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108-521: Established in 1984, the International Petroleum Investment Company (IPIC) was created to advance Abu Dhabi’s natural petroleum wealth for the development of the emirate. Mubadala Development Company followed in 2002 to further diversify the economy. In June 2016, it was announced that Mubadala Development Company would merge with the International Petroleum Investment Company. In 2017, ownership of both MDC and IPIC

216-440: A current requires the flow of electrons, and semiconductors have their valence bands filled, preventing the entire flow of new electrons. Several developed techniques allow semiconducting materials to behave like conducting materials, such as doping or gating . These modifications have two outcomes: n-type and p-type . These refer to the excess or shortage of electrons, respectively. A balanced number of electrons would cause

324-439: A cut-off frequency of one cycle per second, too low for any practical applications, but an effective application of the available theory. At Bell Labs , William Shockley and A. Holden started investigating solid-state amplifiers in 1938. The first p–n junction in silicon was observed by Russell Ohl about 1941 when a specimen was found to be light-sensitive, with a sharp boundary between p-type impurity at one end and n-type at

432-513: A common semi-insulator is gallium arsenide . Some materials, such as titanium dioxide , can even be used as insulating materials for some applications, while being treated as wide-gap semiconductors for other applications. The partial filling of the states at the bottom of the conduction band can be understood as adding electrons to that band. The electrons do not stay indefinitely (due to the natural thermal recombination ) but they can move around for some time. The actual concentration of electrons

540-423: A completely full valence band is inert, not conducting any current. If an electron is taken out of the valence band, then the trajectory that the electron would normally have taken is now missing its charge. For the purposes of electric current, this combination of the full valence band, minus the electron, can be converted into a picture of a completely empty band containing a positively charged particle that moves in

648-474: A current to flow throughout the material. Homojunctions occur when two differently doped semiconducting materials are joined. For example, a configuration could consist of p-doped and n-doped germanium . This results in an exchange of electrons and holes between the differently doped semiconducting materials. The n-doped germanium would have an excess of electrons, and the p-doped germanium would have an excess of holes. The transfer occurs until an equilibrium

756-410: A guide to the construction of more capable and reliable devices. Alexander Graham Bell used the light-sensitive property of selenium to transmit sound over a beam of light in 1880. A working solar cell, of low efficiency, was constructed by Charles Fritts in 1883, using a metal plate coated with selenium and a thin layer of gold; the device became commercially useful in photographic light meters in

864-445: A low-pressure chamber to create plasma . A common etch gas is chlorofluorocarbon , or more commonly known Freon . A high radio-frequency voltage between the cathode and anode is what creates the plasma in the chamber. The silicon wafer is located on the cathode, which causes it to be hit by the positively charged ions that are released from the plasma. The result is silicon that is etched anisotropically . The last process

972-620: A majority stake in a New York–based Fortress Investment Group from the SoftBank Group . The $ 3 billion takeover was intended to be closed in the first quarter of 2024. However, the deal that would give Mubadala 70% stakes in Fortress was being scrutinized by the U.S. national security officers. The deal, which raised concerns for the US over the UAE's ties with China, was being closely reviewed by

1080-592: A marginal impact. A few low-rise concrete buildings were erected, and the first paved road was completed in 1961, but Sheikh Shakbut, uncertain whether the new oil royalties would last, took a cautious approach, preferring to save the revenue rather than investing it in development. His brother, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , saw that oil wealth had the potential to transform Abu Dhabi. The ruling Nahyan family decided that Sheikh Zayed should replace his brother as ruler and carry out his vision of developing

1188-626: A non-equilibrium situation. This introduces electrons and holes to the system, which interact via a process called ambipolar diffusion . Whenever thermal equilibrium is disturbed in a semiconducting material, the number of holes and electrons changes. Such disruptions can occur as a result of a temperature difference or photons , which can enter the system and create electrons and holes. The processes that create or annihilate electrons and holes are called generation and recombination, respectively. In certain semiconductors, excited electrons can relax by emitting light instead of producing heat. Controlling

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1296-519: A pair is completed. Such carrier traps are sometimes purposely added to reduce the time needed to reach the steady-state. The conductivity of semiconductors may easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice . The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as doping . The amount of impurity, or dopant, added to an intrinsic (pure) semiconductor varies its level of conductivity. Doped semiconductors are referred to as extrinsic . By adding impurity to

1404-501: A silicon atom in the crystal, a vacant state (an electron "hole") is created, which can move around the lattice and function as a charge carrier. Group V elements have five valence electrons, which allows them to act as a donor; substitution of these atoms for silicon creates an extra free electron. Therefore, a silicon crystal doped with boron creates a p-type semiconductor whereas one doped with phosphorus results in an n-type material. During manufacture , dopants can be diffused into

1512-576: A stake in G42. In 2021, Mubadala purchased a 2.6% stake in En+ Group , a manufacturer of green aluminum, from Polina Yumasheva, the former wife of Russian businessman Oleg Deripaska . The same year, Mubadala purchased MetrôRio, the company that holds the operations for the Rio de Janeiro metro, from Invepar . In 2016, Mubadala became the biggest external shareholder at Investcorp , after acquiring 20% stakes in

