87-577: Traditional Modern Indian classical music is the classical music of the Indian subcontinent . It is generally described using terms like Shastriya Sangeet and Marg Sangeet . It has two major traditions: the North Indian classical music known as Hindustani and the South Indian expression known as Carnatic . These traditions were not distinct until about the 15th century. During
174-599: A matra (beat, and duration between beats). A raga is a central concept of Indian music, predominant in its expression. According to Walter Kaufmann, though a remarkable and prominent feature of Indian music, a definition of raga cannot be offered in one or two sentences. Raga may be roughly described as a musical entity that includes note intonation, relative duration and order, in a manner similar to how words flexibly form phrases to create an atmosphere of expression. In some cases, certain rules are considered obligatory, in others optional. The raga allows flexibility, where
261-454: A tala in Indian music covers "the whole subject of musical meter". Indian music is composed and performed in a metrical framework, a structure of beats that is a tala . A tala measures musical time in Indian music. However, it does not imply a regular repeating accent pattern, instead its hierarchical arrangement depends on how the musical piece is supposed to be performed. The tala forms
348-533: A certain sequencing of how the musician moves from note to note for each raga , in order for the performance to create a rasa (mood, atmosphere, essence, inner feeling) that is unique to each raga . A raga can be written on a scale. Theoretically, thousands of raga are possible given 5 or more notes, but in practical use, the classical Indian tradition has refined and typically relies on several hundred. For most artists, their basic perfected repertoire has some forty to fifty ragas . Raga in Indian classical music
435-518: A continuous aesthetic movement between formalism and eclecticism ". Gayatri mantra Traditional The Gāyatrī Mantra ( Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɡaː.jɐ.triː.mɐn.trɐ.] ), also known as the Sāvitrī Mantra ( Sanskrit pronunciation: [saː.vi.triː.mɐn.trɐ.] ), is a sacred mantra from the Ṛig Veda ( Mandala 3 .62.10), dedicated to the Vedic deity Savitr . It
522-528: A creative framework for rhythmic improvisation using time. In Indian classical music the space between the notes is often more important than the notes themselves, and it traditionally eschews Western classical concepts such as harmony , counterpoint , chords , or modulation . The root of music in ancient India are found in the Vedic literature of Hinduism. The earliest Indian thought combined three arts, syllabic recital ( vadya ), melos ( gita ) and dance ( nrtta ). As these fields developed, sangeeta became
609-693: A different way than Carnatic music. Hindustani music style is mainly found in North India , Pakistan and Bangladesh. Prior to the Taliban's ban on music, it also had a strong presence in Afghanistan. It exists in four major forms: Dhrupad , Khyal (or Khayal), Tarana , and the semi-classical Thumri . Dhrupad is ancient, Khyal evolved from it, Thumri evolved from Khyal. There are three major schools of Thumri: Lucknow gharana, Banaras gharana and Punjabi gharana. These weave in folk music innovations. Tappa
696-498: A distinct genre of art, in a form equivalent to contemporary music. This likely occurred before the time of Yāska ( c. 500 BCE ), since he includes these terms in his nirukta studies, one of the six Vedanga of ancient Indian tradition. Some of the ancient texts of Hinduism such as the Samaveda ( c. 1000 BCE ) are structured entirely to melodic themes, it is sections of Rigveda set to music. The Samaveda
783-479: A gentle goodbye, that are ideally mathematical fractions such as dagun (half), tigun (third) or chaugun (fourth). Sometimes a fifth stanza called Bhoga is included. Though usually related to philosophical or Bhakti (emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings. Improvisation is of central importance to Hindustani music, and each gharana (school tradition) has developed its own techniques. At its core, it starts with
870-459: A history spanning over two thousand years, authentic sangita-shastras or treatises, unique Ragas & Talas and a distinctive style of rendition. The various aspects of Odissi music include odissi prabandha, chaupadi, chhānda, champu, chautisa, janāna, mālasri, bhajana, sarimāna, jhulā, kuduka, koili, poi, boli, and more. Presentation dynamics are roughly classified into four: raganga, bhabanga, natyanga and dhrubapadanga. Some great composer-poets of
957-566: A live rendering, which went viral on the internet; further establishing the growing prominence of Indian Classical Music around the globe. Sangeet Natak Akademi , is an Indian national-level academy for performance arts . It awards the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award , the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of performance arts. Art music Art music (alternatively called classical music , cultivated music , serious music , and canonic music )
