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116-786: In November 1925, Sukarno , then a young engineer studying at the Bandung Technical College, founded the Algemeene Studie Club , a study club inspired by a similar organization founded by Soetomo in Surabaya . The study club was later reformed on 4 July 1927 into a movement called the Indonesian National Association. In May 1928, the name was changed to the Indonesian National Party. The organization's aim

232-524: A 21-person committee tasked with creating the specific governmental structure of the future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta and KRT Radjiman Wediodiningrat ), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , to Da Lat , 100 km from Saigon . Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage

348-561: A counterpoint to the party political system, in practice Sukarno wanted it to undermine the cabinet and parliament. Meanwhile, the regional rebellion put the PNI in a difficult position as it simultaneously supported the central government and wanted to maintain its support in the outer (non-Java) islands. When local elections were held in Java and South Sumatra in 1957, the PKI made significant gains at

464-526: A focus on architecture ) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "Ir.", a Dutch-type engineer's degree ) in 1926. During his study in Bandung , Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih  [ id ] , the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as

580-519: A mass-based organization, in line with the philosophy of Sukarno and the PKI. However, there were sharp internal divisions between the left-wing central party organization and the right-wing regional party leaders. These were manifested in the government's land reform program, with local party branches working with landlords to frustrate attempts to abide by the Land Reform law. When the PKI supported unilateral land seizures, local PNI members attacked

696-540: A national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho , at that time were encouraged to join the BKR - Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Organization), itself

812-535: A new party called Partindo . At the same time, some of the PNI's mass organizations began to openly challenge the party leadership. They were supported in this by Sukarno and the Army, who both wanted to undermine the party system as part of the move towards Guided Democracy. Matters came to a head at the ninth party congress in July 1960 when these mass organizations joined forces with Sidik's radical nationalists to overturn

928-554: A platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia's workforce and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, mainly from Java, to be forced labour called romusha in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma . Additionally,

1044-550: A pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia , and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish

1160-410: A result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation." After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy , Sukarno established an autocratic system called " Guided Democracy " in 1959 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under

1276-690: A result, in November 1948, right-wingers who also supported Prime Minister Hatta's policy of negotiating with the Dutch, putting them at odds with the majority of the membership, split off to form the Great Indonesia Unity Party (PIR). Following the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty at the end of 1949, the PNI had two seats in the cabinet of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI). Hatta depended on PNI-Masyumi support:

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1392-420: A result, it was dissolved at the end of August. On 29 January 1946, the Indonesian National Party was revived as a merger of the recently established Indonesia People's Union (Serindo) and a number of smaller parties, together with activists from parties including Parindra and Partindo, but this time without Sukarno, who as president, was above politics. The party attracted considerable support due to its having

1508-660: A rival to the Indonesia Party (Partindo) , which was itself a replacement for the original PNI. Rather than confronting the Dutch, the PNI-Baru aimed to nurture future political leaders, rather than take direct action. In 1932, Mohammad Hatta became the organization's leader, but two years later he and Sjahrir were arrested and the PNI-Baru faded away. In a meeting of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) on August 19, two days after

1624-676: A series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta . During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat ( Indonesia Accuses ). In December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His speech, however, received extensive coverage by

1740-534: A small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang , owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA. There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in the Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared

1856-470: A strong centralized government and secularism , the PNI came first in the 1955 Indonesian general election , with a 22.3% share of the vote. It was followed by Masyumi, the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and the PKI. The PNI thereby gained 57 of the 257 seats in parliament. Many of these new members of parliament were local branch leaders, who were replaced by new recruits. The   cabinet resulting from

1972-482: A student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati. Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese , Balinese and Indonesian , and

2088-655: A subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR – Tentara Keamanan Rakjat ( People's Security Army ) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons. Due to the sudden transfer of Java and Sumatra from General Douglas MacArthur 's American-controlled Southwest Pacific Command to Lord Louis Mountbatten 's British-controlled Southeast Asian Command,

2204-489: A united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Indonesia could then gain its independence with Japan's aid . Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early 1920s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of 1926 , the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among