1620-952: A start-up company for producing ARM architecture –based computers for the server market. In 2011, ATIC announced investments of $ 5.5 billion to expand chip manufacturing in Singapore, Dresden, and New York. It also announced a $ 6–$ 8 billion computer chip factory in Abu Dhabi for completion in 2012. The company supports research initiatives in Khalifa University , UAE University, American University of Sharjah, Masdar Institute and New York University Abu Dhabi . In 2014, ATIC became Mubadala Technology. Mubadala Energy (formerly Mubadala Petroleum) plans to expand into liquefied natural gas, blue hydrogen, and carbon capture. Mubadala Energy works in eleven markets and employs over 500 people. Emirate of Abu Dhabi The Emirate of Abu Dhabi

1728-454: A strong source of income for the local Dhabyanis, until cultured pearls were invented in the early 19th century in Japan which caused the pearl trade to crash. This continued until the late 1950s, when oil was discovered in the emirate & its coastlines. In 1939, Sheikh Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan granted petroleum concessions, and oil was first found in 1958. At first, oil money had

1836-783: A theory of solid-state physics , which developed greatly in the first half of the 20th century. In 1878 Edwin Herbert Hall demonstrated the deflection of flowing charge carriers by an applied magnetic field, the Hall effect . The discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson in 1897 prompted theories of electron-based conduction in solids. Karl Baedeker , by observing a Hall effect with the reverse sign to that in metals, theorized that copper iodide had positive charge carriers. Johan Koenigsberger  [ de ] classified solid materials like metals, insulators, and "variable conductors" in 1914 although his student Josef Weiss already introduced

1944-476: A vacuum, though with a different effective mass . Because the electrons behave like an ideal gas, one may also think about conduction in very simplistic terms such as the Drude model , and introduce concepts such as electron mobility . For partial filling at the top of the valence band, it is helpful to introduce the concept of an electron hole . Although the electrons in the valence band are always moving around,

2052-567: A variety of proportions. These compounds share with better-known semiconductors the properties of intermediate conductivity and a rapid variation of conductivity with temperature, as well as occasional negative resistance . Such disordered materials lack the rigid crystalline structure of conventional semiconductors such as silicon. They are generally used in thin film structures, which do not require material of higher electronic quality, being relatively insensitive to impurities and radiation damage. Almost all of today's electronic technology involves

2160-484: Is GMT + 4 hours. Private vehicles, rideshares and taxis are the primary means of transportation in the city, although public buses, run by the Abu Dhabi Municipality , are available, mostly used by the lower-income population. There are bus routes to nearby towns such as Baniyas, Habashan and the garden city of the UAE, Al-Ain, among others. There is a newer service started in 2005 between Abu Dhabi and

2268-415: Is a combination of processes that are used to prepare semiconducting materials for ICs. One process is called thermal oxidation , which forms silicon dioxide on the surface of the silicon . This is used as a gate insulator and field oxide . Other processes are called photomasks and photolithography . This process is what creates the patterns on the circuit in the integrated circuit. Ultraviolet light

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2376-547: Is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits . Semiconductor devices can display a range of different useful properties, such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other, showing variable resistance, and having sensitivity to light or heat. Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can be modified by doping and by the application of electrical fields or light, devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification, switching, and energy conversion . The term semiconductor

2484-472: Is a function of the temperature, as the probability of getting enough thermal energy to produce a pair increases with temperature, being approximately exp(− E G / kT ) , where k is the Boltzmann constant , T is the absolute temperature and E G is bandgap. The probability of meeting is increased by carrier traps – impurities or dislocations which can trap an electron or hole and hold it until

2592-453: Is a material that is between the conductor and insulator in ability to conduct electrical current. In many cases their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities (" doping ") into the crystal structure . When two differently doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. The behavior of charge carriers , which include electrons , ions , and electron holes , at these junctions

2700-694: Is a parent company of GlobalFoundries , a semiconductor foundry company. Mubadala owns stakes in numerous companies, including a 7.5 percent share in the Carlyle Group . In 2007 Mubadala announced an initial investment in AMD . As of 2017 Mubadala had a stake of 12.9 percent in the chipmaker. In 2019 Mubadala sold its entire stake in AMD. In November 2020, Mubadala transferred ownership of two information technology companies it previously owned, Injazat and Khazna, to artificial intelligence company, G42 , and took

2808-428: Is also used to describe materials used in high capacity, medium- to high-voltage cables as part of their insulation, and these materials are often plastic XLPE ( Cross-linked polyethylene ) with carbon black. The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount (of the order of 1 in 10 ) of pentavalent ( antimony , phosphorus , or arsenic ) or trivalent ( boron , gallium , indium ) atoms. This process

2916-404: Is called diffusion . This is the process that gives the semiconducting material its desired semiconducting properties. It is also known as doping . The process introduces an impure atom to the system, which creates the p–n junction . To get the impure atoms embedded in the silicon wafer, the wafer is first put in a 1,100 degree Celsius chamber. The atoms are injected in and eventually diffuse with