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#17327765991841044-545: A much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical concert structure was put in place by the vocalist Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar . The opening piece is called a varnam , and is a warm-up for the musicians. A devotion and a request for a blessing follows, then a series of interchanges between ragams (unmetered melody) and Tanam (the ornamentation within a melorhythmic cycle, equivalent to
1131-522: A part of the Qajar court in Tehran , an interaction that continued through the 20th century with import of Indian musical instruments in cities such as Herat near Afghanistan-Iran border. Odissi music is a distinct type of Classical music of Eastern India. This music is sung during performance of classical Odissi dance . The traditional ritual music for the service of Lord Jagannatha , Odissi music has
1218-571: A person became Brahmana through learning from his Guru , and not because of birth . He administered the sacred thread ceremony and the Gayatri mantra to non-Brahmins in Ramakrishna Mission. This Hindu mantra has been popularized to the masses, pendants, audio recordings and mock scrolls. Various Gayatri yajñas organised by All World Gayatri Pariwar at small and large scales in late twentieth century also helped spread Gayatri mantra to
1305-470: A standard composition (bandish), then expands it in a process called vistar . The improvisation methods have ancient roots, and one of the more common techniques is called Alap , which is followed by the Jor and Jhala . The Alap explores possible tonal combinations among other things, Jor explores speed or tempo (faster), while Jhala explores complex combinations like a fishnet of strokes while keeping
1392-514: Is Odissi music , which has evolved over the last two thousand years. The roots of the classical music of India are found in the Vedic literature of Hinduism and the ancient Natyashastra , the classic Sanskrit text on performing arts by Bharata Muni . The 13th century Sanskrit text Sangeeta-Ratnakara of Sarangadeva is regarded as the definitive text by both the Hindustani music and
1479-484: Is teental . In the two major systems of classical Indian music, the first count of any tala is called sam . Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the sitar , sarod , surbahar , esraj , veena , tanpura , bansuri , shehnai , sarangi , violin , santoor , pakhavaj and tabla . Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include veena , venu , gottuvadyam , harmonium , mridangam , kanjira , ghatam , nadaswaram and violin . Players of
1566-532: Is attributed to the much revered sage Viśvāmitra , who is also considered the author of Mandala 3 of the Rigveda. Many monotheistic sects of Hinduism such as Arya Samaj hold that the Gayatri mantra is in praise of One Supreme Creator known by the name Om as mentioned in the Yajurveda , 40:17. The Gayatri mantra has been translated in many ways. Quite literal translations include: Literal translations of
1653-461: Is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in some form of music notation , as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or in recordings (like popular and traditional music ). There have been continual attempts throughout the history of popular music to make a claim for itself as art rather than as popular culture, and a number of music styles that were previously understood as "popular music" have since been categorized in
1740-428: Is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. According to Bruno Nettl , "Western classical music" may also be synonymous with "art music", "canonic music", "cultivated music", "serious music", as well as the more flippantly used "real music" and "normal music". Musician Catherine Schmidt-Jones defines art music as "a music which requires significantly more work by the listener to fully appreciate than
1827-408: Is intimately related to tala or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a matra (beat, and duration between beats). A raga is not a tune, because the same raga can yield a very large number of tunes. A raga is not a scale, because many ragas can be based on the same scale. A raga , states Bruno Nettl and other music scholars, is a concept similar to mode, something between
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#17327765991841914-559: Is known as "Mother of the Vedas ". The term Gāyatrī may also refer to a type of mantra which follows the same Vedic meter as the original Gāyatrī Mantra. There are many such Gāyatrīs for various gods and goddesses. Furthermore, Gāyatrī is the name of the Goddess of the mantra and the meter. The Gayatri mantra is cited widely in Hindu texts, such as the mantra listings of
2001-405: Is music considered to be of high phonoaesthetic value . It typically implies advanced structural and theoretical considerations or a written musical tradition. In this context, the terms "serious" or "cultivated" are frequently used to present a contrast with ordinary, everyday music (i.e. popular and folk music , also called " vernacular music "). Many cultures have art music traditions ; in