2320-486: The CIA and British intelligence services , resulting in an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths. In 1967, Suharto officially assumed the presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in 1970. His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri , who was born during her father's rule in 1947, later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. The name Sukarno comes from

2436-495: The Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities. In late 1945 Dutch administrators who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile and soldiers who had fought the Japanese began to return under

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2552-580: The Hokokai . Other members of the organization were appointed to senior positions in the party. There were a few representatives of pre-war Islamic parties, members representing ethnic minorities and youth activists with ties to Sukarno. It was seen by some as a smooth transition of leadership from the Japanese administration to the Indonesian government. However its associations with the Japanese occupation made it unpopular and it lacked internal cohesion. As

2668-540: The Indonesian Declaration of Independence , newly appointed President Sukarno suggested the establishment of a state party as a vehicle for the people to support the government. Two days later, the PPKI established the state party, which was named the Indonesian National Party after Sukarno's pre-war party. On August 23, Sukarno spoke in the radio and welcomed the new party, which was a direct continuation of

2784-723: The Linggadjati Agreement was signed between the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands. The PNI was critical of a number of its provisions. In an expansion of the KNIP to 514 seats, ostensibly to make it more representative, but also to ensure that the Linggadjati Agreement was ratified, the PNI gained no more seats, while its representation in the working committee fell to 5 of the 47 seats. Following

2900-599: The Netherlands signed the Linggadjati Agreement . This was a result of pressure on the Dutch from the British , who planned to withdraw the forces they had had in Indonesia since the end of World War II , to come to an agreement with the Indonesians. The agreement recognized de facto Indonesian sovereignty over Java and Sumatra and called for the establishment of a federal United States of Indonesia . However

3016-549: The PNI-Marhaenisme , which was officially declared in May 2002. Now led by Sukarno's daughter Sukmawati Sukarnoputri , it won only 0.31% of the vote in 2004 and no seats. The PNI-FM and PNI-MM under new names failed the verification process for the 2004 elections and did not contest the 2009, 2014 or 2019 elections. Sukarno 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970)

3132-511: The independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people. This most historic of buildings was later ordered to be demolished by Sukarno himself, without any apparent reason. On the following day, 18 August, the PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia: Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila ( five principles ). Sukarno's political philosophy

3248-516: The western coast of Sumatra , in February 1938. In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organization, and he was allowed to teach religious teachings at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah. One of his students was 15-year-old Fatmawati , daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating

3364-542: The "foremost collaborationist leaders". On 29 April 1945, when the Philippines were liberated by American forces, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian ; Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan; BPUPK ), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic groups in Indonesia. Sukarno

3480-406: The 1955 elections neared, the PNI leadership realized that it would need to raise funds and increase party membership. It took advantage of its cabinet positions to charge levies in return for permits and government loans. However, the increase in membership weakened the position of the highly centralized party leadership. Campaigning on a program that prioritized above all nationalism , together with

3596-520: The Army were to use the six years it remained in force to take measures to limit the freedom of parties and to pass laws that the parties were opposed to. In May 1957, the Working Cabinet , which was officially non-party, passed an emergency law establishing a National Council based on functional groups. Its official purpose was to be "a reflection of society", to strengthen the position of the cabinet by associating it with Sukarno and to serve as

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3712-546: The Brahmin caste named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng , Bali, Sukarno was born in Surabaya , East Java, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java . He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo . Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he

3828-456: The British") to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha . Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java, which killed more than one million people in 1944–1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for the future independence of Indonesia. He also was involved with

3944-426: The British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. However, due to the relative weakness of the military of the Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno sought independence by gaining international recognition for his new country rather than engage in battle with British and Dutch military forces. Sukarno was aware that his history as a Japanese collaborator and his leadership in

4060-720: The Dutch PID . In mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia"). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933. This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with a platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general Jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial. In 1934, Sukarno

4176-463: The Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed in November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss a future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia. Sukarno's decision to negotiate with

4292-565: The Dutch to halt their invasion force in August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin , flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations . UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby , chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland , chosen by

4408-654: The Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka , a communist politician, organized these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a "Minimum Program" which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman . On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who

4524-499: The Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir , two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to