3024-637: Is held by the emir and members of the royal family, in which any citizen has the right to come and raise an issue of private or public interest. On the municipal level, each one has their local government under the umbrella of the Department of Municipal Affairs , which divides the emirate into three districts; the Abu Dhabi Capital District Municipality , the Western Region Municipality , and

3132-780: Is inert, blocking the passage of other electrons via that state. The energies of these quantum states are critical since a state is partially filled only if its energy is near the Fermi level (see Fermi–Dirac statistics ). High conductivity in material comes from it having many partially filled states and much state delocalization. Metals are good electrical conductors and have many partially filled states with energies near their Fermi level. Insulators , by contrast, have few partially filled states, their Fermi levels sit within band gaps with few energy states to occupy. Importantly, an insulator can be made to conduct by increasing its temperature: heating provides energy to promote some electrons across

3240-418: Is known as doping, and the resulting semiconductors are known as doped or extrinsic semiconductors . Apart from doping, the conductivity of a semiconductor can be improved by increasing its temperature. This is contrary to the behavior of a metal, in which conductivity decreases with an increase in temperature. The modern understanding of the properties of a semiconductor relies on quantum physics to explain

3348-700: Is located in the oil-rich and strategic Arabian or Persian Gulf region. It adjoins the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman . Abu Dhabi is located in the far west and southwest part of the United Arab Emirates along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf between latitudes 22°40' and around 25° north and longitudes 51° and around 56° east. It borders the emirate of Dubai and emirate of Sharjah to its north. The total area of

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3456-845: Is neither a very good insulator nor a very good conductor. However, one important feature of semiconductors (and some insulators, known as semi-insulators ) is that their conductivity can be increased and controlled by doping with impurities and gating with electric fields. Doping and gating move either the conduction or valence band much closer to the Fermi level and greatly increase the number of partially filled states. Some wider-bandgap semiconductor materials are sometimes referred to as semi-insulators . When undoped, these have electrical conductivity nearer to that of electrical insulators, however they can be doped (making them as useful as semiconductors). Semi-insulators find niche applications in micro-electronics, such as substrates for HEMT . An example of

3564-416: Is one of seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates . It is the largest emirate, accounting for 87% of the nation's total land area or 67,340 km (26,000 sq mi). Abu Dhabi also has the second-largest population of the seven emirates. In mid-2016, the emirate had a population of 2,908,000, with 551,500 being Emirati citizens, accounting for around 19% of the population. In 2023,

3672-404: Is reached by a process called recombination , which causes the migrating electrons from the n-type to come in contact with the migrating holes from the p-type. The result of this process is a narrow strip of immobile ions , which causes an electric field across the junction. A difference in electric potential on a semiconducting material would cause it to leave thermal equilibrium and create

3780-413: Is the basis of diodes , transistors , and most modern electronics . Some examples of semiconductors are silicon , germanium , gallium arsenide , and elements near the so-called " metalloid staircase " on the periodic table . After silicon, gallium arsenide is the second-most common semiconductor and is used in laser diodes , solar cells , microwave-frequency integrated circuits , and others. Silicon

3888-476: Is the largest lender bank in the emirate and the second-largest lender in the federation. NBAD has the largest market capitalization among UAE banks. The government has put in efforts to diversify the economy and invest in other areas such as the service and tourism industry. The capital city has seen various construction projects and the opening of shopping malls. The opening of the Emirates Palace marked

3996-504: Is typically very dilute, and so (unlike in metals) it is possible to think of the electrons in the conduction band of a semiconductor as a sort of classical ideal gas , where the electrons fly around freely without being subject to the Pauli exclusion principle . In most semiconductors, the conduction bands have a parabolic dispersion relation , and so these electrons respond to forces (electric field, magnetic field, etc.) much as they would in

4104-402: Is used along with a photoresist layer to create a chemical change that generates the patterns for the circuit. The etching is the next process that is required. The part of the silicon that was not covered by the photoresist layer from the previous step can now be etched. The main process typically used today is called plasma etching . Plasma etching usually involves an etch gas pumped in

4212-532: The Annalen der Physik und Chemie in 1835; Rosenschöld's findings were ignored. Simon Sze stated that Braun's research was the earliest systematic study of semiconductor devices. Also in 1874, Arthur Schuster found that a copper oxide layer on wires had rectification properties that ceased when the wires are cleaned. William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day observed the photovoltaic effect in selenium in 1876. A unified explanation of these phenomena required

4320-554: The Bahraini firm. In 2023, a former UK minister, Gerry Grimstone was criticized for conducting and not declaring 13 meetings with Mubadala and Khaldoon al-Mubarak, after acquiring the role as an adviser and the chair of planned climate fund at Investcorp. In March 2021, Grimstone finalized a deal between the UK and Mubadala, allowing it to oversee investment of around £10 billion in the UK from

4428-721: The Eastern Region Municipality . Although the emirate is diversifying its economy, oil is the primary source government funding. Excess reserves are managed by the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority , Mubadala and the Abu Dhabi Holding Company, who invest to diversify the domestic economy and in markets abroad. The extraordinary increase in population in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi during the past half-century has made

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4536-429: The Pauli exclusion principle ). These states are associated with the electronic band structure of the material. Electrical conductivity arises due to the presence of electrons in states that are delocalized (extending through the material), however in order to transport electrons a state must be partially filled , containing an electron only part of the time. If the state is always occupied with an electron, then it

