Robotech is an American science fiction franchise that began with an 85-episode anime television series produced by Harmony Gold USA in association with Tatsunoko Production ; it was first released in the United States in 1985.
245-471: Robotech is the American adaptation of three Japanese animated series: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross , The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross , and Genesis Climber MOSPEADA , as a single TV series . The series is divided into three parts which are subtitled The Macross Saga , The Masters , and The New Generation . A fourth part was planned in a sequel series but was cancelled, with only
490-540: A circumstellar disk , and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides ). According to nebular theory , planetesimals formed by accretion , with the primordial Earth being estimated as likely taking anywhere from 70 to 100 million years to form. Estimates of the age of the Moon range from 4.5 Ga to significantly younger. A leading hypothesis
735-429: A reconnaissance mission Rick is captured along with Lisa, and Ben by the enemy Zentraedi, and interrogated by Supreme Commander Dolza , Breetai , and Exedore . While captured, Dolza grabs Lisa and orders to tell him by what process humans become human-size. Lisa refuses to respond, and Dolza tightens his grip around her. Rick yells at him to stop squeezing her and explains that humans are born at their current size when
980-596: A role-playing game based on the Robotech series, including several books covering the Sentinels portion of the storyline. The original Robotech RPG line went out of print as of June 30, 2001, but Harmony Gold and Palladium Books signed an agreement in 2007 to produce a new line of Robotech RPG books, beginning with a book covering and promoting the feature-length film The Shadow Chronicles . The Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game sourcebook first book
1225-407: A Human/Zentraedi union. Max and Miriya happily embrace their new role as parents. When Zentraedi rebellions begin to break out though, and Khyron and Azonia reemerge after two years in hiding, both are forced back into combat. Max and Miriya take part in an important mission into deep space to capture the last remaining Zentraedi Factory Satellite. Admiral Henry J. Gloval asks them to bring Dana who
1470-501: A baby before flee when they see it. This throws the command ship's crew into chaos which causes disorder throughout the enemy fleet, allowing the United Earth Forces to seize the factory. Max and Miriya later join in an attempt to stop Khyron as he steals a protoculture matrix from New Macross City. However, after Khyron detonates bombs hidden throughout the city, they are forced to turn back to help rescue civilians from
1715-492: A common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month , from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole , the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise . Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth's north poles, Earth orbits in
1960-548: A counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic ), and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses . The Hill sphere , or
2205-673: A critical role in the First Robotech War against Dolza 's Grand fleet. At the start of the series, Minmei is staying with her Aunt Lina and Uncle Max at the restaurant on Macross Island, where the SDF-1 had crashed ten years earlier and was about to be launched. The sudden attack by the Zentraedi results in Minmei being caught in the midst of the fight, only to be rescued by Rick Hunter. Both she and Rick are swept into space along with
2450-465: A drought of Robotech product through much of the 1990s, except for publishers who continued The Sentinels storyline in print. In 1986, Starblaze Graphics published Robotech Art 1 , a reference book containing artwork, Japanese production designs, and episode guides from the original television series. This was followed by Robotech Art 2 , which was largely a collection of art by various American artists and fans. In 1988, Carl Macek collected much of
2695-432: A father-figure. Claudia and Lisa, despite their different attitudes, also become good friends. In her early military career, Claudia courted fighter pilot Roy Fokker , during her first assignment. After both are posted to the SDF-1, they fall in love and became a couple. Claudia is devastated when Roy is killed during the First Robotech War, but is able to get over her grief. After the war, Claudia, who by then had been made
SECTION 10
#17327917140232940-489: A feature-length film titled Robotech: Shadow Force . The storyline overlaps with and continues from the unresolved ending of the original series. The title of the story arc was soon changed to Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles . The first trailers with finished animation were shown at Anime Expo and Comic-Con International in 2005. It was not until February 2006, when Kevin McKeever, operations coordinator at Harmony Gold,
3185-701: A few episodes being produced which were later combined into a movie The Sentinels . In 2006, a new feature film was released called The Shadow Chronicles as well as a prelude comic Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles . The story mainly follows members of the Robotech Armed Forces, a fictional military force depicted in the series. After the events of the Macross saga, the Robotech Expeditionary Force
3430-559: A fugitive for the latter part of the series. Emerson later strongly opposes Supreme Commander Anatole Leonard's treatment of captured bioroid pilots, and openly disagrees with him. As a result of his refusal to negotiate with the Robotech Masters Leonard assigns him to a place where he feels he will be more useful. This was the first line of defense against the Robotech Masters . Against the odds he survives
3675-479: A full commander, settles down in New Macross City and attempts to move on with her life. She works to rebuild Earth following the devastation caused by the war. She continues to serve in a number of operations, including the capture of the last Zentraedi satellite factory. Claudia does her best to comfort Lisa in regards to her feelings for Rick Hunter, who continues to be obsessed with Lin Minmei. Lisa, who
3920-420: A full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian . The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance from Earth to the Moon, 384,400 km (238,900 mi), in about 3.5 hours. The Moon and Earth orbit
4165-421: A globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system. At Earth's polar regions , the ocean surface is covered by seasonally variable amounts of sea ice that often connects with polar land, permafrost and ice sheets , forming polar ice caps . Earth's land covers 29.2%, or 149 million km (58 million sq mi) of Earth's surface. The land surface includes many islands around the globe, but most of
4410-501: A graphic on their website stating that a live-action Robotech movie was in development with Chuck Russel attached to write and direct. While never formally announced by Harmony Gold, Kickstart Entertainment's announcement of this project was reported by Anime News Network on February 27, 2006. Anime News Network's article was updated on March 1, 2006 saying that this announcement had been removed. On September 7, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Warner Bros. had acquired
4655-425: A liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation . Earth has a dynamic atmosphere , which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most meteoroids and UV-light at entry . It has a composition of primarily nitrogen and oxygen . Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere, forming clouds that cover most of
4900-554: A major battle with the Masters by carrying out a teleport. Emerson eventually meets the Robotech Masters themselves after he and his crew are captured in space. Failing to persuade the Robotech Masters to consider peace, he dies protecting Bowie from a rifle blast. Emerson's death is a blow for Dana and Bowie, who had regarded him as their father and friend. Bowie Grant is the son of Vince Grant and Jean Grant and nephew of
5145-533: A man and woman love each other. When Breetai asks how "this love" is expressed, Rick responds that it is often done by kissing one another. Dolza orders a demonstration, and Lisa tells Rick to kiss her. The action shocks Dolza and the other Zentraedi present. They are eventually rescued shortly afterwards, and after reaching Earth during a battle Roy Fokker is killed resulting in Rick obtaining Roy's fighter spacecraft . Shortly thereafter, his second wingman Ben Dixon
SECTION 20
#17327917140235390-479: A military threat posed by Khyron 's rebels, and the capture of the Zentraedi factory satellite. Gloval provides leadership deciding to appoint Captain Lisa Hayes to command the newly built SDF-2. In the final battle against the rebel Zentraedi under Khyron, Gloval leads the bridge crew of the SDF-1 into battle despite the massive damage the ship sustained during the war. Using all of the SDF-1's remaining power, it
5635-575: A millennium in the future of the Robotech universe and feature none of the old series' characters. In the three-minute trailer, an expedition is sent to check on a non-responsive mining outpost and is attacked by "infected" Veritech mecha. The idea was abandoned midway into production after negative reception within the company, negative fan reactions at the FanimeCon anime convention in 2000, and financial difficulties within Netter Digital who
5880-440: A mission with the Robotech Expeditionary Force to find the Robotech Masters ' homeworld. Dana, as the only child of a human/Zentraedi union had been judged by Dr. Lazlo Zand as being too valuable to risk going with her parents. Max and Miriya hoped that the mission would be over quickly, but events would keep them away from Earth for the rest of Dana's childhood. The mission would last 22 years, during which time Max and Miriya have
6125-536: A nervous breakdown from the ordeal. Lisa eventually earns the command of the Super Dimensional Fortress Two which requires her to leave Earth; before leaving Lisa stops by Rick's home to tell him of her promotion and tells him that, despite it all, she truly loves him. While she is commanding the SDF-2, it is destroyed in a suicide run along with the SDF-1 by Zentraedi renegade Khyron . Lisa
6370-436: A new 24-minute pilot episode. The crowdfunding project was to have closed on August 9, 2014; however, on August 2, the project was canceled with a pledge level of US$ 194,574, or 39% of its target. Harmony Gold, however, announced that further plans to fund the project were being explored. At the 2014 Long Beach Comic Con, it was announced that the producers at Harmony Gold were in talks with at least one new media network on
6615-455: A new ending with text explaining the fate of the SDF-3. Also, all of the flashback footage used from "The Macross Saga" has been removed, including the re-used footage from the episode "Wedding Bells". In 2002, Tommy Yune announced development of a new animated sequel. Originally announced as a television series with a planned 2004 release date, the project was revealed at Anime Expo 2004 as
6860-498: A part of their Robotech: The Complete Series collection, a 29-minute version of Robotech: The Movie containing only footage used from "Southern Cross". There was no attempt to remaster the footage. This aborted American-produced series would have followed the continuing adventures of Rick and Lisa Hunter and the Robotech Expedition during the events of The Masters and The New Generation . The feature-length pilot
7105-454: A peaceful world, but the start of the Zentraedi rebellions and the reemergence of Khyron and Azonia forces Max and Miriya to resume their military roles as fighter pilots. Max and Miriya take part in the mission into deep space to capture the last remaining Zentraedi Factory Satellite. Admiral Henry J. Gloval asks them to bring Dana (who is only eight months old) along. The Zentraedi, who have had no exposure to human culture and have never seen
7350-492: A piece of equipment to repower their warship, Khyron and Azonia kidnap Lin Minmei and her cousin Lin Kyle and attempt to ransom them for the SDF-1. The plan however is foiled when a rescue operation led by Rick Hunter, dubbed Operation Star Saver, is able to free both Minmei and Kyle. Khyron's forces continue to grow in size as more and more disaffected Zentraedi join him and other Zentraedi rebellions start breaking out all over
7595-423: A plea for peace with the Zentraedi as he speaks at the wedding of Max Sterling and Zentreadi defector Miriya Parina . A short time later, he helps facilitate a truce with Breetai and the Zentraedi under him and gains support against Zentraedi Supreme Commander Dolza . Dolza realizes though the threat that human emotions and culture now pose to his command. He orders his entire fleet into Earth's orbit to destroy