4640-477: The Dutch. Following the kidnapping of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir , those responsible attempted a coup against the Sukarno - Hatta government, with the cabinet replaced by a "Supreme Political Council" headed by Tan Malaka and President Sukarno's military powers transferred to General Sudirman . General Sudarsono, whose troops had carried out the kidnappings, traveled to Jakarta with Muhammad Yamin to meet

4756-473: The Indonesian independence cause. In February 1942, Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang , Sumatra . They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang. The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno, and

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4872-519: The Japanese commander in Sumatra approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organize and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno, on the other hand, wanted to use the Japanese to gain independence for Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in

4988-474: The Japanese formed a new organization called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/Center of People's Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara , and KH Mas Mansjoer . These organizations aimed to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha , to requisition of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined the term Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis ("Let's iron America, and bludgeon

5104-525: The Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatra) were occupied by the Japanese Navy ( Kaigun ), who did not allow for political mobilisation of the islanders. Consequently, there was little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces were able to quickly take control of these islands without much fighting by the end of 1945 (excluding

5220-487: The Japanese requisitioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants. To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of 3A Japanese propaganda movement or the Tiga-A mass organization movement. In March 1943,

5336-532: The Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender , Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As

5452-420: The Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution. On the early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to

5568-600: The Japanese-approved PUTERA during the occupation would make the Western countries distrustful of him. To help gain international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for representation, Sukarno "allowed" the formation of a parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as a figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet would be responsible to

5684-480: The Linggadjati Agreement in March 1947. On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product , a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly reconstituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch of an internationally brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced

5800-621: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs revealed that "Achmed" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arab states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Ministry, to establish Sukarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name

5916-563: The Netherlands), and the United States (led by Frank Porter Graham , neutral). Third Sjahrir Cabinet 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] The Third Sjahrir Cabinet ( Indonesian : Kabinet Sjahrir III ) was the fourth Indonesian cabinet. It served from October 1946 to July 1947, when it fell due to disagreements related to the implementation of the Linggadjati Agreement and subsequent negotiations with

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6032-600: The PKI. On 30 September 1965, a coup attempt took place that was subsequently blamed on the PKI. In the aftermath of this, the PNI, which was seen as a PKI-collaborator, faced strong pressure from the army to purge its left wing and pro-PKI faction, led by party chairman Ali Sastroamidjojo and Surachman. There was resistance to this from the party's Central and East Java branches, and this led to clashes with anti-Sukarno students in 1966 and 1967. The army subsequently banned PNI activities in Sumatra. However, conservatives Hardi and Suharto associate Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo persuaded

6148-465: The PNI was pro-unitary state, but Hatta and Masyumi were more cautious. From April 1950, there were growing differences between the PNI and Masyumi. In July, a group of PNI members dissatisfied with the selection of Sidik Djojosukarto as party chairman split off and formed the Indonesian National Party – Freedom ( PNI Merdeka ), subsequently renamed the National People's Party (PRN). This left

6264-539: The PNI-Marhaen Mass (PNI-MM) led by Bachtar Oscha Chalik. All three parties contested the 1999 legislative election . The PNI-MM and the PNI-FM each won one seat in the legislature, but despite winning a larger share of the vote – 0.36% – Supeni's PNI won no seats. None of these parties achieved the threshold of votes allowing them to contest the 2004 legislative election . The PNI therefore changed its name to

6380-996: The Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument ( Tugu Muda ) in Semarang ; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang ; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan . Sukarno was also deeply involved in building the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex which includes him proposing the design for the roof of its main stadium . Sukarno

6496-525: The Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera , where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed, and the "Three Regions Affair" in northwestern coast of Central Java . These bloody incidents continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter out as Republican authorities begin to exert and consolidate control. Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of

6612-560: The Working Body of the KNIP, which carried out the day-to-day duties of the full KNIP, was increased in size to 25 members, the PNI was awarded ten seats. A subsequent reorganisation of the KNIP in July 1946 saw the PNI being given 45 of the 200 seats. PNI members were subsequently appointed to four posts in the Third Sjahrir Cabinet , including minister of justice and vice-minister of finance.   In November 1946,