4644-454: The Siege of Leningrad after successful completion. In 1926, Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a device resembling a field-effect transistor , but it was not practical. R. Hilsch  [ de ] and R. W. Pohl  [ de ] in 1938 demonstrated a solid-state amplifier using a structure resembling the control grid of a vacuum tube; although the device displayed power gain, it had

4752-445: The band gap , be accompanied by the emission of thermal energy (in the form of phonons ) or radiation (in the form of photons ). In some states, the generation and recombination of electron–hole pairs are in equipoise. The number of electron-hole pairs in the steady state at a given temperature is determined by quantum statistical mechanics . The precise quantum mechanical mechanisms of generation and recombination are governed by

4860-470: The conservation of energy and conservation of momentum . As the probability that electrons and holes meet together is proportional to the product of their numbers, the product is in the steady-state nearly constant at a given temperature, providing that there is no significant electric field (which might "flush" carriers of both types, or move them from neighbor regions containing more of them to meet together) or externally driven pair generation. The product

4968-461: The 1930s. Point-contact microwave detector rectifiers made of lead sulfide were used by Jagadish Chandra Bose in 1904; the cat's-whisker detector using natural galena or other materials became a common device in the development of radio . However, it was somewhat unpredictable in operation and required manual adjustment for best performance. In 1906, H.J. Round observed light emission when electric current passed through silicon carbide crystals,

5076-558: The Committee on Foreign Investment in the US ( Cfius ). Mubadala operates through four investment platforms of significant scale. The company's Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC) in 2008, is an investment company in the high-technology sector. ATIC owns the semiconductor foundry companies GlobalFoundries , and Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing (which later merged with GlobalFoundries). ATIC has invested in Calxeda ,

5184-571: The Emirate borders the western fringes of the Hajar Mountains . Hafeet Mountain , Abu Dhabi's highest elevation and sole mountain, rising 1,100–1,400 m (3,600–4,600 ft), is located south of Al-Ain City. Land cultivation and irrigation for agriculture and forestation over the past decade has increased the size of "green" areas in the emirate to about 5% of the total land area, including parks and roadside plantations. About 1.2% of

5292-422: The Emirate is 67,340 square kilometres (26,000 square miles), occupying about 87% of the total area of the UAE, excluding islands. The territorial waters of the Emirate embrace about 200 islands off its 700 km (430 miles) coastline. The topography of the Emirate is dominated by low-lying sandy terrain dotted with sand dunes exceeding 300 m (980 ft) in height in some areas southwards. The eastern part of

5400-540: The Emirate's total crude oil exports. In 2011, the Emirate exported 10.0 million metric tons of refined petroleum products, of which the Netherlands bought 16.9 per cent, followed by Japan, which purchased 13.9 per cent. One of the main oil pipelines is the Habshan–Fujairah oil pipeline . The Emirate's LNG exports increased by AED 2,973.0 million in 2011 compared with 2010, reaching AED 17,128.2 million. Japan topped

5508-425: The Emirate's weather is the high rate of evaporation of water due to several factors, namely high temperature, wind speed, and low rainfall. The oasis city of Al Ain, about 150 km (93 mi) away, bordering Oman, regularly records the highest summer temperatures in the country; however, the dry desert air and cooler evenings make it a traditional retreat from the intense summer heat and year-round humidity of

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5616-510: The Ottoman Empire and Qatar over a dispute. Contrary to popular belief, the emirate & the other 6 emirates weren’t under Omani rule, instead being independent self governing emirates. The name Omani Coast refers to the emirate’s location within the historical and cultural region of Oman, and not the Sultanate of Muscat & Oman . Abu Dhabi was a base for the tribe to trade, dive for pearls, and for other maritime activities. Into

5724-640: The UAE targeted human rights activists, journalists, and Princess Haya using the Pegasus spyware, during the same time. Mubadala Capital got a seat on Novalpina’s committee of largest investors. In May 2022, Mubadala Investment Company signed a preliminary agreement with French utility Engie for the development of a digital platform to charge electric vehicles in the UAE and across the Middle East. The two companies would also explore areas related to sustainable mobility. In May 2023, Mubadala agreed to buy

5832-542: The UAE. A senior research officer at Transparency International UK, Rose Whiffen said if a minister is working for a firm and meeting its shareholder several times while in office, it should be declared or assessed before approval. A unit of the company, Mubadala Capital, invested €50 million in the Novalpina Capital private equity fund of €1 billion, which bought the NSO Group in 2019. Reports revealed that

5940-538: The annual per capita gross domestic product amounted to AED 380.1 thousand in 2011. The total fixed capital formation was AED 199,001 million in 2011, while the compensation of employees amounted to AED 124,960 million in the same year. The main activities contributing to economic growth (GDP at constant prices) in 2011 were "Mining and quarrying" (including crude oil and natural gas), "Financial and insurance" and "Manufacturing" with increases of 9.4 per cent, 10.5 per cent and 9.8 per cent respectively. Commodity imports through