List of Robotech characters - Misplaced Pages Continue
7840-403: A protoculture chamber from New Detroit which they use to resize the growing number of disaffected micronized Zentraedi back into warrior giants. Although many Zentraedi had been peacefully assimilated into Earth's surviving human population, many others were simply unable to overcome their natural desire to fight and destroy and they turn to Khyron as their leader. In an effort to get their hands on
8085-410: A result, in one such case they negatively impact the record of a pilot named Dennis Brown. When she apologizes, he thanks her for helping him stay on Earth to keep an eye on an overzealous military leadership and the two later become romantically involved. Nova's military training eventually conflicts with her sense of justice, and she is forced to choose between her duty or her friendships. Realizing that
8330-492: A second daughter who they name Maia Sterling . Claudia Grant , (voiced by: Iona Morris ) is a fictional character from Robotech. Claudia becomes a bridge officer on the SDF-1 with the rank of lieutenant commander. She was third in command when the SDF-1 was first launched, just as the arrival of Zentraedi forces in Earth's solar system marked the start of the First Robotech War. As the SDF-1's Chief Communications Officer, Claudia
8575-616: A sense of normalcy while on the long voyage back to Earth. Minmei also convinces Rick to join the Robotech Armed Forces, where Rick excels. The mayor of Macross City decides to enter Minmei into the Miss Macross Contest, where she becomes the unexpected winner. Minmei goes on to become a music star, with her songs becoming popular to all of Macross City. However, her newfound fame and Rick's devotion to his new role cause their relationship to slowly split apart. In addition, an attraction between Lisa Hayes and Rick slowly forms. As
8820-519: A series suitable for syndication. In the series, Robotechnology refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship that crashed on a South Pacific island. With this technology, Earth developed robotic technologies, such as transformable mecha , to fight three successive extraterrestrial invasions. Prior to the release of the TV series, the name Robotech was used by model kit manufacturer Revell on their Robotech Defenders line in
9065-568: A short time later, on Christmas Eve, they share a kiss. Kyle decides that he no longer belongs in Minmei's life and sets out on his own to an unknown destination. Lisa, who is devastated by her perceived rejection by Rick, decides to resign her military position after she concludes her feelings for Rick are too strong to allow her to serve in the military by his side. When Khyron attacks the SDF-1 and New Macross City in his repowered warship, Minmei begs Rick not to go as she cannot understand or accept that Rick must constantly risk his life in battle. When
9310-468: A single continuity. On July 2, 2010, Ecuadorian animator Patricio "Pat" Mosquera uploaded to YouTube a teaser for Robotech Skull Knights . On August 17, 2010, second teaser revealed Rick Hunter standing in front of an image of the VF-4 shown in the final episodes of the original series. Robotech Skull Knights has not been released yet. In July 2013, Patricio Mosquera was included as an animation director in
9555-527: A situation which she had never faced before, nor did she think was possible. Determined to maintain her reputation, Miriya decides to be shrunk down to human form so she can infiltrate the SDF-1 and kill him. After infiltrating the SDF-1, Miriya explores Macross City and marvels at human culture. At a video game arcade (which Miriya believes is a combat training facility), she is challenged to a duel by Max Sterling , whom Miriya had dueled against in real combat. Max defeats her, and Miriya correctly concludes that Max
9800-503: A suicide run against the SDF-1. Claudia and her bravery are later held as examples for others to follow. In Robotech II: The Sentinels, during the wedding of Rick Hunter and Lisa Hayes , Claudia can be seen briefly smiling from beyond the grave. Breetai , (voiced by Tony Clay) is the fleet commander of an armada of the Imperial Zentraedi Forces sent to recover the lost SDF-1 during the First Robotech War. Breetai
10045-416: A tear from Miriya's cheek and, although he admits it sounds crazy, asks her to marry him. Miriya, with no idea what marriage is, accepts his proposal. Wedding preparations soon begin, and the two are married in a historic wedding aboard the SDF-1. Max and Miriya are the first union of a human and a Zentraedi, which becomes an unlikely symbol of peace between the two races as their wedding raises hopes throughout
List of Robotech characters - Misplaced Pages Continue
10290-406: A third time, Miriya becomes emotionally despondent, and her anger and hatred give way to sadness. She asks Max to kill her as she believes she cannot live with the shame of being defeated. Max however, says that he could never harm her because she is so beautiful. Max and Miriya look into each other's eyes and Miriya realizes that the feelings she holds toward Max are not of hate but of love. Max wipes
10535-404: A video game clash at an arcade. Max again defeats Miriya which has her conclude that Max is the pilot who had bested her in real combat. As Miriya storms off in anger, Max asks her to go out with him on a date which she accepts. She secretly plots to kill him though when they meet. Max arrives at the park where he eagerly awaits Miriya's arrival. Miriya then attacks him, but despite the surprise he
10780-567: A visitor to Macross Island to watch the launching of the Super Dimensional Fortress One and to visit his "big brother", Roy Fokker . When the Zentraedi forces attack, the SDF-1 takes the island and its inhabitants of Macross City including Rick to the orbit of Pluto on the edge of the solar system. During this encounter, Rick rescues and falls for a young girl named Lin Minmei and the two become close. Although he
11025-514: Is rounded into an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System . Of the four rocky planets , it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light-minutes away from the Sun and orbits it , taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. Earth rotates around its own axis in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes). Earth's axis of rotation
11270-473: Is "so beautiful". Miriya realizes that the feelings that Max has awoken within her are not of hate but of love and the two passionately kiss. Max asks Miriya to marry him to which she accepts though not knowing what marriage is. Later, Max meets with Rick Hunter to explain what occurred, and his plans to marry Miriya. Rick initially objects to Max's plans to marry her asking what a human and a Zentraedi could possibly have in common. After Max introduces her though he
11515-456: Is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) under the oceans to 30–50 km (19–31 mi) for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as
11760-616: Is a fictional anime character in the First Robotech Saga, which was adapted from the Japanese series The Super Dimension Fortress Macross . Minmei has become an iconic character of that series. Rebecca Forstadt voices Minmei under the alias "Reba West". In Robotech, Minmei is the love interest of the main character Rick Hunter and becomes an idol singer and movie star on board the spacecraft SDF-1 . Her songs, which cause confusion amongst alien Zentraedi soldiers, play
12005-517: Is a fierce warrior whose face is half-covered by cybernetic faceplate. Breetai's fleet becomes enthralled by human culture, and to prevent widespread cultural contamination, Supreme Commander Dolza orders Breetai and his fleet destroyed. In response, Breetai and his advisor Exedore forms an alliance with Earth. He ultimately renounces his Zentraedi heritage and joins the Robotech Defense Force. Khyron , (voiced by Gregory Snegoff )
12250-556: Is a major character in the First Saga of Robotech . First appearing in the first episode, Gloval commands the SDF-1 throughout the First Robotech War, leading the ship through numerous battles against the Zentraedi . Gloval routinely clashes with the United Earth Government (UEG) regarding their belligerent and uncompromising attitude toward the Zentraedi and their refusal to try to make peace. Gloval finally makes
12495-477: Is a well-reputed ace fighter pilot and leader of the Vermilion team's Skull Squadron. According to Robotech Art 1, Rick was a member of Roy's aerobatic team prior to Roy's joining the Robotech Defense Force (RDF). Ben Dixon is a character based on Hayao Kakizaki of the original Japanese series, The Super Dimension Fortress Macross . Ben, along with his best friend Max Sterling , become rookie wingmates under
SECTION 50
#173279171402312740-480: Is able to dodge her first attack. Miriya reveals that she is a (micronized to human stature) Zentraedi warrior and that her mission is to take revenge against him. She then attacks Max again, but he is eventually able to point a knife at her face while holding her down. Beaten for a third time, she falls to her knees while crying asking him to kill her as she believes she cannot live with the shame of being defeated. Max however, says that he could never harm her because she
12985-468: Is able to fire one shot which cripples Khyron's warship. Khyron is determined though to have his revenge against Gloval and rigs his warship for a suicide run at the SDF-1. Gloval's final act before he is killed by the impact is to push Lisa Hayes into the last functioning escape pod on the bridge. Gloval becomes a celebrated hero, and he and his crew are held as examples for new military recruits to follow. Maximillian "Max" Sterling (voiced by Cam Clarke )
13230-532: Is also exposed to human emotions. While his two Invid Sisters Ariel and Sera feel love and compassion, he is filled with anger and hatred. Despite failing to defeat Scott Bernard 's band of rebels, he participates in a major battle with the Robotech Expeditionary Force where he kills many human pilots. His hate ends up getting the better of him though, and he is eventually killed in battle by Bernard. Corg's counterpart in Genesis Climber Mospeada
13475-453: Is amazed at how beautiful she is and he suddenly changes his mind. Captain Henry J. Gloval speaks at the wedding to congratulate the two lovers and to call for peace between the two races. The Zentraedi observe the wedding by way of intercepted television signals. Many watch with curiosity and become more attracted to the human way of life questioning their current austere lives as warriors. As
13720-483: Is approximately 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s ). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad regional differences in Earth's gravitational field, known as gravity anomalies . The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from
13965-479: Is based on euphoria , while his love for Lisa is greater than he had ever realized. Lisa Hayes , (voiced by: Melanie MacQueen under the alias of Aline Leslie) is a fictional character in the first Robotech anime television series . Lisa takes her position as First Officer with the rank of lieutenant commander aboard the SDF-1 as it prepares to launch approximately ten years after it crashed on Earth. However,
14210-565: Is composed of the first three (and only) episodes that were produced. The Sentinels featured characters from all three Robotech sagas and introduced the SDF-3 along with an overview of their new mission. The series was planned to have a total of 65 episodes. In Robotech Art 3: The Sentinels , Carl Macek blamed the cancellation of the series on the crash of the Yen/Dollar exchange rate , which caused toy partner Matchbox to withdraw from
14455-529: Is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old Australian rocks showing fossils of microorganisms . During the Neoproterozoic , 1000 to 539 Ma , much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed " Snowball Earth ", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion , when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity. Following
14700-402: Is described as being over 24.4 meters (80 feet) tall. Dolza is ordered by the Robotech Masters to find and recover the lost spaceship that had crashed on Earth. The ship, stolen by the disciples of Zor, contains a vital component, a protoculture matrix, which the Masters desperately need to ensure the survival of their civilization. Although Dolza and his Grand Fleet are eventually defeated,