6728-491: The architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker . Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing

6844-445: The capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music ; he had the Indonesian musical group Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist. After graduation in 1926, Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established

6960-487: The decentralization of party policymaking and elect Sidik ally Ali Sastroamidjojo as party chairman. In 1963, martial law, with its restrictions on party activity, was lifted. From 28 August – 1 September, the PNI held its tenth annual congress. This resulted in a move to the left, both in the composition of the leadership and in party policy. The party ideology of Marhaenism was formally defined as " Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions". The party began to move towards

7076-507: The election was a coalition of the PNI, Masyumi and the NU, with Ali Sastroamidjojo returning to the post of prime minister. At the eighth party congress, shifts within the membership led to a narrow win for the conservative Suwirjo as party chairman. The same congress saw major changes to the organization of the party, with the establishment of a decentralized and inclusive Congress Working Committee to set party policy. In 1956, tired of national political instability, President Sukarno called for

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7192-428: The expense of the PNI, which dropped from first place (in the 1955 vote) to third. During the campaign, the campaign the PKI attacked the PNI for being a "half-way group", positioned indecisively between the political left and the right. Disorganization and insubordination by regional party branches characterized the period under the chairmanship of Suwirjo, and resulted in left-wingers breaking away in July 1958 to found

7308-566: The fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force ( machtsvorming en machtsaanwending ). During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno . He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat (People's Mind) . While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by

7424-414: The fall of the First Sjahrir Cabinet in early 1946. However, the next cabinet , formed in April 1951 was another Masyumi-PNI coalition. Despite this, the PNI leadership helped bring it down when its policies prioritized economic stability over radical nationalism. The Wilopo Cabinet , in office from April 1952 – June 1953, was headed by the PNI's Wilopo . Despite this, support from the PNI rank and file

7540-452: The fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" ( exploitation de l'homme par l'homme ). He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians , Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for

7656-429: The first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) did not arrive in Jakarta until late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities in October 1945. The commander of the British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison , set up command in the former governor-general's palace in Jakarta. Christison stated that he intended to free all Allied prisoners-of-war and to allow

7772-414: The five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter : Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law ( sharia ). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for the sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia

7888-455: The formation of Defenders of the Homeland ( Pembela Tanah Air; PETA ) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loudspeaker networks across Java and Sumatra. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java. In the meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband's wish for polygamy. She

8004-444: The government-sponsored Golkar organization, the PNI contested the 1971 elections . It came third, but won less than 7% of the vote. In 1973, the PNI along with other nationalist and Christian parties was merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party in order to limit the number of political parties and to weaken opposition to the regime. In October 1995 an organization called Indonesian National Union ( Persatuan Nasional Indonesia )

8120-408: The house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo . On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with the Japanese. The USA at the time considered Sukarno one of

8236-424: The inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost 20-year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in 1942. In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival , Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Hatta (later Vice President ), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for

8352-609: The joint session of the BPUPK held in the former Volksraad Building (now called the Pancasila Building ). Pancasila , as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPK speech, consisted of five principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians: On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of the BPUPK created a small committee of nine ( Indonesian : Panitia Sembilan ), which formulated Sukarno's ideas into

8468-469: The longest sentence. Without its leader, the party was paralyzed. Wishing to make a fresh start free of the stigma of a court verdict against it, at an extraordinary party congress on 25 April 1931, the PNI was dissolved. In December 1930, Sutan Sjahrir established an organization called Indonesian Nationalist Education ( Indonesian : Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia ), known as the New PNI ( PNI Baru ) as

8584-417: The mirror of Asia." In July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by the Japanese, including Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura , who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid the Japanese war effort. Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for

8700-531: The mythological chief hero of the Mahabharata , Karna . The spelling " Soekarno ", based on Dutch orthography , is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling . Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe", but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so he still signed with an "oe". Official Indonesian presidential decrees from

8816-442: The name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), with the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook , a colonial administrator who had evacuated to Brisbane , Australia. Dutch soldiers who had been POWs under the Japanese were released and rearmed. Shooting between these Dutch soldiers and police supporting the new Republican government soon developed. This soon escalated to armed conflict between