6048-650: The area got the name Abu Dhabi, it was known as Milh , which means salt in Arabic, probably because of the salt water in the area. Milh is still the name of one of the islands in Abu Dhabi. "Dhabi" is the Arabic name of a particular species of native gazelle, the Arabian gazelle , that was once common in the Arabian region. Abu Dhabi means "the father of the Dhabi". The first use of the name goes back over 300 years. Since

6156-416: The band gap, inducing partially filled states in both the band of states beneath the band gap ( valence band ) and the band of states above the band gap ( conduction band ). An (intrinsic) semiconductor has a band gap that is smaller than that of an insulator and at room temperature, significant numbers of electrons can be excited to cross the band gap. A pure semiconductor, however, is not very useful, as it

6264-609: The capital city. The emirate's political form is an absolutist, hereditary monarchy. The current ruler of the emirate is Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , who began his rein on 14 May 2022, following the death of his brother Sheikh Khalifa . The ruler of Abu Dhabi is traditionally also elected as the president of the UAE by the Federal Supreme Council , a custom that began with the UAE's first president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan . Qasr al-Hosn

6372-468: The capital, Doha, twice and occupied the broader Al Hasa region after ottoman intervention. In 1893, an agreement jointly brokered by the British and Ottomans resolved the long-standing conflict between Qatar and Abu Dhabi. The Emirate at its greatest extent stretched from Sohar, Oman to Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia , during the wars of the 3rd & 4th Destruction of Doha where the Emirate declared war on

6480-627: The commercial city of Dubai (about 150 km (93 miles) away). The government is planning to build a railway in Abu Dhabi. All private and public schools in the emirate come under the authority of the Abu Dhabi Education Council , while other emirates continue to work under the Federal Ministry of Education. Schools and universities in Abu Dhabi: Semiconductor A semiconductor

6588-406: The concentration and regions of p- and n-type dopants. A single semiconductor device crystal can have many p- and n-type regions; the p–n junctions between these regions are responsible for the useful electronic behavior. Using a hot-point probe , one can determine quickly whether a semiconductor sample is p- or n-type. A few of the properties of semiconductor materials were observed throughout

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6696-489: The concept of band gaps had been developed. Walter H. Schottky and Nevill Francis Mott developed models of the potential barrier and of the characteristics of a metal–semiconductor junction . By 1938, Boris Davydov had developed a theory of the copper-oxide rectifier, identifying the effect of the p–n junction and the importance of minority carriers and surface states. Agreement between theoretical predictions (based on developing quantum mechanics) and experimental results

6804-613: The country. On August 6, 1966, with the assistance of the British, Zayed became the new ruler. With the announcement by the UK in 1968 that it would withdraw from the area of the Persian Gulf by 1971, Sheikh Zayed became the main driving force behind the formation of the UAE. After the Emirates gained independence in 1971, oil wealth continued to flow to the area, and traditional mud-brick huts were rapidly replaced with banks, boutiques and modern highrises. The United Arab Emirates

6912-490: The crew, providing soldiers as extras as well as aircraft that appear in the film. Production designer Jeffrey Beecroft made this comment: "I’ve shot a lot of military stuff with Michael, but I never had the ability to have six Apache [helicopters], 10 Black Hawks and soldiers". The Emirate is divided into three municipal regions. The capital city Abu Dhabi has seen new construction of modern high rises, tall office and apartment buildings, and busy shops. Other urban centres in

7020-486: The desert interior and areas of higher elevation, which together make up the topography of the Emirate. Abu Dhabi receives scant rainfall but totals vary greatly from year to year. Seasonal northerly winds blow across the country, helping to ameliorate the weather, when they are not laden with dust, in addition to the brief moisture-laden south-easterly winds. The winds often vary between southerly, south-easterly, westerly, northerly and northwesterly. Another characteristic of

7128-466: The economy in general. A 2019 report stated that the Film Commission provides "30% cashback on production and post-production spend in the Emirate". As a result, film production teams have shot many scenes in Abu Dhabi and in nearby areas, including Mission: Impossible – Fallout , War Machine , and in 2018, 6 Underground . For the filming of the latter movie, the UAE military worked with

7236-453: The electrical properties of materials. The properties of the time-temperature coefficient of resistance, rectification, and light-sensitivity were observed starting in the early 19th century. Thomas Johann Seebeck was the first to notice that semiconductors exhibit special feature such that experiment concerning an Seebeck effect emerged with much stronger result when applying semiconductors, in 1821. In 1833, Michael Faraday reported that

7344-530: The electrons in the conduction band). When ionizing radiation strikes a semiconductor, it may excite an electron out of its energy level and consequently leave a hole. This process is known as electron-hole pair generation . Electron-hole pairs are constantly generated from thermal energy as well, in the absence of any external energy source. Electron-hole pairs are also apt to recombine. Conservation of energy demands that these recombination events, in which an electron loses an amount of energy larger than

7452-476: The emirate are Al-Ain, Baniyas and Ruwais. Al-Ain is an agglomeration of several villages scattered around a desert oasis; today it is the site of the national university, UAEU. In addition, Al-Ain is billed as the "Garden City" of the UAE. Zayed International Airport (AUH) and Al Ain International Airport (AAN) serve the emirate. The older AUH airport was at Al Bateen Airport. The local time