2088-778: Is offering to the sacred flame; the Sāvittī is the foremost of poetic meters; of humans, the king is the foremost; the ocean’s the foremost of rivers; the foremost of stars is the moon; the sun is the foremost of lights; for those who sacrifice seeking merit, the Saṅgha is the foremost. In Sutta Nipata 3.4, the Buddha uses the Sāvitri mantra as a paradigmatic indicator of Brahmanic knowledge: Brāhmaṇo hi ce tvaṃ brūsi, Mañca brūsi abrāhmaṇaṃ; Taṃ taṃ sāvittiṃ pucchāmi, Tipadaṃ catuvīsatakkharaṃ If you say you brahmin are, but call me none, then of you I ask
2175-467: Is organized into two formats. One part is based on the musical meter , another by the aim of the rituals. The text is written with embedded coding, where swaras ( octave notes) are either shown above or within the text, or the verse is written into parvans (knot or member); in simple words, this embedded code of swaras is like the skeleton of the song. The swaras have about 12 different forms and different combinations of these swaras are made to sit under
2262-479: Is probably a pronunciation of Raga . According to Hormoz Farhat, Rāk has no meaning in modern Persian language, and the concept of raga is unknown in Persia. If Hindustani music is taken in as an entirely new form of music created from Indian classical music and Persian music , then Carnatic music was a form from the south of the sub-continent that developed further natively after this divergence. Carnatic music
2349-407: Is short one syllable in the first line: tat sa vi tur va reṇ yaṃ . Being only twenty-three syllables the Gayatri mantra is Nichruth Gayatri Chandas ("Gayatri mantra short by one syllable"). A reconstruction of vareṇyaṃ to a proposed historical vareṇiyaṃ restores the first line to eight syllables. In practise, people reciting the mantra may retain seven syllables and simply prolong
2436-546: Is the ancient Indian classical music that became distinct after Hindustani music was established. It is dated back to ancient periods, but was only distinct after Hindustani music was established. Purandara Dasa (1484–1564) was a Hindu composer and musicologist who lived in Hampi of the Vijayanagara Empire . He is considered Pithamaha (literally, "great father or grandfather") of the Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa
2523-533: Is the lack of "strong, weak" beat composition typical of the traditional European meter. In classical Indian traditions, the tala is not restricted to permutations of strong and weak beats, but its flexibility permits the accent of a beat to be decided by the shape of musical phrase. The most widely used tala in the South Indian system is adi tala . In the North Indian system, the most common tala
2610-629: Is the most folksy, one which likely existed in Rajasthan and Punjab region before it was systematized and integrated into classical music structure. It became popular, with the Bengali musicians developing their own Tappa. Khyal is the modern form of Hindustani music, and the term literally means "imagination". It is significant because it was the template for Sufi musicians among the Islamic community of India , and Qawwals sang their folk songs in
2697-446: Is typical of popular music". In her view, "[t]his can include the more challenging types of jazz and rock music, as well as Classical". The term "art music" refers primarily to classical traditions (including contemporary as well as historical classical music forms) that focus on formal styles, invite technical and detailed deconstruction and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In strict western practice, art music
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2784-533: Is unclear when the process of differentiation of Hindustani music started. The process may have started in the 14th century courts of the Delhi Sultans. However, according to Jairazbhoy, the North Indian tradition likely acquired its modern form after the 14th or after the 15th century. The development of Hindustani music reached a peak during the reign of Akbar . During this 16th century period, Tansen studied music and introduced musical innovations, for about
2871-542: The Mahabharata , Harivamsa , and Manusmṛti . In Majjhima Nikaya 92, the Buddha refers to the Sāvitri (Pali: sāvittī ) mantra as the foremost meter, in the same sense as the king is foremost among humans, or the sun is foremost among lights: aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham; Rājā mukhaṃ manussānaṃ, nadīnaṃ sāgaro mukhaṃ. Nakkhattānaṃ mukhaṃ cando, ādicco tapataṃ mukhaṃ; Puññaṃ ākaṅkhamānānaṃ, saṅgho ve yajataṃ mukhan. The foremost of sacrifices
2958-526: The jor ). This is intermixed with hymns called krithis . The pallavi or theme from the raga then follows. Carnatic pieces also have notated lyrical poems that are reproduced as such, possibly with embellishments and treatments according to the performer's ideology, referred to as Manodharmam. Primary themes include worship, descriptions of temples, philosophy, and nayaka-nayika (Sanskrit "hero-heroine") themes. Tyagaraja (1759–1847), Muthuswami Dikshitar (1776–1827) and Syama Sastri (1762–1827) have been