14945-457: Is farthest out from its center of mass at its equatorial bulge, the summit of the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,384.4 km or 3,967.1 mi) is its farthest point out. Parallel to the rigid land topography the ocean exhibits a more dynamic topography . To measure the local variation of Earth's topography, geodesy employs an idealized Earth producing a geoid shape. Such a shape
SECTION 60
#173279171402315190-490: Is formed which leaves Earth to hunt for the Robotech Masters . In the later part of the series they are involved in battles against the Invid . In the fictional world of Robotech , the characters are also involved in four Robotech Wars. They begin with the first battle between the SDF-1 and Zentradi (First Robotech War) and continue after the Robotech Masters try to Invade Earth (Second Robotech War). The third Robotech War
15435-638: Is fought against the Invid , and the Fourth and final war is fought against another alien race known as the Haydonites. This era concerns the first two chapters of Robotech, adapted from the first Macross TV series, and related stories, otherwise known as The First Generation . Richard "Rick" Hunter is a character in the Robotech television series . At the start of the Macross Saga , his role
15680-516: Is gained if the ocean is idealized, covering Earth completely and without any perturbations such as tides and winds. The result is a smooth but irregular geoid surface, providing a mean sea level (MSL) as a reference level for topographic measurements. Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere, and the solid Earth and oceans. Defined in this way, it has an area of about 510 million km (197 million sq mi). Earth can be divided into two hemispheres : by latitude into
15925-546: Is held as a hero among the remaining rebel Zentraedi and their uprisings continue before the last rebels are defeated. Dolza , (voiced by Michael Reynolds ) is the Supreme Commander of all Zentraedi forces. He is the second oldest Zentraedi (only Exedore is older) and is the largest of his race, standing 17.5 meters (57.4 feet) tall, although in the Jack McKinney Robotech novels, Dolza
16170-481: Is illustrated below: * Asterisked works are now considered ' secondary continuity '—that is, that their events exist in the continuity of Robotech , but 'don't count' when conflicts arise with the primary continuity that comprises the three-part Robotech TV series and 2006's Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles . In 2002, with the publication of the WildStorm (DC) comics, Harmony Gold officially decided to retcon
16415-531: Is in love with Rick and is increasingly upset about Rick's obsession with Minmei. When Minmei and Kyle are kidnapped by the rebel Zentraedi leader Khyron , Rick Hunter again comes to her rescue by leading an operation, called "Starsaver", in which he blasts his way into Khyron's fortress in his transformable fighter and rescues her and Kyle. Later, after landing his fighter at a nearby base, Minmei runs crying into Rick's arms while Kyle and Lisa Hayes look on in anger and disgust. Rick and Minmei rekindle their love, and
16660-418: Is in love with Rick and wishes she could make him understand how she feels, is consoled by Claudia. Claudia offers her advice and bluntly tells Lisa not to let Rick "get away from her". Claudia later becomes good friends with Max Sterling and Miriya Parina Sterling but envies both their marriage and their baby daughter Dana Sterling . Claudia is killed during the final battle against Khyron when he launches
16905-557: Is in music where he is gifted in piano playing. He eventually finds himself attracted to an alien named Musica. A mutual attraction then forms that causes both Bowie and Musica to desert their posts in an attempt to avoid the insanity of war. Nova Satori (Voiced by: Edie Mirman ) was adapted from Lana Isavia in The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross . At 19 years old, Nova is the youngest and highest ranking female military police officer in
17150-469: Is initially frightened as she now has the free will to live independently from the Invid. The group takes her in their company and Scott names her Marlene, after his fiancé who was killed by the Invid. Marlene becomes an integral part of the group as they fight the Invid as she can sense when they are near. She later develops feelings towards Scott and they both fall in love with each other. On one encounter with
17395-400: Is killed in the line of duty which devastates Rick even more. When his best friend Max falls in love with Miriya , and explains his plans to marry her Rick initially objects due to her being an enemy Zentraedi. Max introduces Miriya to Rick though, and after seeing her is amazed at how beautiful she is causing him to change his mind. That night while laying in bed, he thinks on how happy Max
17640-426: Is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the equatorial region receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive atmospheric and ocean currents , producing a global climate system with different climate regions , and a range of weather phenomena such as precipitation , allowing components such as nitrogen to cycle . Earth
17885-475: Is nearly killed but Rick comes to her rescue and helps her the rest of the way. At the end of the battle, Rick realizes that he could never be with Minmei and that Lisa, who shares more common interests, is the one he loves. Minmei, although sad, accepts the outcome. Rick and Lisa spend the next eight years overseeing the rebuilding of Earth. Lin Minmei ( Japanese : リン・ミンメイ Rin Minmei , Chinese : 鈴明美/林明美 Pinyin : Líng Míngměi/Lín Míngměi) (voiced by: Reba West )
18130-501: Is not initially open to the idea, he signs up with the Robotech Armed Forces becoming an ace fighter pilot. During his time on the SDF-1, Rick has many dealings with Lisa Hayes and the two do not get along. Rick increasingly looks toward Minmei, who has now become a popular singer and pageant winner, as a source of inspiration and happiness. After a mission to rescue Lisa, Rick is promoted and given command of his own squadron and two subordinates ( Max Sterling and Ben Dixon ). While on
18375-526: Is not sure how to react. After Minmei is kidnapped, Rick leads a rescue operation to save her resulting in a fight with Lisa later on. Rick lashes out at her and says to stay out of his personal life but later realizes he was wrong to behave the way he did. Rick decides to ask Lisa out for a picnic shortly afterwards, which she accepts. Minmei however, calls him to have lunch with her which he reluctantly agrees to hoping he can finish early enough to meet Lisa. After an unexpected Zentraedi attack he tries to salvage
18620-513: Is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration , each day varies between 0 and 2 ms longer than the mean solar day. Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ), or 23 56 4.0989 . Earth's rotation period relative to
18865-527: Is one of the fictional characters in the Robotech anime television series . He is a young fighter pilot assigned to Rick Hunter's various commands (Black Group, Vermilion Team, and Skull Squadron) along with Ben Dixon . He is 19 years old at the beginning of the Robotech's "Macross Saga". Max having nine confirmed kills in his first combat encounter earns the attention of Roy Fokker , the SDF-1's air group commander. Roy then assigned both Max and Ben under
19110-439: Is only eight months old along to serve as a diversion. When inside, Miriya proudly displays baby Dana to the hostile Zentraedi on board. The Zentraedi become filled with terror as they conclude Dana is a mutation who is contagious and flee in fear. The resulting chaos aboard the enemy command ship causes disorder throughout the enemy fleet, allowing the Robotech Armed Forces and their Zentraedi allies to launch an attack that cripples
19355-430: Is promoted to the rank of captain, along with Rick while Max, Miriya and Claudia participate in an operation to capture the last remaining Zentraedi Satellite Factory in deep space. During the mission, Lisa tries to talk to Rick about their troubled relationship, but she is interrupted. Rick and Lisa kiss on screen in front of the hostile Zentraedi (who have had no exposure to human emotions) to disorient them long enough for
19600-622: Is rare, though the alternative spelling Gaia has become common due to the Gaia hypothesis , in which case its pronunciation is / ˈ ɡ aɪ . ə / rather than the more classical English / ˈ ɡ eɪ . ə / . There are a number of adjectives for the planet Earth. The word "earthly" is derived from "Earth". From the Latin Terra comes terran / ˈ t ɛr ə n / , terrestrial / t ə ˈ r ɛ s t r i ə l / , and (via French) terrene / t ə ˈ r iː n / , and from
19845-551: Is referred to as The Masters story arc. Dana Sterling (Voiced by: Melissa Newman in the Robotech TV series, and Deanna Morris in Robotech II: The Sentinels ) is a fictional character from the Robotech anime television series . Dana is the daughter of Max Sterling and Miriya Parina Sterling , heroes of the First Robotech War, and the sister of Maia Sterling . The character was adapted from
20090-671: Is still alive. Despite the now critical situation, Khyron is still obsessively determined to destroy the SDF-1 at the cost of his own life. Khyron, after realizing that his warship's navigation system is still operational, tells Azonia that they can still destroy the SDF-1, but it requires a sacrifice. Khyron then rigs his warship's navigation system for a collision course with the SDF-1. The SDF-1, drained of power, cannot defend itself as Khryon launches his suicidal run. All available mecha and veritech fighters throw everything they have against Khyron's ship, but they cannot stop it. The collision and resulting impact and explosion destroys Khyron's ship,
20335-661: Is summoned to the Solar System by Commander Breetai , against the advice of Exedore , to assist in the capture of the SDF-1 Macross . While his tactics kept the Robotech Armed Forces off balance, he was often rebuked by both Commanders Breetai and Azonia for risking undue damage to the fortress. Following the destruction of the Zentraedi Grand fleet, Khyron's ship crashes in the arctic where he remains dormant for almost two years. However, Khyron and Azonia steal
20580-487: Is tasked with coordinating communications for the 15,000 crew members aboard the battle fortress. Despite challenges, she keeps ship operations running smoothly throughout the First Robotech War. Claudia maintains a relaxed and confident manner which enables her to develop strong friendships with the bridge officers, who regard her as a big sister. She also develops a strong relationship with Captain Gloval , whom she regards as
20825-487: Is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars -sized object with about 10% of Earth's mass, named Theia , collided with Earth. It hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Ga , numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of
21070-542: Is that of an amateur stunt pilot — throughout his numerous appearances and mentions in primary sources, he quietly evolves into an Admiral of Earth's last fleet, as he attempts to lead the liberation of Earth from numerous alien threats. In the Macross Saga , Rick Hunter's original appearance and an adaptation of The Super Dimension Fortress Macross , Rick is based on Hikaru Ichijyo . He is voiced by Tony Oliver . Rick Hunter first appears in Robotech television series . The first episode begins with Rick Hunter arriving as
21315-429: Is the ace pilot whom she faced in real combat. Miriya is furious that she has been beaten again but as she storms off, Max asks her out on a date. Miriya accepts, although she secretly plots to kill him. When Max arrives, Miriya launches a surprise attack. She reveals that she is a Zentraedi warrior, and that her mission is revenge against him. Max gains the upper hand in the attack and ends up pinning her down. Beaten for
21560-453: Is the basis for the astronomical unit (AU) and is equal to roughly 8.3 light minutes or 380 times Earth's distance to the Moon . Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days , or one sidereal year . With an apparent movement of the Sun in Earth's sky at a rate of about 1°/day eastward, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete
21805-415: Is the first of the Invid that transmutates into human form. In the original anime Genesis Climber Mospeada , her character was known as Aisha. In The Next Generation , she is sent to spy on Scott Bernard 's group of freedom fighters, but appears to suffer amnesia when she is recovered by Scott's resistance group. Due to the transmutation into human form, her mindset is that of a newly born human. Ariel
22050-501: Is the last thing Dolza hears before he is vaporized. The explosion of the base, combined with the firing of Earth's grand cannon, destroys virtually the entire Zentraedi fleet. Following the war, Minmei resumes her singing career with Kyle as her manager. However, Minmei becomes increasingly uncomfortable with Kyle's drinking and his obsession with making money. Minmei tries to rekindle her relationship with Rick, who still has feelings for her despite his feelings for Lisa Hayes , who by now
