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53-579: Independent Union is a minor political party in the United Kingdom . It was founded in February 2019 by six independent councillors on Hartlepool Borough Council to contest in the 2019 United Kingdom local elections , the party gaining a councillor and retaining another out of a total of five fielded candidates. In May 2019, following multiple defections from Labour to Socialist Labour at Hartlepool Borough Council , Independent Union forged

106-416: A coalition government, there is not a sharp distinction with a 'major' party. In two-party systems, on the other hand, only the major parties have a serious chance of forming a government. Similarly, in presidential systems, third-party candidates are rarely elected president. In some categorizations, a party needs to have a certain level of success to be considered a third party. Smaller parties that win only

159-745: A coalition with the Conservatives and the Veterans and People's Party , forming the largest grouping with 11 councillors, 6 shy of control. At the Annual General Meeting of the council, leader of the coalition, Cllr Shane Moore, was elected the Leader of the Council, with his Deputy, Cllr Mike Young being voted deputy leader. In September 2019, all IU councillors, as well as the one Veterans and People's Party councillor, who made up

212-617: A major success for the NU, which saw its number of seats in the House of Representatives increase from 8 to 45. A surprise was the poor showing of Masyumi, the Socialist Party and Murba. There was a large gap between the "big 4" (PNI, Masjumi, NU and PKI, with more than three-quarters of the vote shared among them) and the rest of the parties, but contrary to expectations, the number of parties actually increased - there were now 28 with seats in

265-706: A significant and increasing role in British politics. The Liberal Democrats , and their predecessors the SDP–Liberal Alliance and the Liberal Party (the main opposition to the Conservative Party before the rise of Labour, forming governments six times between 1859 and 1918) have achieved significant numbers of seats and have occasionally been kingmakers (such as during the Lib-Lab pacts and

318-482: A very small share of the vote and no seats in the legislature often are termed minor or fringe parties. Third parties usually have little chance of forming a government or winning the position of head of government. Nevertheless, there are many reasons for third parties to compete. The opportunity of a national election means that attention will be paid to the positions of third parties. The larger parties might be forced to respond and adapt to their challenges, and often

371-522: Is a sometimes heated argument, since "major parties" as defined by Ofcom are entitled to more party political broadcasts than minor ones. Because of the regionalist nature of many parties, it is possible to be a major party in one part of the country and not another: for example, at one point UKIP was officially a major party in England and Wales, but a minor one in Scotland. No mainland British party

424-604: Is called a bloc party or satellite party. Minor parties in Australia owe much of their success to the proportional representation method of voting for the Australian Senate and one chamber of the legislatures of most states . This allows minor parties to achieve at least one quota in the electorate or state and thus gain representation in a parliamentary chamber. Often minor parties have been so successful in gaining such representation that they are able to hold

477-729: Is classed as a major party in Northern Ireland. A minor party is also a special type of political party registered with the Electoral Commission in Great Britain that is able to contest only parish and community council elections in England and Wales and has fewer reporting, financial and administrative requirements than an ordinary registered political party. In the United States , minor parties are often described as third parties . Minor parties in

530-511: The 2010–2015 coalition with the Conservatives ) and are sometimes also classed as a major party. The nationalist Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru hold a significant number of seats in their Home Nations, with the SNP controlling 56 of 59 Scottish Westminster seats at the 2015 United Kingdom general election , and every single Northern Irish seat is held by a regional party – either

583-582: The House of Representatives did not start until September because of various objections from the political parties. According to Feith, there were three factors. Firstly, legislators were worried about losing their seats; secondly they were worried about a possible swing to Islamic parties and thirdly an electoral system in accordance with the Provisional Constitution of 1950 would mean less representation for regions outside Java . Given

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636-519: The House of Representatives . During most of Suharto's presidency, only three political parties participated in elections, but after Suharto's fall minor parties returned to the Indonesian electoral scene. In the 1999 election , for example, out of 48 participating political parties only 20 political parties won any seats at the national level. Since the 2009 election , a parliamentary threshold has been implemented in Indonesian elections, reducing

689-614: The Indonesian National Revolution was still underway, this was not possible. After the war, every cabinet had elections in its program. In February 1951 the Natsir cabinet introduced an election bill, but the cabinet fell before it could be debated. The next cabinet, led by Sukiman did hold some regional elections. Finally, in February 1952, the Wilopo cabinet introduced a bill for voter registration. Discussions in

