closed etc. But, if

Intermovement - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-531: Was not built on ethnic principles and had some ethnic Estonian supporters. However, of the 742 delegates attending the first congress on March 5, 1989, only 11 were ethnic Estonian. It was supported by Gustav Naan and Vladimir Hütt ; Intermovements ranks also included Arnold Sai, Lembit Annus and Valter Toots. Similar organisations existed in Latvia, Lithuania (called ' Yedinstvo ' - 'Unity') and Moldova. They shared orthodox communist views and struggled for preserving

1089-493: Was part of the integrated production chain providing their production to the industries in other Soviet regions. These included e.g. the engine factory Dvigatel , Kalinin's and Pöögelmann's electrotechnical plant Tondi Elektroonika , and the (especially but not only phosphorite ) mining industry in Northern Estonia. It was feared that Estonian independence would lead to the loss of jobs. In fact, after independence

#684315