22295-745: Is the unconventional leader of the Zentraedi Botoru Battalion. He is known as Quamzin Kravshera in The Super Dimension Fortress Macross , the series which was adapted into the first saga of Robotech . Sometimes known as Khyron Kravshera or Lord Khyron, is a commander during the First Robotech War. Khyron earned the nickname Khyron the Backstabber because of his habit of attacking his own men when angered or drunk . Khyron's Botoru Battalion
22540-457: Is tied to that of the Sun. Over the next 1.1 billion years , solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 3.5 billion years by 40%. Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle , possibly reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for current plants ( 10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis ) in approximately 100–900 million years . A lack of vegetation would result in
22785-455: Is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons . Earth is orbited by one permanent natural satellite , the Moon , which orbits Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a quarter as wide as Earth. The Moon's gravity helps stabilize Earth's axis, causes tides and gradually slows Earth's rotation . Tidal locking has made
23030-489: Is to be married even though Miriya is an alien of a hostile race. His thoughts drift to Lisa as he tries to sort out his feelings. In the battle against the Zentraedi, Rick is devastated as he watches them fire on Earth and destroy almost all life on the planet. Rick fears for Lisa, who had been assigned to Earth and unable to leave. In the subsequent battle he picks up a distress signal from the Base where Lisa is. Rick flies into
23275-423: Is well received and Breetai and Azonia's fleets offer well needed assistance in Earth's defense against Dolza's armada. Exedore later serves as an advisor to the Robotech Defense Force in the reconstruction years following the successful defeat of Dolza's armada. Roy Fokker , (voiced by: Dan Woren ) is a fictional character is the first series of Robotech. He is Rick Hunter's surrogate father figure and mentor. Roy
23520-570: The Macross series) is the father of Lisa Hayes . In Episode 15 of the series, he tells Captain Henry J. Gloval to leave the Earth with the SDF-1 Macross and not to allow the civilians on board to disembark. He also convinced that the Grand Cannon will be able to wipe out a Zentradi invasion force despite clear warnings of how powerful the enemy is. The character shares the same fate in both Robotech and Macross . During Dolza 's attack on
23765-547: The Bridge Bunnies , — Vanessa Leeds, Kim Young, and Sammie Porter were three minor fictional characters in the first saga of Robotech . They were attractive girls who managed the various functions of the SDF-1 Macross 's bridge under Captain Gloval. In episode 36 ( To the Stars ) the three died at their posts defending Macross City from Khyron 's suicide attack. Admiral Donald Hayes (adapted from Takashi Hayase of
24010-517: The Macross TV series for direct-to-video distribution in 1984, but their merchandising plans were compromised by Revell's prior distribution of the Macross kits. In the end, both parties signed a co-licensing agreement and the Robotech name was adopted for the TV syndication of Macross combined with Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross (1984) and Genesis Climber MOSPEADA (1983). The Robotech chronology, according to Harmony Gold,
24255-583: The Milky Way and orbits about 28,000 light-years from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the galactic plane in the Orion Arm . The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles . Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of
24500-759: The Pacific , North American , Eurasian , African , Antarctic , Indo-Australian , and South American . Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate , the Caribbean Plate , the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 55 Ma . The fastest-moving plates are
24745-496: The Robotech Universe. The following Robotech material is now relegated to the status of secondary continuity: While these materials are not precisely 'retired' or 'removed' from the continuity, their events are subject to critical review, and are strictly subordinate to the 'official' events of the 85-episode animated series. Robotech (1985) is an original story adapted with edited content and revised dialogue from
24990-516: The Robotech IV and Robotech V series plans. Firth said the story would be about a retired Commodore character from The Macross Saga telling a story via flashback, but Macek later refuted that plot detail in a 2007 interview. Macek stated that while he was hoping to do up to five series, nothing was ever written for the final two. Macek attempted another sequel with the development of Robotech 3000 . This all-CGI series would have been set
25235-515: The Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles 2-disc collector's DVD, along with behind-the-scenes motion capture footage. In October 2004, veteran animation writer and producer Greg Weisman revealed that he developed an animated spin-off series titled Robotech: Mars Force . When asked about the project, Weisman said that he was under a non-disclosure agreement with Harmony Gold and was only allowed to mention that he developed
25480-710: The Shadow Chronicles production, titled Robotech: Shadow Rising and was to be a co-production with FUNimation Entertainment . Pre-production reportedly began in February 2007 and a projected release date of sometime in 2009 was originally expected. In 2009 Harmony Gold revealed that production had not moved forward since the summer of 2007, due to the announced development deal of a live-action film deal with Warner Bros. in September 2007. At Comic-Con 2012, Tommy Yune announced that Love Live Alive would pave
25725-474: The United Nations , featuring Scott Bernard and Ariel, was animated during the production of The Shadow Chronicles . Although it did not use the original voice actors and the dialogue was somewhat out-of-character, it nonetheless marked the first fully completed Robotech footage in many years. On July 27, 2007, at their Comic-Con International panel, Harmony Gold and Yune unveiled the second entry of
25970-419: The asthenosphere , the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates. As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into
26215-415: The celestial equator , this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same. Earth orbits the Sun, making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the inner Solar System . Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which
26460-408: The ocean floor form the top of Earth's crust , which together with parts of the upper mantle form Earth's lithosphere . Earth's crust may be divided into oceanic and continental crust. Beneath the ocean-floor sediments, the oceanic crust is predominantly basaltic , while the continental crust may include lower density materials such as granite , sediments and metamorphic rocks. Nearly 75% of
26705-430: The precessing or moving mean March equinox (when the Sun is at 90° on the equator), is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23 56 4.0905 ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms. Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near
26950-413: The sphere of gravitational influence , of Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than that of the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun. Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in
27195-464: The "last ice age", covered large parts of the continents, to the middle latitudes, in ice and ended about 11,700 years ago. Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) accumulated in
27440-474: The CGI effects for Robotech: Academy . Attempts at producing a live-action Robotech have been in development for an extended time , with numerous writers, directors, and actors attached at various times and the film rights changing between studios. Some time prior to February 2006, the company Kickstart Entertainment (founded by Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles and Robotech 3000 producer Jason Netter) featured
27685-484: The Cambrian explosion, 535 Ma , there have been at least five major mass extinctions and many minor ones. Apart from the proposed current Holocene extinction event, the most recent was 66 Ma , when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but largely spared small animals such as insects, mammals , lizards and birds. Mammalian life has diversified over
27930-654: The Earth. Terra is also the name of the planet in some Romance languages , languages that evolved from Latin , like Italian and Portuguese , while in other Romance languages the word gave rise to names with slightly altered spellings, like the Spanish Tierra and the French Terre . The Latinate form Gæa or Gaea ( English: / ˈ dʒ iː . ə / ) of the Greek poetic name Gaia ( Γαῖα ; Ancient Greek : [ɡâi̯.a] or [ɡâj.ja] )
28175-604: The End of the Universe" and "Battle Royale", these episodes contain no new footage, and are not meant to follow any continuity established in the TV series. During the production of Robotech II: The Sentinels , Carl Macek had already begun to plot out 13 weeks of a third series title Robotech III: The Odyssey , which would have raised the total number or Robotech episodes 215 had both series been produced. He envisioned two additional series ( Robotech IV and Robotech V ) to bring
28420-653: The First Robotech War rages on, Rick and Minmei continue to grow farther apart. Upon the SDF-1's return to Earth, the United Earth Government denies permission for the civilians on board to be evacuated to Earth, as their knowledge of the alien threat (which has been kept secret by the military), could lead to panic among the population. However, permission is granted for Rick to take Minmei to her home town in Japan to visit her mother and father. However, her third cousin, Lin Kyle, who feels that he must protect Minmei, returns with them to
28665-758: The Global Military Police (GMP). Nova first appears in Episode 37 – "Dana's Story". Due to the feudal society that had evolved in the 15 years following the First Robotech War, the GMP constituted the only worldwide law-enforcement organization. Nova was forced to say farewell to all her outside friendships due to the rigid doctrines that the GMP required. Initially, Nova repeatedly tries to root out possible traitors and spies from within Earth's military. Her interrogations though of people she suspects cause her to lose focus while reviewing several personnel files. As
28910-411: The Invid on Earth, and he is joined on his mission by other freedom fighters as the series progresses. Along the way, the group encounters a woman named Ariel who apparently has amnesia . They decide to call her Marlene after Scott's fiancé. As she travels with them, Scott and Ariel fall in love with each other until Scott discovers that she is an Invid, at which point his feelings start to get mixed. In
29155-538: The Invid on Earth, the battle slowly turns against them. The Robotech Expeditionary Force decide they have no option but to use the Neutron-S missiles, which will destroy the Invid but also have an unknown impact on Earth. As the missiles are launched and travel towards Earth, Marlene confronts her mother Invid Regis , and tries to convince her that what the Invid are doing is as wrong as what the Robotech Masters did to them. Together with her sister Sera , she convinces
29400-399: The Invid though both of them to discover that Marlene is one of them. Marlene/Ariel had believed she was a human suffering from amnesia. Scott questions his feelings for her throughout the final two episodes of the series until he realizes that he is truly in love with her regardless of the fact that she is an Invid. When the Robotech Expeditionary Force launches a full-scale offensive against
29645-533: The Latin Tellus comes tellurian / t ɛ ˈ l ʊər i ə n / and telluric . The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5682 +0.0002 −0.0004 Ga (billion years) ago. By 4.54 ± 0.04 Ga the primordial Earth had formed. The bodies in the Solar System formed and evolved with the Sun. In theory, a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into
29890-758: The Moon always face Earth with the same side. Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, formed 4.5 billion years ago from gas and dust in the early Solar System . During the first billion years of Earth's history , the ocean formed and then life developed within it. Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the Great Oxidation Event two billion years ago. Humans emerged 300,000 years ago in Africa and have spread across every continent on Earth. Humans depend on Earth's biosphere and natural resources for their survival, but have increasingly impacted