742-798: The Liberals used to be the largest Third party by popular vote from the 1920s until 2015. In Canada , the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party are the two major parties at the federal level. The Bloc Québécois , New Democratic Party , and Green Party are the largest minor parties, represented in the House of Commons of Canada . Another 12 parties are registered with Elections Canada (see List of federal political parties in Canada#Registered parties ) but have no seats in Parliament. The New Democratic Party has been

795-663: The Libertarian and Green Parties. In the United Kingdom, a third party is a national political party, other than the Conservatives and Labour , which has at least one member in the House of Commons . From 1922 to 2015 and again from 2024, the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors the Liberals were the third party. Between 2015 and 2024, it was used for the Scottish National Party . In

848-765: The National People's Party (PRN), the Labor Party and the Peasants Front of Indonesia (BTI), as well as the government-supporting Islamic Education Movement (Perti) and the Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo). The 257 seats of the House of Representatives were elected in 16 multi-member constituencies, with the number of seats in each constituencies being proportional to its population size. The elections were held using proportional representation , with seats allocated using

901-767: The balance of power in the particular house of the parliament. Some examples are the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) in the 1960s and early 1970s, the Australian Democrats from the late 1970s until 2004, and more recently the Australian Greens . Minor political parties are commonly referred to as partai gurem in Indonesia. In Indonesia's first democratic election in 1955 , over a dozen newly established political parties which participated in elections won just two seats or less in

954-408: The largest remainder method and Hare quota in each constituency. Seats that remained unfilled due to parties not meeting the quota were then filled nationally, also using the largest remainder method and Hare quota. Any seats still remaining were allocated to parties with the largest number of remaining votes. Overall, 190 seats were elected with the constituency quota and 47 seats were elected with

1007-683: The republican Sinn Féin and Social Democratic and Labour Party , or the unionist Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Unionist Party . As of 2024, the Green Party hold four seats and the Brexit Party , which was the largest British party in the European Parliament before withdrawing due to Brexit, held no seats in the House of Commons. Today The Brexit Party is known as Reform UK and has five seats. Also UKIP has achieved significant vote shares despite holding no seats in

1060-556: The 257 members of the House of Representatives . The election was the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution , and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no party was given a clear mandate. The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150 . The first elections were originally planned for January 1946, but because

1113-871: The CIA covertly gave a million dollars to the centrist Masyumi Party to reduce support for Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia during the election. Although in April 1954 the Central Electoral Committee had announced that the election would be held on 29 September the following year, by July and early August, preparations had fallen behind schedule The appointment of members of polling station committees planned to start on 1 August did not begin in many regions until 15 September. In his independence day address on 17 August, President Sukarno said that anybody putting obstacles in way of elections

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1166-475: The Commons. Other parties that have held seats in devolved assemblies, the House of Commons or the European Parliament in the 21st century include the non-sectarian Northern Irish Alliance Party , the far right British National Party , the healthcare-focused Independent Community and Health Concern , the cross-community Northern Irish NI21 , the cross-community feminist Northern Ireland Women's Coalition ,

1219-453: The PKI and other political parties, accusing it of being a puppet element and a tool of Moscow in the country, as well as of seeking to influence and then spread communist ideology across Indonesia. Party programs were rarely widely discussed during the campaign. Party symbols with or without campaign slogans were displayed on most streets and thoroughfares in cities, towns and villages all across

1272-555: The Scottish Parliament, the SNP has been the dominant parliamentary party beginning with the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , with the Conservatives the next largest party and Labour becoming Scotland's third party ever since. Reform UK was the largest Third party by popular vote in the 2024 United Kingdom general election . In the 2015 United Kingdom general election UKIP was the largest Third party by popular vote. The Liberal Democrats and their predecessors

1325-674: The U.S. include the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , Constitution Party , and others that have less influence than the major parties. Since the American Civil War (1861–1865), the major parties have been the Republican Party and the Democratic Party . Since 1860, six presidential candidates other than Republicans and Democrats have received over 10% of the popular vote, although one of them

1378-499: The age of 18, or who was or had been married. Once the bill had passed the cabinet began appointing members of the Central Electoral Committee. This was to have one member from each government party and an independent chairman. However, the Indonesian National Party (PNI) protested that they had no members on the committee, and this dispute was still unresolved when the cabinet fell on 2 June. On 25 August 1953

1431-400: The anti-austerity People Before Profit Alliance , the left-wing Northern Irish unionist Progressive Unionist Party , the left wing Respect Party , the left wing nationalist Scottish Socialist Party , the elderly interest Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party and the unionist Northern Irish Traditional Unionist Voice and UK Unionist Party . Whether or not a party counts as a major party