7560-562: The emirate's population had grown to 3,789,860. The city of Abu Dhabi , after which the emirate is named, is the capital of both the emirate and the federation. In the early 1970s, two important developments influenced the status of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The first was the establishment of the United Arab Emirates in December 1971, with Abu Dhabi as its initially temporary political and administrative capital. The second

7668-475: The emirate. The Executive Council includes the chairpersons of Abu Dhabi government departments, who often also head Abu Dhabi state-owned companies and sovereign wealth funds. Abu Dhabi Police is the emirate's primary law enforcement agency and has its own judicial system that is independent from the federal judiciary. Although no elected parliament exists, the traditional majlis is a form of popular consultation and political participation. The open assembly

7776-514: The fast response of crystal detectors. Considerable research and development of silicon materials occurred during the war to develop detectors of consistent quality. Detector and power rectifiers could not amplify a signal. Many efforts were made to develop a solid-state amplifier and were successful in developing a device called the point contact transistor which could amplify 20 dB or more. In 1922, Oleg Losev developed two-terminal, negative resistance amplifiers for radio, but he died in

7884-660: The increase in the population growth of citizens is the increase in naturalization (before 1971, and later from other UAE emirates), while immigration constitutes the main factor in increasing the population overall. The resident population of the Abu Dhabi Emirate exceeded 2 million people in 2011. In mid-year 2011 the estimated population in Abu Dhabi Region was 1.31 million (61.8%), Al Ain Region 0.58 million (27.6%), and Al Gharbia 0.23 million (10.6%), making

7992-641: The late 18th century Abu Dhabi was formed. In the early 19th century, Dubai and Abu Dhabi branches parted ways. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi was first established in 1540 after the fall of the Jabrids as the Emirate of Al Dhafrah. It was ruled by the Bani Yas , who are originally from the Bani Hilal tribe. Their rule in Al Dhafrah was cemented by the construction of the Al Dhafrah fort in 1543. Around 1761,

8100-480: The late-19th century, the economy of Abu Dhabi continued to flourish mainly by camel herding, production of dates and vegetables at the inland oases of Al-Ain and Liwa , and fishing and pearl diving off the coast of Abu Dhabi city, which was occupied mainly during the summer months. Most dwellings in Abu Dhabi city were, at this time, constructed of palm fronds ( barasti ), with the wealthier families occupying mud huts . These businesses were very profitable and

8208-515: The list of importers by 98.4 per cent of the LNG exports value, followed by India by 1.0 per cent in 2011. The Emirate imported 828,093.9 million cubic feet of natural gas in 2011, at a daily average of 2,268.8 million cubic feet. The inflation rate in 2011 was 1.9 per cent. This was a result of an increase in the CPI from 119.3 points in 2010 to 121.6 points in 2011. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD)

8316-543: The material's majority carrier . The opposite carrier is called the minority carrier , which exists due to thermal excitation at a much lower concentration compared to the majority carrier. For example, the pure semiconductor silicon has four valence electrons that bond each silicon atom to its neighbors. In silicon, the most common dopants are group III and group V elements. Group III elements all contain three valence electrons, causing them to function as acceptors when used to dope silicon. When an acceptor atom replaces

8424-435: The mid-19th and first decades of the 20th century. The first practical application of semiconductors in electronics was the 1904 development of the cat's-whisker detector , a primitive semiconductor diode used in early radio receivers. Developments in quantum physics led in turn to the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit in 1958. Semiconductors in their natural state are poor conductors because

8532-505: The movement of charge carriers in a crystal lattice . Doping greatly increases the number of charge carriers within the crystal. When a semiconductor is doped by Group V elements, they will behave like donors creating free electrons , known as " n-type " doping. When a semiconductor is doped by Group III elements, they will behave like acceptors creating free holes, known as " p-type " doping. The semiconductor materials used in electronic devices are doped under precise conditions to control

8640-425: The nomadic herding and fishing pattern typical of the broader region. The Emirate shares the historical region of Al-Buraimi or Tawam (which includes modern-day Al Ain ) with Oman, and is demonstrated to have been inhabited for over 7000 years. Modern Abu Dhabi traces its origins to the rise of an important tribal confederation, the Bani Yas , in the late 14th century, which also assumed control of Dubai . In

8748-506: The opening of the most expensive hotel ever built. The annual Abu Dhabi Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held in the capital city, which further attracts tourists. Apart from the capital city, the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge is held in the countryside and the tourism board is trying to highlight other places in the emirate. The Emirate encourages major international film productions which boost employment and

8856-517: The origin of this name has been passed down from generation to generation through poems and legends , it is difficult to know the actual etymology of the name. It is thought that the name came about because of the abundance of gazelles in the area, and a popular folk tale about the founding of the city of Abu Dhabi involving Sheikh Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan . Parts of Abu Dhabi were settled millennia ago, and its early history fits

8964-449: The other. A slice cut from the specimen at the p–n boundary developed a voltage when exposed to light. The first working transistor was a point-contact transistor invented by John Bardeen , Walter Houser Brattain , and William Shockley at Bell Labs in 1947. Shockley had earlier theorized a field-effect amplifier made from germanium and silicon, but he failed to build such a working device, before eventually using germanium to invent