30135-426: The Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth. Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing . Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets , and comets . Sufficient water to fill the oceans may have been on Earth since it formed. In this model, atmospheric greenhouse gases kept the oceans from freezing when
30380-714: The REF. Events keep the SDF-3 away from Earth for the rest of Dana's childhood. Dana eventually graduates from the Robotech Military Academy, following in the footsteps of her parents. During the mission, Max assumes Rick's former role as commander of the Skull Squadron. The REF expedition, which fails to return to Earth against the Robotech Masters , gets caught in a war with the Invid on a number of planets, as chronicled in Robotech II: The Sentinels . Miriya Parina Sterling (voiced by: Edie Mirman in
30625-669: The Regis to leave Earth. The Regis grants Ariel's request to stay behind, and destroys the Neutron-S missiles before they reach Earth. Marlene stays on Earth, along with Sera because she feels more human than Invid while Scott leaves her behind in search for the SDF-3. In Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles she receives a vision from the Regis concerning the Haydonites: that they will betray the Robotech Expeditionary Force as they are no longer useful to them. This prompts her to leave Earth and go to Scott's side with her teleporting abilities, with
30870-482: The Robotech Expeditionary Force. Emerson's decision to enroll both of them in the military later results in a divorce from Laura. Dana and Bowie both graduate from the United Earth Forces Military academy and are placed with the 15th tactical armored squadron. Bowie falls in love with an alien named Musica, when he tries to smuggle her to Earth though the plan is discovered. He escapes, becoming
31115-529: The SDF-1 Macross and the Earth, the Admiral uses the Grand Cannon but only manages to destroy 800,000 of the invasion forces' 4.8 million capital ships. The cannon is hit by enemy fire, and he eventually dies in the ensuing explosion. His daughter Lisa Hayes is saved by Rick Hunter. This era concerns the second series adapted to Robotech ( Southern Cross ) and the movie adapted from Megazone 23 , and
31360-403: The SDF-1 and the newly completed SDF-2. There are no survivors of those aboard the SDF-1 except for Commander Lisa Hayes , who was pushed into the only remaining operable escape pod on the bridge at the last moment. The rest of the bridge crew, including Admiral Henry J. Gloval , Commander Claudia Grant , and bridge operators Vannesa Leeds, Sammy Porter and Kim Young , die at their posts. Khyron
31605-419: The SDF-1 that peace with the Zentraedi is possible. The wedding proves to be such a significant event that the Zentraedi also observe the wedding. When the Zentraedi attack after the wedding ceremony the two race off to battle. By now though, many of the Zentraedi involved are having second thoughts after seeing the wedding on television. The Zentraedi's increased exposure to human emotions and the realization that
31850-452: The SDF-1's forces. This development, combined with their increased exposure to human emotions and culture through watching the wedding causes a wave of mutinies to spread through the Zentraedi fleet, forcing Breetai to call a truce. Afterwards, Miriya becomes Max's wingmate on duty, piloting a red fighter alongside Max's blue one. In the final battle against Dolza 's Grand Fleet, the two fight side by side in their transformable fighters. After
32095-425: The SDF-1, Macross City, and a large portion of Macross Island when the SDF-1 initiates an emergency teleport. While on board the ship the two become close, and they are rescued allowing her to go back to her family in the newly rebuilt Macross City. Minmei, who remains upbeat despite the circumstances, convinces her aunt and uncle to reopen their restaurant, an act which serves to inspire other refugees into returning to
32340-496: The SDF-1, Rick leaves Minmei to attend to his duty . Minmei cannot accept that Rick must constantly risk his life in battle and begs him to leave the military. Khyron eventually launches a suicide attack at the SDF-1, killing himself and everyone aboard except for Lisa, who was pushed into an ejection pod at the last moment by Admiral Henry J. Gloval . As Rick realizes that Lisa is alive, the two run into each other's arms as Minmei watches nearby. Rick realizes that his love for Minmei
32585-412: The SDF-1, including the wedding of Max Sterling and Zentraedi defector Miriya Parina , the first union of a Zentraedi and a human being. Minmei's music turns out to be a powerful weapon against the Zentraedi , who have had no exposure to human emotions or customs. Minmei becomes despondent after the Zentraedi Grand fleet blasts Earth, destroying 95% of the surface, and killing virtually all human life on
32830-468: The SDF-1. Because of the constant battles with the Earth humans, numerous Zentraedi become enthralled by the culture of the Micronians involved and their lifestyle. To avoid widespread cultural contamination, Supreme Zentraedi commander Dolza orders the extermination of Breetai and Azonia's fleets. Anticipating this, Exedore travels to SDF-1 as an emissary and proposes an alliance with Earth. His proposal
33075-475: The SDF-1. Rick dislikes Kyle due to his pacifism and his hatred of the military. Following their return to the SDF-1, Kyle and Minmei star in the first movie filmed in space. Kyle, who is attracted to Minmei despite the fact that she is a distant relative, attempts to kiss her, but she pushes him away. Unfortunately, Rick witnesses this and decides that any romance they once had is over. Minmei's fame continues to grow, and she sings at almost every important event on
33320-458: The Solar System's planetary-sized objects, Earth is the object with the highest density . Earth's mass is approximately 5.97 × 10 kg ( 5.970 Yg ). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1% by mass ), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to gravitational separation ,
33565-403: The Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius, otherwise, with tidal effects, it may enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. Earth has a rounded shape , through hydrostatic equilibrium , with an average diameter of 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi), making it the fifth largest planetary sized and largest terrestrial object of the Solar System . Due to Earth's rotation it has
33810-583: The TV series, and by Catherine Battistone in Robotech II: The Sentinels ), is one of the fictional characters in the anime television series Robotech. She is a combat pilot that serves in the Zentraedi forces. Miriya is a female warlord and is considered the greatest warrior of all the Zentraedi. She is a fearsome warrior who pilots the Zentraedi Power Armor and she considered herself to be unbeatable in combat. When
34055-499: The United Earth Forces while Minmei goes on to continue her career as a famous singer who is beloved by fans across the globe. on the verge of the launch of the Robotech Expeditionary Force, led by the newly completed SDF-3, Rick and Lisa are finally married with Minmei singing during their wedding. Minmei and Kyle later stow away aboard the SDF-3 and travel with it on its mission to find the Robotech Masters ' homeworld. Captain (later Admiral) Henry J. Gloval , (voiced by: Greg Finley )
34300-470: The Zentraedi Fleet that nearly destroys the earth is vanquished, Max and Miriya settle down in New Macross City and begin a new life together. Miriya gives birth to a daughter and names her Dana , the first child born from a Human/Zentraedi union. Max and Miriya's happy marriage and their baby daughter become the envy of Lisa Hayes and Claudia Grant . Both look forward to raising their daughter in
34545-508: The Zentraedi attack the SDF-1 , Miriya leads several raids against the human forces, including one in which ace pilot Roy Fokker is killed. Miriya enjoys combat and takes great pride in the fact that she has never once failed to defeat a foe in combat. She takes upon a challenge from Khyron , who says that there is a human ace pilot aboard the SDF-1 that even she could not best. Intrigued, Miriya takes it upon herself to engage him in combat, but finds herself frustrated as she cannot defeat him,
34790-461: The animation of three different mecha anime series: Harmony Gold's cited reasoning for combining these unrelated series was its decision to market Macross for American weekday syndication television, which required a minimum of 65 episodes at the time (thirteen weeks at five episodes per week). Macross and the two other series each had fewer episodes than required, since they originally aired in Japan as weekly series. On some television stations,
35035-425: The atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer ( O 3 ) in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes . True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by
35280-401: The base, and reaches Lisa. The two then fly to a safe location and watch the SDF-1 land after its victory. Following the defeat of the Zentraedi fleet, Lisa settles down in New Macross City and works toward rebuilding Earth after the devastation from the war. However, Lisa continues to struggle with the feelings she has for Rick which are not returned as Rick continues to pursue Minmei. Later Lisa
35525-585: The battle against Dolza 's armed forces, Lisa returns to Earth to meet with her father and finds herself prohibited from returning to the SDF-1. During this time she is promoted to the rank of a full commander. Lisa is working as an operations/communications officer at an underground base when the battle begins. Although the base survives the initial bombardment, it sustains heavy damage, trapping Lisa deep inside and killing her father when he tries to defend it. While in his transformable fighter Rick heads towards Lisa after receiving her distress call. Rick flies deep into
35770-509: The battle is over, both Rick and Minmei realize that they cannot be together as Rick is dedicated to the military and Minmei is dedicated to her music. Rick realizes that his love for Minmei is based more on euphoria than on reality and that his love for Lisa is stronger than he had ever realized up until now. Rick and Lisa, finally realizing and accepting their love for each other, watch Minmei walk away and vow to work together to rebuild Earth. Rick and Lisa would eventually become senior officers in
36015-636: The battle. He then tells Ariel that he must leave Earth to rejoin the Robotech Expeditionary Force to search for Admiral Rick Hunter and the SDF-3, which is lost in space. Scott promises Ariel though that he will return. Scott Bernard is also known as Stieg Barnard in Genesis Climber Mospeada Ariel (voiced by Melanie MacQueen in The Next Generation and by Kari Wahlgren in The Shadow Chronicles )
36260-462: The bridge crew manage to regain control of the SDF-1 and launch it a short distance into the air. Using all of its remaining power, the SDF-1's main gun is able to fire one shot which cripples Khryon's warship. The SDF-1's final shot shears off an entire section of Khyron's ship, crippling its weapons, defenses and communications. Bleeding from a severe cut above his eye, Khyron sees that his top lieutenants, Grel and Gerao, have been killed but that Azonia
36505-450: The center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi ). Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately 3 Gyr , twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing
36750-576: The command of Rick Hunter. Rick then sent him on a reconnaissance mission to scout Zentraedi targets. Max and Rick become friends and later serve together with the Robotech Expeditionary Force. His fighting style gains the attention of Zentraedi Miriya Parina , who fights him in a furious battle that finds its way into the streets of Macross City. Unknown to Max, his defeat of the Zentraedi force's finest pilot made him marked for death by Miriya, who becomes obsessed with finding him. After several more near encounters, Max and Miriya finally confront each other in
36995-550: The command of newly promoted Lieutenant Rick Hunter, forming the Vermilion Squadron with Roy Fokker . He and Roy are fellow jokesters and often team up to tease Rick over the love triangle he's involved in with Lin Minmei and Lisa Hayes . Ben is killed when a malfunction of the SDF-1's defenses causes them to explode. Following the recent loss of Roy Fokker, Ben's death comes as another painful blow to Rick, Max, and Lisa. The Macross operators , also known by fans as