3045-460: The Carnatic music traditions. Indian classical music has two foundational elements, raga and tala . The raga , based on a varied repertoire of swara ( notes including microtones ), forms the fabric of a deeply intricate melodic structure, while the tala measures the time cycle . The raga gives an artist a palette to build the melody from sounds, while the tala provides them with
3132-569: The Gana also implied singing. The Vedic Sanskrit musical tradition had spread widely in the Indian subcontinent, and according to Rowell, the ancient Tamil classics make it "abundantly clear that a cultivated musical tradition existed in South India as early as the last few pre-Christian centuries". The classic Sanskrit text Natya Shastra is at the foundation of the numerous classical music and dance traditions of India. Before Natyashastra
3219-496: The Sama Veda , Natya shastra (classic treatise on music theory, Gandharva), Dattilam , Brihaddesi (treatise on regional classical music forms), and Sangita Ratnakara (definitive text for Carnatic and Hindustani traditions). Most historic music theory texts have been by Hindu scholars. Some classical music texts were also composed by Buddhists and Jain scholars, and in 16th century by Muslim scholars. These are listed in
3306-704: The Surya Upanishad . The Gayatri mantra is the apparent inspiration for derivative "gāyatrī" stanzas dedicated to other deities . Those derivations are patterned on the formula vidmahe - dhīmahi - pracodayāt " , and have been interpolated into some recensions of the Shatarudriya litany. Gāyatrīs of this form are also found in the Mahanarayana Upanishad. The Gayatri mantra is also repeated and cited widely in Hindu texts such as
3393-457: The Western world , the term typically refers to Western classical music . In Western literature, "Art music" is mostly used to refer to music descending from the tradition of Western classical music . Musicologist Philip Tagg refers to the elitism associated with art music as one of an "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three
3480-496: The equal-temperament tuning system. Also, unlike modern Western classical music, Indian classical music places great emphasis on improvisation. The underlying scale may have four , five , six or seven tones , called swaras (sometimes spelled as svaras ). The swara concept is found in the ancient Natya Shastra in Chapter 28. It calls the unit of tonal measurement or audible unit as Śhruti , with verse 28.21 introducing
3567-538: The gāyatrī mantra specifies three pāda s of eight syllables each, the text of the verse as preserved in the Samhita is one short, seven instead of eight. Metrical restoration would emend the attested tri-syllabic vareṇyaṃ with a tetra-syllabic vareṇiyaṃ . The Gayatri mantra with svaras is, in Devanagari : In IAST : The Gāyatrī mantra is dedicated to Savitṛ , a solar deity . The mantra
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3654-429: The raga and the tala are two foundational elements. The raga forms the fabric of a melodic structure, and the tala keeps the time cycle. Both raga and tala are open frameworks for creativity and allow a very large number of possibilities, however, the tradition considers a few hundred ragas and talas as basic. Raga is intimately related to tala or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called
3741-431: The tabla , a type of drum, usually keep the rhythm, an indicator of time in Hindustani music. Another common instrument is the stringed tanpura , which is played at a steady tone (a drone) throughout the performance of the raga, and which provides both a point of reference for the musician and a background against which the music stands out. The tuning of the tanpura depends on the raga being performed. The task of playing
3828-740: The upanayana ceremony in which it has a significant role . The Gayatri mantra is the subject of esoteric treatment and explanation in some major Upanishads , including Mukhya Upanishads such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , the Shvetashvatara Upanishad and the Maitrayaniya Upanishad ; as well as other well-known works such as the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana . The text also appears in minor Upanishads, such as
3915-494: The Śrauta liturgy, and classical Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita , Harivamsa , and Manusmṛti . The mantra and its associated metric form was known by the Buddha. The mantra is an important part of the initiation ceremony. Modern Hindu reform movements spread the practice of the mantra to everyone and its use is now very widespread. The main mantra appears in the hymn RV 3 .62.10. During its recitation,
4002-479: The 16th century began the Carnatic style of Indian classical music. Carnatic music, from South India , tends to be more rhythmically intensive and structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification of ragas into melakartas , and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have