9072-508: The point-contact transistor. In France, during the war, Herbert Mataré had observed amplification between adjacent point contacts on a germanium base. After the war, Mataré's group announced their " Transistron " amplifier only shortly after Bell Labs announced the " transistor ". In 1954, physical chemist Morris Tanenbaum fabricated the first silicon junction transistor at Bell Labs . However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on

9180-493: The ports of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were valued at AED 116.4 billion in 2011 compared with AED 86.6 billion in 2010. The main imports during 2011 were machinery and base metals, which accounted for 50.7 per cent of the total value of imports. The United States of America was the main country for imports, from which the Emirate received imports worth AED 13.4 billion. Non-oil exports were valued at AED 11.5 billion, with transport equipment and base metals contributing 61.5 per cent of

9288-524: The principle behind the light-emitting diode . Oleg Losev observed similar light emission in 1922, but at the time the effect had no practical use. Power rectifiers, using copper oxide and selenium, were developed in the 1920s and became commercially important as an alternative to vacuum tube rectifiers. The first semiconductor devices used galena , including German physicist Ferdinand Braun's crystal detector in 1874 and Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose's radio crystal detector in 1901. In

9396-574: The pure semiconductors, the electrical conductivity may be varied by factors of thousands or millions. A 1 cm specimen of a metal or semiconductor has the order of 10 atoms. In a metal, every atom donates at least one free electron for conduction, thus 1 cm of metal contains on the order of 10 free electrons, whereas a 1 cm sample of pure germanium at 20   °C contains about 4.2 × 10 atoms, but only 2.5 × 10 free electrons and 2.5 × 10 holes. The addition of 0.001% of arsenic (an impurity) donates an extra 10 free electrons in

9504-629: The resistance of specimens of silver sulfide decreases when they are heated. This is contrary to the behavior of metallic substances such as copper. In 1839, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel reported observation of a voltage between a solid and a liquid electrolyte, when struck by light, the photovoltaic effect . In 1873, Willoughby Smith observed that selenium resistors exhibit decreasing resistance when light falls on them. In 1874, Karl Ferdinand Braun observed conduction and rectification in metallic sulfides , although this effect had been discovered earlier by Peter Munck af Rosenschöld ( sv ) writing for

9612-534: The same volume and the electrical conductivity is increased by a factor of 10,000. The materials chosen as suitable dopants depend on the atomic properties of both the dopant and the material to be doped. In general, dopants that produce the desired controlled changes are classified as either electron acceptors or donors . Semiconductors doped with donor impurities are called n-type , while those doped with acceptor impurities are known as p-type . The n and p type designations indicate which charge carrier acts as

9720-472: The same way as the electron. Combined with the negative effective mass of the electrons at the top of the valence band, we arrive at a picture of a positively charged particle that responds to electric and magnetic fields just as a normal positively charged particle would do in a vacuum, again with some positive effective mass. This particle is called a hole, and the collection of holes in the valence band can again be understood in simple classical terms (as with

9828-591: The scale at which the materials are used. A high degree of crystalline perfection is also required, since faults in the crystal structure (such as dislocations , twins , and stacking faults ) interfere with the semiconducting properties of the material. Crystalline faults are a major cause of defective semiconductor devices. The larger the crystal, the more difficult it is to achieve the necessary perfection. Current mass production processes use crystal ingots between 100 and 300 mm (3.9 and 11.8 in) in diameter, grown as cylinders and sliced into wafers . There

9936-425: The semiconductor body by contact with gaseous compounds of the desired element, or ion implantation can be used to accurately position the doped regions. Some materials, when rapidly cooled to a glassy amorphous state, have semiconducting properties. These include B, Si , Ge, Se, and Te, and there are multiple theories to explain them. The history of the understanding of semiconductors begins with experiments on

10044-1007: The semiconductor composition and electrical current allows for the manipulation of the emitted light's properties. These semiconductors are used in the construction of light-emitting diodes and fluorescent quantum dots . Semiconductors with high thermal conductivity can be used for heat dissipation and improving thermal management of electronics. They play a crucial role in electric vehicles , high-brightness LEDs and power modules , among other applications. Semiconductors have large thermoelectric power factors making them useful in thermoelectric generators , as well as high thermoelectric figures of merit making them useful in thermoelectric coolers . A large number of elements and compounds have semiconducting properties, including: The most common semiconducting materials are crystalline solids, but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are also known. These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and mixtures of arsenic , selenium , and tellurium in

10152-458: The silicon. After the process is completed and the silicon has reached room temperature, the doping process is done and the semiconducting wafer is almost prepared. Semiconductors are defined by their unique electric conductive behavior, somewhere between that of a conductor and an insulator. The differences between these materials can be understood in terms of the quantum states for electrons, each of which may contain zero or one electron (by

10260-461: The size of oil and mining trade increased by 54% and accounted for 48% of GDP. Construction was the next largest contributor at 7.9%, followed by the financial sector at 6.1%. In recent times, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has continuously contributed around 60% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates, while its population constitutes only 34% of the total UAE population according to the 2005 census. Before