37240-454: The continental crust , particularly during the early stages of Earth's history. New continental crust forms as a result of plate tectonics , a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over the period of hundreds of millions of years, tectonic forces have caused areas of continental crust to group together to form supercontinents that have subsequently broken apart. At approximately 750 Ma , one of
37485-616: The continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the mass of the crust. Earth's surface topography comprises both the topography of the ocean surface , and the shape of Earth's land surface. The submarine terrain of the ocean floor has an average bathymetric depth of 4 km, and is as varied as the terrain above sea level. Earth's surface is continually being shaped by internal plate tectonic processes including earthquakes and volcanism ; by weathering and erosion driven by ice, water, wind and temperature; and by biological processes including
37730-419: The core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago. The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere . Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by
37975-527: The core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are oxides . Over 99% of the crust is composed of various oxides of eleven elements, principally oxides containing silicon (the silicate minerals ), aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium. The major heat-producing isotopes within Earth are potassium-40 , uranium-238 , and thorium-232 . At
38220-463: The core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a dipole . The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 3.05 × 10 T , with a magnetic dipole moment of 7.79 × 10 Am at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average). The convection movements in
38465-407: The cost to Earth and human race is astronomical reducing the population from billions to only 70,000. Approximately 95% of the Earth's surface is "devastated" in the "Zentraedi Rain of Death." Exedore (voiced by: Ted Layman) is a fictional character who appears in the first generation Robotech series. Exedore is a Zentraedi who serves as adviser to Fleet Commander Breetai during their search for
38710-564: The day but Lisa learns he has been with Minmei and storms away from him in anger. Minmei goes out in search of Rick, rekindling their love during the holidays and sharing a kiss on Christmas Eve. Lisa is devastated and initially decides to resign from the military as she feels she cannot serve beside Rick due to her feelings for him. Rick eventually begins to realize though that he cannot relate to Minmei anymore, as his experiences in combat have changed him and that Lisa understands him better than Minmei does. When Khyron attacks New Macross City and
38955-539: The days shorter. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a polar night , and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a midnight sun , where the sun remains visible all day. By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in
39200-450: The defeat of Dolza's grand fleet and oversees the reconstruction of Earth. The challenges are immense: 95% of the Earth's surface has been devastated, with all major cities destroyed and most of planet's vegetation reduced to endless deserts. The population of the world is reduced from billions to only 70,000. Despite the challenges, Gloval successfully leads Earth through its recovery. New challenges later emerge including Zentraedi rebellions,
39445-609: The defense of Earth from alien forces that seek its destruction. During the Invid Invasion, Dana and her team held off the enemy for as long as they could, but they were eventually forced to retreat and regroup with the rest of the REF. Rolf Emerson (Voiced by: Michael McConnohie ) is a fictional character in the second series of Robotech where he plays the role of a General and a godparent. Emerson, and his wife Laura, were made godparents to Bowie Grant and Dana Sterling who were left under his care while their parents joined
39690-418: The distributor of the film, Cannon Films , saw an incomplete rough cut of the film and were upset by it. They ordered Macek to remove multiple scenes from the film and to add more violence (most of the scenes removed were scenes setting up characters and showing female characters interacting). Macek reluctantly did what they ordered, and created a new script and rough edit for the film in less than 24 hours. When
39935-518: The distributors saw Macek act out the new film, they were much more pleased with the new cut. The opening night in Texas received a positive response, but Cannon Films pulled out after noting that most attendants were adults; the bulk of the scheduled advertising for the series was targeted to children. The film had limited success in Argentina and Belgium . In 2011, A&E Home Video released, as
40180-611: The earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia , began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia at 600–540 Ma , then finally Pangaea , which also began to break apart at 180 Ma . The most recent pattern of ice ages began about 40 Ma , and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Ma . High- and middle-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 21,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years. The Last Glacial Period , colloquially called
40425-469: The end, Scott realizes that he is in love with Ariel but during the battle can not bring himself to admit it. During the final battle, Scott helps lead Earth resistance forces and Robotech Expeditionary Force commandos against the Invid forces. Ariel meanwhile manages to convince her mother, the Invid Regis to leave Earth lest both races be destroyed. Ariel chooses to stay behind and Scott meets her after
40670-489: The enemy Zentraedi and interrogated by Supreme Commander Dolza , Breetai and Exedore . While captured, Lisa orders Rick to kiss her in a demonstration that shocks Dolza and the other Zentraedi present. After being rescued, Lisa shakes off the event and immediately returns to duty. Lisa cannot help the feelings she develops for Rick though, and soon becomes jealous of his obsession with Minmei . Lisa and Rick's relationship continues to mature, into an uneasy friendship. Before
40915-429: The enemy. Max and Miriya later join their friends in another battle. During the battle Khyron launches a suicide run that destroys the SDF-1 . Many of their friends die as a result, but Max and Miriya vow to continue to work to rebuild Earth and to take humanity to the stars. When Dana turns 10, Max and Miriya reluctantly leave her behind with Major Rolf Emerson who is a close family friend. Max and Miriya have to go on
41160-544: The equally large area of land under permafrost ) or deserts (33%). The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's land surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. Soil is crucial for land to be arable. Earth's total arable land is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Earth has an estimated 16.7 million km (6.4 million sq mi) of cropland and 33.5 million km (12.9 million sq mi) of pastureland. The land surface and
41405-417: The exception of Japan. After Harmony Gold and Big West reached an agreement which was signed on March 1, 2021 regarding to the Macross and Robotech franchises, announced on April 8, 2021, Big West officially affirmed as part of the deal that they will not take any opposition on Harmony Gold's upcoming live action adaptation of Robotech . Both Harmony Gold and Big West will cooperate on future projects for
41650-437: The film rights to Robotech , with Tobey Maguire producing and pursuing the lead role. A Harmony Gold representative stated that the company had been approached by WB and would have "a say" in the film's creative direction. A March 2021 review of a 2008 draft written by S. Craig Zahler by the website Scriptshadow revealed the initial plot was very loosely based on The Macross Saga portion of Robotech . Writers attached to
41895-589: The film. The original plan for the film was to have it set during the Macross Saga, parallel to the SDF-1's return to Earth from Pluto. The film would also have served as a prequel to the Sentinels, as both projects were initially meant to share many characters. Harmony Gold producer Carl Macek worked with the OVA's original creators to make the story and the new ending work. The film had to be changed again after
42140-564: The first episode of the Japanese version of Macross . However, the first adaptation of the Robotech television series did not arrive until 1985 with Comico's Robotech: The Macross Saga Number 2, which continued from the first Macross issue. The various comic publishers include: The first Robotech collectible card game was released in 2006 by Hero Factory, which had previously produced Robotech trading cards. Various Robotech soundtracks have been released on records , cassettes , and compact discs since 1988. Since 1987, Robotech
42385-417: The first marriage between a human and a Zentraedi, the union of Max and Miriya becomes a symbol of peace and understanding during the First Robotech War. The wedding is interrupted by a Zentraedi attack as Breetai is ordered by Dolza to send his entire fleet to destroy the SDF-1. While fighting Miriya shows Max how to disable Zentraedi power armor without killing the pilots, a tactic which is then utilized by
42630-623: The foreseeable future. For the Sony production, James Wan was announced in 2015 to direct a script written with Kurt Johnstad ; Andy Muschietti took over the project in 2017 after Wan dropped out to direct Aquaman , with Jason Fuchs writing the screenplay from scratch. On April 27, 2022, it was reported that Hawkeye producer and director Rhys Thomas will be directing the film, with duo Art Marcum and Matt Holloway writing. In June 2023, artist Col Price posted images on both social media and his official ArtStation page of concept art he
42875-638: The growth and decomposition of biomass into soil . Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth's crust and upper mantle , the lithosphere , is divided into tectonic plates . These plates are rigid segments that move relative to each other at one of three boundaries types: at convergent boundaries , two plates come together; at divergent boundaries , two plates are pulled apart; and at transform boundaries , two plates slide past one another laterally. Along these plate boundaries, earthquakes, volcanic activity , mountain-building , and oceanic trench formation can occur. The tectonic plates ride on top of
43120-404: The heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges . The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans. The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth. Near Earth's surface, gravitational acceleration
43365-523: The heavily damaged base and reaches her. As the base starts collapsing, Rick flies his fighter out of the base and lands it on the planet's surface. They look and watch the SDF-1 land safely nearby, marking the end of the First Robotech War. As the survivors rebuild Earth, Rick again becomes obsessed with Minmei as he feels uncomfortable around Lisa. Meanwhile, Lisa wishes that Rick could understand that she loves him. When Lisa gives Rick photos of her for his photo album in an attempt to compete with Minmei, he
43610-432: The human way of life may just be more enjoyable causes a wave of mutinies to spread through the Zentraedi fleet as soldiers refuse to fight and turn against their superiors. The Zentraedi forces as a result are forced to call a truce with the SDF-1. After the battle, Miriya initially has trouble adapting to life among humans and a culture that she never knew existed only a short time earlier. Miriya sticks by Max's side through
43855-633: The intention of helping him and the Icarus crew fight the Haydonites in any way she can. Corg is one of four known Invids created in human form by the Invid Regess. As the Crown Prince of the Invid Race, he and his sister Sera were both given special fighter spacecraft to fly in battle. With Sera, he pursues Scott Bernard ’s freedom fighters in many battles. Being now in a human form he
44100-406: The land surface is taken by the four continental landmasses , which are (in descending order): Africa-Eurasia , America (landmass) , Antarctica , and Australia (landmass) . These landmasses are further broken down and grouped into the continents . The terrain of the land surface varies greatly and consists of mountains, deserts , plains , plateaus , and other landforms . The elevation of