8932-521: The new cabinet was announced on 2 October. It included members from a wide range of parties, representation from the Chinese and Arab communities, and a female member. On the same day, Sukarno revoked the state of emergency and issued a decree appointing Sjahrir head of the government. The president officially inaugurated the cabinet on 5 October in Cirebon , West Java . On 25 March 1947, Indonesia and

9048-494: The new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism. PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police ( Politieke Inlichtingendienst ). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in

9164-876: The newly constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence fighters and the Dutch and British forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke out in Surabaya between the 49th Infantry Brigade of the British Indian Army and Indonesian nationalist militias. The British-Indian force were supported by air and naval forces. Some 300 Indian soldiers were killed (including their commander Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby ), as were thousands of nationalist militiamen and other Indonesians. Shootouts broke out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for

9280-461: The parties to be "buried" and spoke of his concept of "guided democracy". In the following year, as details of Sukarno's concept emerged, there were demonstrations in support of it. In March 1957, the regional Permesta rebellion broke out, and Army Chief of staff Naution proposed Sukarno declare martial law nationwide. Sukarno agreed, and on 14 March the cabinet resigned, and martial law came into force, thus ending parliamentary democracy. Sukarno and

9396-569: The party in "crystallization and New Order consolidation with itself". The now-weakened PNI was subsequently given 68 seats in the People's Representative Council , which had itself been purged of PKI members, making it the largest group. In April 1970, Osa Maliki died, and strong pressure from the army resulted in Hadisubeno, who was thought to be compliant with government aims, being selected as chairman. Along with eight other political parties and

9512-452: The party leadership to hold a "reunification" meeting in April 1966. Attendance at this meetings was controlled by the army and the left-wing group was forced out. Osa Maliki became chairman. On 21 December 1967, the PNI leadership declared that the party had abandoned its philosophy of Sukarno and his teachings, General Suharto , but then acting president – ordered local authorities to assist

9628-536: The party rather "unwieldy". The leadership was politically closer to the left wing of the party. During the Indonesian National Revolution , the party opposed negotiating with the Dutch, and disagreed with the socialist stance of the early Indonesian cabinets. Its leadership, dominated by figures from the old PNI and Partindo gave the party a "radical-nationalist" stance.     Because of its support among regional administrators, when

9744-481: The period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling . The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport , which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta , still uses the Dutch spelling . Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno"). Like many Javanese people , he had only one name . He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as Achmed Sukarno , or some variation thereof. A source from

9860-483: The president, but both were arrested. Sukarno eventually persuaded Sudirman to back Sjahrir and support the arrest of the rebels, including Tan Malaka. In the middle of August 1946, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) said circumstances now justified the restoration of a parliamentary cabinet. Sjahrir was again appointed to form it, but with less freedom to choose the membership than he had enjoyed with his first two cabinets. After six weeks of negotiation,

9976-407: The press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia. However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by

10092-520: The radical-nationalists such as chairman Sidik Djojosukarto greater control over the party After the dissolution of the RUSI and the reestablishment of the unitary state in August 1950, the PNI refused to join the cabinet , claiming it had been offered too few posts for its 43 seats in the Provisional People's Representative Council . This was the first cabinet without PNI representation since

10208-793: The resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi , and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan ). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican control. Eager to pull its soldiers out of Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers had been withdrawn from Indonesia. They were replaced with more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. The British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring

10324-525: The return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as a colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with the release and repatriation of Allied civilians and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees ( Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI , POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with

10440-800: The rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement . These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government . This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from

10556-497: The safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX . Yogyakarta would remain as the Republic's capital until the end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British. The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatra. During

10672-406: The same name as Sukarno's original party as well as the short-lived party of August 1945. It was supported by the a large proportion of republican administrative officers who had been members of the Dutch East Indies, as well as their subordinates and older former members of the pre-war party. Other support came from the Indonesia middle class, and left-wingers. This very broad range of membership made