1484-563: The building of irrigation canals and channels for agriculture and the peasantry. As mentioned earlier, the party was looking beyond the election to build a permanent basis of widespread and large-scale support throughout Indonesia. In the last few months of the election campaign, the major parties focused on educating and mass-informing voters in areas where they had managed to establish village-level influence, organization and control. This phase included persuasion as well as threats. All through September, party leaders constantly traveled around

1537-509: The coalition at Hartlepool Borough Council defected to the Brexit Party, renaming their already existing coalition with the three Conservative councillors to the "Brexit and Conservative Coalition". Despite this, the IU was still registered with the Electoral Commission with Shane Moore listed as its current leader. The party leader has been Shane Moore since 2019. In early 2020, several of

1590-569: The councillors concerned returned to their parties, including the Independent Union and Veterans and People's Party . In May 2019, it was announced that IU leader, Cllr John Tennant , was standing as a Brexit Party candidate in the 2019 European Parliament election for North East England . Upon the announcement, Tennant was criticised for comments he made on social media, praising the UKIP MEP Godfrey Bloom on

1643-514: The country to promote their parties, themselves and their political ideologies. Daily party-newspapers and magazines were printed in constantly-increasing numbers and given away for free. The articles in such political-dailies and media like these attacked rival parties and extolled their own. In the villages across Indonesia, the emphasis shifted from large-scale mass rallies to small-scale meetings and gatherings and house-to-house canvassing of political support. According to former agent Joseph Smith,

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1696-454: The country, as well as on private homes, public buildings, buses and trains, trees and even calendars. The PKI made extraordinary efforts to promote its symbol, as seen in their displaying it everywhere, from political posters to simple graffiti to newspapers, to make sure people everywhere saw and noticed it. The PKI's election campaign was based around social activities such as organizing tool-sharing programs for farmers and leading and directing

1749-594: The day he was ejected from the European parliament for addressing German colleague, Martin Schulz , the then leader of the German Social Democratic Party , with a Nazi slogan in 2010, and then another involving a joke he made regarding sex acts with a young woman in 2011. Tennant, the former UKIP group leader for the council, is said to have had a close relationship with Nigel Farage whilst he

1802-400: The exception of Central Sumatra and West Nusa Tenggara which elected the same amount of seats as they were apportioned. According to Feith, the first phase of the election campaign began on 4 April 1953 when the election bill passed into law, and the second phase when the Central Electoral Committee approved the party symbols on 31 May 1954. At the time the bill passed into law, the cabinet

1855-609: The fact that cabinets had fallen after introducing controversial measures, there was reluctance to introduce an election bill and there were concerns about possible political conflicts caused by electioneering. However, many political leaders wanted elections as the existing legislature was based on a compromise with the Netherlands (the erstwhile colonial power) and as such had little popular authority. They also believed elections would bring about greater political stability. The "17 October 1952 affair", when armed soldiers in front of

1908-608: The intent, literally stated, is "the third and succeeding parties". The term "third parties" is used mostly in countries with first-past-the-post voting systems, as those systems tend to create a two-party system , so that successful smaller parties are rare. Countries using proportional representation give little advantage to the two largest parties, so they tend to elect many parties. Therefore, in those countries, three, four, or more political parties are usually elected to legislatures. In such parliamentary systems, coalitions often include smaller parties; since they may participate in

1961-810: The larger parties copy ideas from them. Most third parties try to build their support to become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party in Britain and New Democratic Party in Canada did. In the Westminster system there is also the possibility of minority governments , which can give smaller parties strength disproportional to their support. Examples include the Irish Parliamentary Party which pushed for Home Rule in Ireland in

2014-751: The largest Third party by popular vote in most federal elections since 1962. Unlike the parties in many nations, Canadian parties at the federal level are often only loosely connected with parties at the provincial level. Some parties operate only at the provincial level, for example BC United in British Columbia . 1955 Indonesian legislative election Burhanuddin Harahap Masyumi Ali Sastroamidjojo PNI Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 29 September 1955 to elect

2067-489: The late 19th century. Challenging parties also usually appeal for votes on the basis that they will try to change the voting system to make it more competitive for all parties. In some countries like the United States, parties with low win probability face frequent exclusion from major debates and media coverage and denial of ballot access as well as hamstrung campaign budgets. The Democratic Labor Party (DLP)