44345-513: The land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea , to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest . The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m (2,615 ft). Land can be covered by surface water , snow, ice, artificial structures or vegetation. Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation, but considerable amounts of land are ice sheets (10%, not including
44590-442: The late Claudia Grant . As with Dana , his parents left him in the custody of his god-father while they joined the forces of the SDF-3. Bowie and Dana become close childhood friends, and are like brother and sister to each other. When Dana enters the service, Bowie tags along and eventually became her aid in the squadron she is placed in. While Bowie is a skilled fighter, he has no love for war or physical sports. Bowie's true interest
44835-399: The lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere , a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 km (250 and 410 mi) below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath
45080-410: The loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making current animal life impossible. Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean water will evaporate and be lost to space, which may trigger a runaway greenhouse effect , within an estimated 1.6 to 3 billion years. Even if the Sun were stable, a fraction of the water in
45325-456: The lowercase when it is preceded by "the", such as "the atmosphere of the earth". It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?" The name Terra / ˈ t ɛr ə / occasionally is used in scientific writing and especially in science fiction to distinguish humanity's inhabited planet from others, while in poetry Tellus / ˈ t ɛ l ə s / has been used to denote personification of
45570-497: The magnetosphere. During magnetic storms and substorms , charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere , where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing an aurora . Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time ( 86,400.0025 SI seconds ). Because Earth's solar day
45815-409: The magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which waves propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bow shock precedes the day-side magnetosphere within the solar wind. Charged particles are contained within
46060-483: The magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates. The ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the Van Allen radiation belts are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but contained in
46305-568: The making of Robotech dedicated to the then-recent passing of Macek, Love Live Alive is an adaptation of the 1985 Genesis Climber Mospeada OVA, Love Live Alive , incorporating some brand-new animation. The film was released on DVD on July 23, 2013, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in North America. This promotional VHS tape created by Matchbox was included with their Robotech Wars playset. This video includes two episodes cobbled together from clips of The Macross Saga . Titled "To
46550-417: The mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core . Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among
46795-612: The mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 100 Ma old. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and is estimated to be 200 Ma old. By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is 4,030 Ma , although zircons have been found preserved as clasts within Eoarchean sedimentary rocks that give ages up to 4,400 Ma , indicating that at least some continental crust existed at that time. The seven major plates are
47040-489: The mid-1980s. The line consisted of mecha model kits imported from Japan and featured in anime titles such as Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982), Super Dimension Century Orguss (1983) and Fang of the Sun Dougram (1981). The kits were originally intended to be a marketing tie-in to a similarly named comic book series by DC Comics , which ran for only two issues. At the same time, Harmony Gold licensed
47285-442: The mission, he was part of the new generation of Earth's defenders. Later on in his life, he proposes to Marlene Rush , his then girlfriend who accepts. Scott was set to marry her, but she is killed in a battle with the Invid that devastates him. Scott received a holographic medallion she gave as a token of her love before her death though, and he uses it to give him strength in future battles. Scott vows to do all he can to help weaken
47530-548: The modern oceans will descend to the mantle , due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges. The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 5 billion years . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU (150 million km; 93 million mi), about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from
47775-399: The mother of Thor . Historically, "Earth" has been written in lowercase. Beginning with the use of Early Middle English , its definite sense as "the globe" was expressed as "the earth". By the era of Early Modern English , capitalization of nouns began to prevail , and the earth was also written the Earth , particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently,
48020-523: The mysterious Flower of Life. This discovery leads to the development of Protoculture, a source of tremendous power and unique qualities. Their imperial machinations lead them to turn their cloned Zentraedi miners into a formidable military force. The Zentradi proceed to steal the Flower of Life from the Invid , and conquer the Local Group of star systems. The anime series Genesis Climber Mospeada
48265-424: The name is sometimes simply given as Earth , by analogy with the names of the other planets , though "earth" and forms with "the earth" remain common. House styles now vary: Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the more common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name, such as a description of the "Earth's atmosphere", but employs
48510-425: The newly forming Sun had only 70% of its current luminosity . By 3.5 Ga , Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind . As the molten outer layer of Earth cooled it formed the first solid crust , which is thought to have been mafic in composition. The first continental crust , which was more felsic in composition, formed by
48755-593: The ocean may have covered Earth completely. The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Antarctic or Southern Ocean , and Arctic Ocean, from largest to smallest. The ocean covers Earth's oceanic crust , with the shelf seas covering the shelves of the continental crust to a lesser extent. The oceanic crust forms large oceanic basins with features like abyssal plains , seamounts , submarine volcanoes , oceanic trenches , submarine canyons , oceanic plateaus , and
49000-670: The oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm/a (3.0 in/year) and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/a (2.0–2.7 in/year). At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the South American Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 10.6 mm/a (0.42 in/year). Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical ( rheological ) properties. The outer layer
49245-688: The only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water . Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust . The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere . Most of Earth's land is at least somewhat humid and covered by vegetation , while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater , lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates , which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes , and earthquakes. Earth has
49490-599: The orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes , when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December; summer solstice is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with
49735-405: The original animation. Many Robotech fans consider the McKinney series to be an unofficial canon of its own, despite notable divergences in the writing from Harmony Gold's current official animation-based canon. Despite no longer being considered core-continuity by Harmony Gold, the novels have been recently re-issued by Del Rey Books as Omnibus compilations. In 1986, Palladium Books published
49980-434: The originally unrelated Komilia Maria Fallyna Jenius in The Super Dimension Fortress Macross and Jeanne Francaix in Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross . This change was possible because the former was an infant while the later was a teen who had lost their parents. Dana's mother, Miriya, is a former Zentraedi warrior who, after being micronized in order to infiltrate the SDF-1 and kill Max, who fell in love with her,
50225-447: The ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia , biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland , and remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth
50470-418: The partial melting of this mafic crust. The presence of grains of the mineral zircon of Hadean age in Eoarchean sedimentary rocks suggests that at least some felsic crust existed as early as 4.4 Ga , only 140 Ma after Earth's formation. There are two main models of how this initial small volume of continental crust evolved to reach its current abundance: (1) a relatively steady growth up to
50715-501: The past 66 Mys , and several million years ago, an African ape species gained the ability to stand upright. This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which led to the evolution of humans . The development of agriculture , and then civilization , led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues to this day. Earth's expected long-term future
50960-478: The planet's environment . Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is unsustainable , threatening the livelihood of humans and many other forms of life, and causing widespread extinctions . The Modern English word Earth developed, via Middle English , from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe . It has cognates in every Germanic language , and their ancestral root has been reconstructed as * erþō . In its earliest attestation,
51205-405: The planet, including her parents. However, Minmei is able to sing "We Will Win" while the SDF-1 and the allied Zentraedi under Breetai launch an assault on Dolza's planetoid homebase. Her song incapacitate the Zentraedi commanders, throwing the fleet into chaos, allowing the SDF-1 to penetrate into the center of the base and launch its entire quantity of missiles. The base explodes and Minmei's song
51450-424: The planet, the SDF-1 and all of the Zentraedi under Breetai who have rebelled. Although Gloval is unable to stop Dolza's fleet from devastating Earth, he develops and commands a successful operation. Utilizing the singing of Lin Minmei and a special attack developed by Lisa Hayes Dolza is defeated. The attack also results in the destruction of virtually the entire Zentraedi fleet. Gloval becomes an Admiral following
51695-400: The planet. The water vapor acts as a greenhouse gas and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of energy from the Sun's light . This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water
51940-421: The polar Northern and Southern hemispheres; or by longitude into the continental Eastern and Western hemispheres. Most of Earth's surface is ocean water: 70.8% or 361 million km (139 million sq mi). This vast pool of salty water is often called the world ocean , and makes Earth with its dynamic hydrosphere a water world or ocean world . Indeed, in Earth's early history
52185-441: The present day, which is supported by the radiometric dating of continental crust globally and (2) an initial rapid growth in the volume of continental crust during the Archean , forming the bulk of the continental crust that now exists, which is supported by isotopic evidence from hafnium in zircons and neodymium in sedimentary rocks. The two models and the data that support them can be reconciled by large-scale recycling of
52430-421: The project included Lawrence Kasdan in June 2008, Alfred Gough and Miles Millar in November 2008, Tom Rob Smith in June 2009, and Michael B. Gordon in February 2015. Nic Mathieu had been announced as director in early 2013. On March 25, 2015, the Robotech franchise was acquired by Sony Pictures ; on July 3, 2015, Harmony Gold clarified that Sony has the rights to release the film worldwide with
52675-419: The project. Harmony Gold lacked the funds to produce the series on its own, and production ceased after only three episodes. Robotech II: The Sentinels was released on VHS by Palladium Books . In 2011, a "remastered" version was released on the A&E DVD set, Robotech: The Complete Original Series DVD . This version has opening titles resembling those found on the "Robotech Remastered" DVDs, as well as