4089-726: The 1980s, 1990s and particularly the 2000s onwards, Indian Classical Music has seen rapid growth in reception and development around the globe, particularly in North America , where immigrant communities have preserved and passed on classical music traditions to subsequent generations through the establishment of local festivals and music schools. Numerous musicians of American origin, including Ramakrishnan Murthy , Sandeep Narayan, Pandit Vikash Maharaj, Abby V, and Mahesh Kale have taken professionally to Indian Classical Music with great success. In his 2020 released video, Canadian singer Abby V demonstrated 73 different Indian Classical ragas in
4176-544: The 3rd century, such as in the works of Chinese lyricist Li Yannian . In 1958, Ravi Shankar came to the US and started making albums. These started a 1960s penchant for Indian classical music in the States. By 1967 Shankar and other artists were performing at rock music festivals alongside Western rock, blues, and soul acts. This lasted until the mid-1970s. Ravi Shankar performed at Woodstock for an audience of over 500,000 in 1969. In
4263-469: The Bengali classical tradition . This openness to ideas led to assimilation of regional folk innovations, as well as influences that arrived from outside the subcontinent. For example, Hindustani music assimilated Arabian and Persian influences. This assimilation of ideas was upon the ancient classical foundations such as raga , tala , matras as well as the musical instruments. For example, the Persian Rāk
4350-654: The First Covenant of Brahmo Samaj required the Gayatri mantra for Divine Worship . From 1848-1850 with the rejection of Vedas, the Adi Dharma Brahmins use the Gayatri mantra in their private devotions. In the later 19th century, Hindu reform movements spread the chanting of the Gayatri mantra. In 1898 for example, Swami Vivekananda claimed that, according to the Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita ,
4437-481: The Khyal format. Dhrupad (or Dhruvapad), the ancient form described in the Hindu text Natyashastra , is one of the core forms of classical music found all over the Indian subcontinent. The word comes from Dhruva which means immovable and permanent. A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called Sthayi (or Asthayi), Antara, Sanchari and Abhoga. The Sthayi part is a melody that uses the middle octave's first tetrachord and
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#17327765991844524-515: The Odissi tradition are the 12th-century poet Jayadeva , Balarama Dasa , Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa , Dinakrusna Dasa, Kabi Samrata Upendra Bhanja , Banamali Dasa , Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha , Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara and Kabikalahansa Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka . Classical Indian music is one genre of South Asian music; others include film music, various varieties of pop, regional folk, religious and devotional music. In Indian classical music,
4611-542: The Yadava dynasty in Maharashtra , mentions and discusses ragas and talas . He identifies seven tala families, then subdivides them into rhythmic ratios, presenting a methodology for improvization and composition that continues to inspire modern era Indian musicians. Sangitaratnakara is one of the most complete historic medieval era Hindu treatises on this subject that has survived into the modern era, that relates to
4698-508: The art or classical category. According to the academic Tim Wall, the most significant example of the struggle between Tin Pan Alley , African-American, vernacular, and art discourses was in jazz . As early as the 1930s, artists attempted to cultivate ideas of "symphonic jazz", taking it away from its perceived vernacular and black American roots. Following these developments, histories of popular music tend to marginalize jazz, partly because
4785-426: The artist may rely on simple expression, or may add ornamentations yet express the same essential message but evoke a different intensity of mood. A raga has a given set of notes, on a scale, ordered in melodies with musical motifs. A musician playing a raga , states Bruno Nettl , may traditionally use just these notes, but is free to emphasize or improvise certain degrees of the scale. The Indian tradition suggests
4872-541: The attached table. The classical music tradition of the ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent (modern Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) were a generally integrated system through the 14th century, after which the socio-political turmoil of the Delhi Sultanate era isolated the north from the south. The music traditions of the North and South India were not considered distinct until about the 16th century, but after that
4959-533: The beat patterns. As with Carnatic music, Hindustani music has assimilated various folk tunes. For example, ragas such as Kafi and Jaijaiwanti are based on folk tunes. Hindustani music has had Arab and Persian music influences, including the creation of new ragas and the development of instruments such as the sitar and sarod. The nature of these influences are unclear. Scholars have attempted to study Arabic maqam (also spelled makam ) of Arabian peninsula, Turkey and northern Africa, and dastgah of Iran, to discern