2120-459: The legislature as opposed to 20 before the election, with the largest party holding only 22% of seats. The distribution of votes was uneven across the country. The PNI won 85.97% of its vote in Java, the NU 85.6% and the PKI 88.6%, despite the fact that only 66.2% of the population lived on Java. Conversely only 51.3% of Masjumi's vote came from Java, and it established itself as the leading party for

2173-417: The national quota, with the 20 remaining seats elected in the last step. The electoral system caused a discrepancy between apportioned and elected seats in a constituency, with East Java and Central Java each gaining five seats, West Java gaining two seats, and East Nusa Tenggara gaining one seat more than they were originally apportioned, while the remaining constituencies lost either one or three seats, with

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2226-551: The new prime minister, Ali Sastroamidjojo , announced a 16-month schedule for elections starting from January 1954. On 4 November the government announced a new Central Electoral Committee chaired by PNI member S. Hadikusomo and including all the parties represented in the government, namely Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII) the Indonesian People's Party (PRI),

2279-503: The number of parties represented in the national parliament to ten or less. The use of first past the post in the United Kingdom means that in the post-War era, only two parties have had a majority in parliament: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party . However, strong regionalist movements and the potential for parties to take votes in the centre or extreme fringes of the political spectrum mean that minor parties still play

2332-528: The one-third of people living outside Java. The poor showing of the parties in the cabinet of Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap was a major blow. The parties who did better, such as the NU and the PSII were "reluctant" cabinet members with a weak standing. This left the government with the choice of making major concessions to the NU and PSII or seeing them leave the cabinet. With no clear electoral verdict, it

2385-422: The palace demanded dissolution of the legislature, led to greater demands from all parties for early elections. By 25 November, an elections bill had been submitted to the House of Representatives. After 18 weeks of debate and 200 proposed amendments, the bill passed on 1 April 1953 and became law on 4 April. It stipulated one member of the legislature for 150,000 residents and gave the right to vote to everybody over

2438-515: Was a UKIP councillor, organising his public events in the North East, according to a former UKIP advisor. According to Hartleborough Borough Council's Register of Members' Disclosable Pecuniary Interests , in May 2018 Tennant declared his profession as "office manager" to UKIP MEP Jonathan Arnott . Minor party A minor party that follows the direction/directive of some other major parties

2491-449: Was a "traitor to the revolution". On 8 September, the information minister said that elections would be held on September 29 except in a few areas where preparations were not complete. Eventually, as a result of "feverish activity", polling station committees were ready on election day. In the run up to polling day, rumors spread, including a widespread poisoning scare in Java. There was also hoarding of goods. In many parts of country there

2544-541: Was a coalition of the Islamic-based Masjumi and the nationalistic PNI. The next two successive cabinets were coalitions led by one of the two aforementioned parties with the other in opposition. Therefore, the main issue of the campaign was the debate between these two parties over the role of Islam in the state. Masjumi denied aiming for an Islamic state while the PNI emphasized that their pro- Pancasila stance

2597-418: Was a former president, Theodore Roosevelt . In electoral politics, a third party is any party contending for votes that failed to outpoll either of its two strongest rivals (or, in the context of an impending election, is considered highly unlikely to do so). The distinction is particularly significant in two-party systems . In any case "third" is often used figuratively, as in "the third parties", where

2650-400: Was a spontaneous and unannounced curfew for several nights before polling day. On polling day itself, many voters were waiting to cast their ballots by 7am. The day was peaceful as people realized nothing bad was going to happen. A total of 87.65% of voters cast a valid vote and 91.54% voted. Allowing for deaths between registration and polling, only about 6% did not vote. The election was

2703-415: Was back to inter-party politicking and bargaining. The lack of a clear outcome discredited the existing political system. The new House of Representatives convened on 4 March 1956. It was to last four years. In his opening speech, President Sukarno called for an Indonesian form of democracy, and over the next few years, he would speak more about his concept ( konsepsi ) of a new system of government. In 1957,

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2756-406: Was not anti-Islam as Masjumi sought to portray. The other two main and major Islamic parties, the NU and the PSII, supported Masjumi in this debate. A third factor was the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), which campaigned on such significant issues like poverty due to the continued imperialist-leaning/-influenced nature of the government's cabinet policy. Masjumi tried to draw a clear line between

2809-417: Was the largest Third party by popular vote in federal elections from 1955 until 1977. The Australian Democrats was the largest Third party by popular vote in federal elections from 1977 until 2004. Since 2004, the Australian Greens have been largest Third party by popular vote in federal elections. In the United States, there have been numerous "third parties". The largest since the mid-20th century are

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