52920-448: The prospect of producing the show. As of December 7, 2015, the project remains abandoned. In the 1990s, Seishun Shitemasu , an anime fandubbing group, produced the parodies Robotech III: Not Necessarily the Sentinels and Robotech IV: Khyron's Counterattack , using footage from, respectively, Gunbuster and Gundam: Char's Counterattack , continuing the tradition of the original Robotech's adaptation of unrelated anime series into
53165-447: The protoculture matrix to repower his warship, but he decides that he cannot leave earth until the SDF-1 is destroyed. Khryon and his forces later launch a full-scale assault on Macross City. Firing his warship's main gun, a swath of New Macross City is obliterated, and the SDF-1 takes a direct hit. Khyron also fires numerous missiles at the city, causing even more damage than his attack a month earlier. However, Admiral Henry J. Gloval and
53410-493: The rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as komatiites that are rarely formed today. The mean heat loss from Earth is 87 mW m , for a global heat loss of 4.42 × 10 W . A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes , a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts . More of
53655-454: The remaining Zentraedi rebellions. When they arrive in Earth's orbit. Max and Miriya later join their friends Rick and Lisa Hayes -Hunter aboard the SDF-3 as part of the Robotech Expeditionary Force (REF). Although difficult, they leave Dana on Earth with her godfather, General Rolf Emerson and his wife Laura. Dana, the only child of a human/Zentraedi union, was deemed by Professor Lazlo Zand to be too scientifically valuable to risk going with
53900-476: The rest of the plan to be executed. Rick initially refuses but Lisa forces him to kiss her, to his dismay. When Rick rescues Minmei when she is kidnapped by Khyron , Minmei runs to Rick's arms and the two embrace. Lisa then gets into a fight with her concerning Rick. After a failed attempt at reconciling, Lisa then decides that Rick will never be with her due to his feelings for Minmei, and she gives up and deciding to resign her military career after nearly suffering
54145-419: The rest of the war. She proves herself an extremely skilled pilot and becomes Max's wingmate . In the final battle against Dolza 's armada, Max and Miriya, begin fighting side by side. Both survive the battle which ends the First Robotech War. After the war, Max and Miriya settle down in New Macross City, and begin a new life together. Miriya gives birth to a daughter, Dana Sterling , the first child born from
54390-416: The resulting fires. Max and Miriya fight alongside Rick Hunter again in the final battle against Khyron and rebel Zentraedi. However, despite their efforts, Khyron is still able to steer his warship in a suicide run against the SDF-1 , destroying it and rendering New Macross City uninhabitable. Like Rick, Max and Miriya are devastated by the loss of their friends, but both continue to serve as pilots during
54635-415: The series. In 2006, Harmony Gold Creative Director Tommy Yune elaborated on the project in the Space Station Liberty Podcast, saying that Mars Force was a series geared at younger audiences, following the children of the Robotech Expeditionary Force. A similar plot would later be used for the canceled 2014 spin-off, Robotech Academy . A sixty-second public service announcement for the 60th anniversary of
54880-459: The shape of an ellipsoid , bulging at its Equator ; its diameter is 43 kilometres (27 mi) longer there than at its poles . Earth's shape also has local topographic variations; the largest local variations, like the Mariana Trench (10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level), shortens Earth's average radius by 0.17% and Mount Everest (8,848 metres or 29,029 feet above local sea level) lengthens it by 0.14%. Since Earth's surface
55125-431: The staff list in the IMDb page of Love Live Alive . On December 31, 2012, Cesar Turturro uploaded to YouTube an Argentine fan trailer for Robotech Valkyrie Project . In December 2013 the first episode was uploaded to YouTube, and in January 2014, the second episode was also uploaded. The series was cancelled after Harmony Gold issued a "cease and desist" letter to the producers. The team was, however, hired to do
55370-499: The sudden arrival of the Zentraedi in Earth's orbit marks the beginning of the First Robotech War. In the initial battle, Lisa protects the SDF-1 as it fights against the Zentraedi forces. On one such occasion Lisa puts her life on the line to save the SDF-1 but is rescued by Rick Hunter whom she regards as immature. The rescue earns Rick a medal and he is promoted to Group leader, much to the initial dislike of Lisa. Lisa, along with Rick Hunter and Ben Dixon , are eventually captured by
55615-408: The syndicated run was preceded by the broadcast premiere of Codename: Robotech , a feature-length pilot. This combination resulted in a storyline that spans three generations, as mankind must fight three destructive 'Robotech Wars' in succession with various invading forces, each of which is motivated in one way or another by a desire for a powerful energy source called 'protoculture'. While each of
55860-519: The three animated series used for its footage informs its content, the Robotech storyline is distinct and separate from each of them. Robotech: The Movie , also called Robotech: The Untold Story , is a feature film and was the first new Robotech adventure created after the premiere of the original series. It uses footage from the Megazone 23 – Part 1 OVA ( original video animation ; made-for-video animated feature) combined with scenes from "Southern Cross" and additional original animation produced for
56105-541: The total number of episodes to around 300, one to air every weekday for over a year. For Robotech III: The Odyssey, Macek stated that his plans were to create a time-travel loop, allowing the last episode of The Odyssey to lead directly into the first episode of The Macross Saga. This particular plot detail was eventually adapted into the Robotech novel The End of the Circle by Jack McKinney . In 1986, fan publication Macross Life published an interview with Harmony Gold executive Richard Firth who first mentioned
56350-410: The two were quickly married. Dana was born in New Macross City in the aftermath of the First Robotech War which saw most of the Earth's surface reduced to ashes. Dana is the first child born from a Human/Zentraedi union and is considered, like her parents' marriage, a symbol of, and a hope for, peace between the two races. At only age 18, Dana would follow in her parents' footsteps and take leading role in
56595-421: The unused designs from Robotech II: The Sentinels into Robotech Art 3: The Sentinels , which also included his story outline for the rest of the unfinished series, with an explanation behind its cancellation. In 2007, Stone Bridge Press published The Art of Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles . Robotech comics were first published in 1984 with DC Comics' short-lived Robotech Defenders and Comico's adaptation of
56840-414: The war has become one of survival and freedom from an overwhelmingly powerful enemy, Nova chooses her friends in their mission to stop the Robotech Masters. The Robotech Masters are a species of humanoids who mostly appear as triumvirates , native to Tirol , a moon of the planet Fantoma. According to the Jack McKinney novelizations, a Tirolian scientist named Zor discovered the Invid homeworld, and
57085-430: The way for Shadow Rising , and one year later announced at Anime Expo that they had resumed work on Shadow Rising. Harmony Gold's trademark of the term "Shadow Rising" was filed in 2007, extended in 2010, but abandoned since 2011. On July 5, 2014, Harmony Gold started a Kickstarter project for Robotech Academy , which Macek had developed before he died. The goal of this project was to raise US$ 500,000 to produce
57330-406: The word eorðe was used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ gē : the ground, its soil , dry land, the human world, the surface of the world (including the sea), and the globe itself. As with Roman Terra /Tellūs and Greek Gaia , Earth may have been a personified goddess in Germanic paganism : late Norse mythology included Jörð ("Earth"), a giantess often given as
57575-458: The world, straining the United Earth Government's forces. Khyron restyles himself as Khyron the Destroyer and takes advantage of these circumstances by launching an assault on Macross City managing to steal a protoculture storage matrix. As his forces escape with the matrix, Khyron detonates numerous bombs hidden within the city causing massive damage and inflicting numerous civilian casualties which soon stream into overflowing hospitals. Khryon uses
57820-428: The year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere when the Tropic of Capricorn faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and
58065-446: Was able to confirm that the pilot movie had been completed. After a series of delays, FUNimation Entertainment was finally announced as the home video, broadcast, and theatrical distributor at the 2006 Comic-Con International in San Diego with the possibility of producing further sequels. Harmony Gold premiered the movie at various film festivals in 2006, and it was first seen by a public audience at MechaCon on August 9, 2006, where it
58310-408: Was adapted and dubbed into Robotech as the third installment called Robotech: The New Generation . Scott Bernard is the leader of the group of freedom fighters in The New Generation . He was born in outer space less than a year after the Robotech Expeditionary Force left Earth to find the Robotech Masters Homeworld in hopes of preventing another war on Earth. One of the first children born during
58555-423: Was adapted into novel form by " Jack McKinney ", a pseudonym for the team of James Luceno and Brian Daley , a pair of writers who had been working with Macek since they had collaborated on the animated series Galaxy Rangers . Using fictitious epigraphs in the style of Dune , McKinney's novels fleshed out the chronology (including adapting the incomplete Sentinels source material) in far greater detail than
58800-407: Was animating the show. During a 2000 San Diego Comic-Con panel, Macek announced the series was would be re-conceptualized as a traditional, hand-drawn animated series, however that idea was abandoned sometime prior to 2002 in favor of development of what would become Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles . The trailer was hosted on the official Robotech website, and was included in the 2007 release of
59045-593: Was beaten and left for dead. Rook runs away from home as a result later joining a band of freedom fighters led by Scott Bernard . Over the course of the series she begins to develop feelings for Rand, but initially denies it. Toward the end of the series, she admits her feelings to herself, and to Rand, and the two become a couple. Robotech The show was adapted from three original and distinct, though visually similar, Japanese anime television series ( Super Dimension Fortress Macross , Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber MOSPEADA ) to make
59290-475: Was hired to create for the film. While only citing "a few years ago" as the time frame of which they were made, Price's images depict an adaptation of The Macross Saga . At the time of its broadcast, Harmony Gold also launched Robotech through a popular line of comics to be followed by novels, role-playing games, toys, and other consumer products. With the cancellation of Robotech II: The Sentinels , many of these licensed products were discontinued, and led to
59535-419: Was named Batra. Rook Bartley (Voiced by: Susie London) appears in the New Generation storyline. She first appears in Episode 62 – "The Lost City". As a young teenager, Rook was a member of the Blue Angels biker gang along with her boyfriend, Romy, and other juveniles. When Romy decided to break up the Blue Angels because of pressure from a rival gang, the Red Snakes, Rook tried to take on the Snakes alone but
59780-438: Was released on March 21, 2008, followed by sourcebooks covering the Macross, Masters, and New Generation chapters of Robotech (redrafted to reflect the Harmony Gold canon). Other sourcebooks and supplements are reflected in the Palladium Books production pipeline. Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life . This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world ,
60025-404: Was showcased as a charity screening to help raise funds for the ongoing Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita recovery effort. A limited theatrical run followed in January 2007, and the film was released on DVD on February 6, 2007. A two-disc collector's edition was released in November 2007. First revealed in late 2011 in the final minutes of Carl Macek's Robotech Universe , a documentary on
#22977