10788-582: The signature of the agreement, PNI and Masyumi members resigned in protest, bringing down the Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet . The PNI was given two seats (later three) in the presidential cabinet that replaced it. During 1948, the PNI right wing was increasingly sidelined in deciding party policy, and the centre-left grouping became dominant. Speeches at the party's third annual congress in June 1948 emphasized socialist ideals. As

10904-477: The southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organizing a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub , in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students. On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established

11020-482: The strong level of popular support for the new Republic, at least on Java and Sumatra. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting the arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were

11136-473: The text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. In the early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where Hatta joined him. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, at 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared

11252-481: The two sides increasingly disagreed over the agreement and accused each other of violations. Following a Dutch ultimatum on 27 May 1947, which the Indonesian government saw as a threat of war, later clarified by Lieutenant General Governor van Mook, Sjahrir made a series of concessions, including interim Dutch sovereignty and control over foreign policy. Many left wing members of the cabinet, including Amir Sjarifuddin and Wikana condemned these concessions, and one by one

11368-562: The uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored

11484-420: The wartime Japanese Jawa Hokokai (Java Service Association), saying he hoped it would unite all sections of society. On August 27, the party leadership was announced. However, given the close connections these individuals had with the Japanese wartime regime, two days later a revised permanent leadership was named. The party would be led by Sukarno, with Hatta as his deputy, the same positions they had held in

11600-462: Was "not Muslim enough". After the use of the name "Achmed" began, Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno. Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East , Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmed Sukarno". The son of a Muslim Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo who hailed from Grobogan , Central Java, and his Hindu Balinese wife from

11716-580: Was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia , serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists . He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II . Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for

11832-413: Was appointed as head of the BPUPK and was tasked to lead discussions to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in the BPUPK, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed over the previous twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced a set of five principles, known as pancasila , during

11948-400: Was done by Hatta based upon a request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis , and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo. On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation of a smaller ( Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Panitia Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia; PPKI ),

12064-545: Was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions. In the days following the proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square ) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating

12180-555: Was economic and political independence for the Indonesian archipelago. This would be achieved by non-cooperation with the Dutch colonial regime . By the end of 1929, the organization had 10,000 members. This alarmed the authorities, and Sukarno and seven party leaders were arrested in December 1929. They were put on trial for being a threat to public order and in September 1930 received sentences of one to three years – Sukarno received

12296-466: Was especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German , English, French , Arabic , and Japanese , all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind . In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism , which he considered "backward" and to blame for

12412-403: Was established as a vehicle for PNI followers. At that time, it was still not possible to establish political parties. After the fall of President Suharto , its members agreed to revive the PNI. The party was officially declared on 17 July 1998 with the aims of upholding the unitary republic of Indonesia and opposing federalism as this could lead to national disintegration. Former PNI member Supeni

12528-467: Was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European , American , nationalist, communist , and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism , named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in

12644-738: Was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the Japanese were preparing for surrender . The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration terms and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh , Soekarni , and Wikana , who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while

12760-452: Was lukewarm, as the party grew closer to Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and more nationalist and radical. All four PNI ministers were accused of poor party discipline, and were criticised at the sixth PNI congress for their part in cabinet policies. Eventually, internal conflicts, particularly between the PNI and Masyumi, brought the cabinet down. It was replaced by another PNI-led cabinet , with Ali Sastroamidjojo as prime minister. As

12876-437: Was mainly a fusion of elements of Marxism , nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPK in a speech on 1 June 1945. Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarised in the phrase gotong royong . The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This

12992-630: Was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945. On 10 November 1943, Sukarno and Hatta were sent on a 17-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by Emperor Hirohito and wined and dined in

13108-535: Was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto . Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch-type higher-level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto , a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam . In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study civil engineering (with

13224-468: Was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende , on the island of Flores . During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children's theatre. Among its members was future politician Frans Seda . Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu ) on

13340-475: Was the first party chair. However, a number of other parties were also established, each claiming to be the heir of the old PNI. As a result, five different PNIs were registered with the Ministry of Justice. After a change in its articles of establishment, the PNI led by Probosutedjo declared itself as the PNI-Marhaenis Front (PNI-FM) on 10 February 1999, while a merger of two other PNIs resulted in

13456-405: Was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As a consequence, KNIP ratified

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