10368-443: The size, structure and distribution of the population a key concern for future development. The population of Abu Dhabi reached 1.968 million in mid-2010, with an average annual growth rate of 9.6% since 1960 - among the highest in the world. The total population has increased 99 times in 50 years. The number of citizens increased 39 times and Non-citizens 173 times in the half-century from 1960 to 2010. The most important reason behind

10476-402: The southern part of the Emirate, giving its climate an arid nature characterised by high temperatures throughout the year, and a very hot summer. The Emirate's high summer (June to August) temperatures are associated with high relative humidity, especially in coastal areas. Abu Dhabi has warm winters with occasionally low temperatures. The air temperatures show variations between the coastal strip,

10584-407: The term Halbleiter (a semiconductor in modern meaning) in his Ph.D. thesis in 1910. Felix Bloch published a theory of the movement of electrons through atomic lattices in 1928. In 1930, B. Gudden  [ de ] stated that conductivity in semiconductors was due to minor concentrations of impurities. By 1931, the band theory of conduction had been established by Alan Herries Wilson and

10692-415: The total land area is used for agriculture. A small part of the land area is covered by mountains, containing several caves. The coastal area contains pockets of wetland and mangrove colonies. Abu Dhabi also has dozens of islands, mostly small and uninhabited, some of which have been designated as sanctuaries for wildlife. The emirate is located in the tropical dry region. The Tropic of Cancer runs through

10800-579: The total mid-year population for the Abu Dhabi Emirate 2.12 million. In Abu Dhabi, fertility is higher than in most developed regions of the world, and mortality remains extremely low. In 2011, Crude Birth Rates and Crude Death Rates among Citizens were 15.1 births per 1,000 people and 1.4 deaths per 1,000 people respectively. (aged 15 – 49 years) Abu Dhabi GDP estimates in 2011 amounted to AED 806,031 million at current prices, compared with AED 620,316 million at current prices in 2010. This represents an annual growth rate of 29.9 per cent in 2011. Accordingly,

10908-439: The total. Canada was the top destination of Abu Dhabi non-oil exports, receiving goods worth AED 2.6 billion from the Emirate in 2011. Mina' Zayid is the main port of Abu Dhabi through which the goods flow. Al-Ain has one of the few remaining traditional camels souqs in the country, near an IKEA store. The Emirate exported 747.2 million barrels of crude oil in 2010. Japan, the top importer, received around 35.6 per cent of

11016-629: The tribe discovered freshwater sources on Abu Dhabi Island , which lead them to establish the Abu Dhabi Emirate. From 1881 to 1893, the emirate, under Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan , was embroiled in a fierce war with Qatar . This culminated in the Battle of Khannour near the village of Maza'a from January 1889 to February 1889, which extended to several regions within the emirate, including Liwa , Al Dhafra and Al Ain. The emirate also had several victories over Qatar . Abu Dhabi demolished

11124-406: The use of semiconductors, with the most important aspect being the integrated circuit (IC), which are found in desktops , laptops , scanners, cell-phones , and other electronic devices. Semiconductors for ICs are mass-produced. To create an ideal semiconducting material, chemical purity is paramount. Any small imperfection can have a drastic effect on how the semiconducting material behaves due to

11232-467: The years preceding World War II, infrared detection and communications devices prompted research into lead-sulfide and lead-selenide materials. These devices were used for detecting ships and aircraft, for infrared rangefinders, and for voice communication systems. The point-contact crystal detector became vital for microwave radio systems since available vacuum tube devices could not serve as detectors above about 4000 MHz; advanced radar systems relied on

11340-637: Was sometimes poor. This was later explained by John Bardeen as due to the extreme "structure sensitive" behavior of semiconductors, whose properties change dramatically based on tiny amounts of impurities. Commercially pure materials of the 1920s containing varying proportions of trace contaminants produced differing experimental results. This spurred the development of improved material refining techniques, culminating in modern semiconductor refineries producing materials with parts-per-trillion purity. Devices using semiconductors were at first constructed based on empirical knowledge before semiconductor theory provided

11448-549: Was the palace-fort residence of the ruler and the emirate's seat of government from ca. 1760/1790 to 1966, and later became a museum. The current crown prince of Abu Dhabi is Sheikh Khalid, a son of the current ruler; the crown prince is assisted in his duties by the Crown Prince's Court , or Diwan. The crown prince traditionally heads the Abu Dhabi Executive Council , which acts as the government of

11556-504: Was the sharp increase in oil prices following the Yom Kippur War , which accompanied a change in the relationship between the oil exporting countries in the Middle East and foreign oil companies, leading to a dramatic rise in oil revenues. See the 1973 oil crisis . In 2023, Abu Dhabi had a nominal GDP of AED 1.02 trillion (US$ 277.9 billion), a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 84,900, and a government debt to GDP ratio of 16%. In 2022,

11664-511: Was transferred to a newly created parent company, Mubadala Investment Company. The company is a wholly-owned investment vehicle of the government of Abu Dhabi , and Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan , vice-president and deputy prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, is chairman of the company. Mubadala has invested in logistics software startup Turvo, Alphabet -owned self-driving technology company Waymo , Reliance Jio Platforms , UK life sciences company Envision, and Telegram . Mubadala

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