5046-438: The chant of Sāvitrī, consisting of three lines in four and twenty syllables. Imparting the Gayatri mantra to young Hindu men is an important part of the traditional upanayana ceremony , which marks the beginning of study of the Vedas. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan described this as the essence of the ceremony, which is sometimes called "Gayatri diksha " , i.e. initiation into the Gayatri mantra. However, traditionally,
5133-484: The degree of social and artistic dialogue among rock musicians dramatically accelerated for bands who fused elements of composed music with the oral musical traditions of rock. During the late 1960s and 1970s, progressive rock bands represented a form of crossover music that combined rock with high art musical forms either through quotation, allusion, or imitation. Progressive music may be equated with explicit references to aspects of art music, sometimes resulting in
5220-528: The different world music systems. One of the earliest known discussions of Persian maqam and Indian ragas is by the late 16th century scholar Pundarika Vittala. He states that Persian maqams in use in his times had been derived from older Indian ragas (or mela ), and he specifically maps over a dozen maqam . For example, Vittala states that the Hijaz maqam was derived from the Asaveri raga , and Jangula
5307-510: The domains of tune and scale, and it is best conceptualized as a "unique array of melodic features, mapped to and organized for a unique aesthetic sentiment in the listener". The goal of a raga and its artist is to create rasa (essence, feeling, atmosphere) with music, as classical Indian dance does with performance arts. In the Indian tradition, classical dances are performed with music set to various ragas . According to David Nelson – an Ethnomusicology scholar specializing in Carnatic music,
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#17327765991845394-530: The first sixty years of his life with patronage of the Hindu king Ram Chand of Gwalior , and thereafter performed at the Muslim court of Akbar. Many musicians consider Tansen as the founder of Hindustani music. Tansen's style and innovations inspired many, and many modern gharanas (Hindustani music teaching houses) link themselves to his lineage. The Muslim courts discouraged Sanskrit, and encouraged technical music. Such constraints led Hindustani music to evolve in
5481-542: The first that is "sa" , and the fifth that is "pa" , are considered anchors that are unalterable, while the remaining have flavors that differs between the two major systems. Contemporary Indian music schools follow notations and classifications (see melakarta and thaat ). Thaat, used in Hindustani, is generally based on a flawed but still useful notation system created by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande . According to Yukteshwar Kumar, elements of Indian music arrived in China in
5568-479: The hymn is preceded by oṃ ( ॐ ) and the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ ( भूर् भुवः स्वः ), known as the mahāvyāhṛti , or "great (mystical) utterance". This prefixing of the mantra is properly described in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (2.11.1-8), which states that it should be chanted with the syllable oṃ , followed by the three Vyahrtis and the Gayatri verse. Whereas in principle
5655-495: The idiophone in the form of "small bronze cymbals" were used for tala . Almost the entire chapter of Natyashastra on idiophones, by Bharata, is a theoretical treatise on the system of tala . Time keeping with idiophones was considered a separate function than that of percussion (membranophones), in the early Indian thought on music theory . The early 13th century Sanskrit text Sangitaratnakara (literally, "Ocean of Music and Dance"), by Sarngadeva patronized by King Sighana of
5742-402: The important historic scholars of Carnatic music. According to Eleanor Zelliot , Tyagaraja is known in the Carnatic tradition as one of its greatest composers, and he reverentially acknowledged the influence of Purandara Dasa. A common belief is that Carnatic music represents a more ancient and refined approach to classical music, whereas Hindustani music has evolved by external influences. It
5829-538: The length of time they pronounce the "m", they may append an extra syllable of "mmm" (approximately va-ren-yam-mmm), or they may use the reconstructed vareṇiyaṃ . The Gayatri mantra is cited widely in Hindu texts, such as the mantra listings of the Śrauta liturgy, and cited several times in the Brahmanams and the Srauta-sutras. It is also cited in a number of grhyasutras, mostly in connection with
5916-455: The lower octave notes. The Antara part uses the middle octave's second tetrachord and the higher octave notes. The Sanchari part is the development phase, which builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes. The Abhoga is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like
6003-596: The masses. The Gayatri Mantra forms the first of seven sections of the Trisandhyā Puja (Sanskrit for "three divisions"), a prayer used by the Balinese Hindus and many Hindus in Indonesia . It is uttered three times each day: 6 am at morning, noon, and 6 pm at evening. The term Gāyatrī is also a class of mantra which follows the same Vedic meter as the classic Gāyatrī Mantra. Though the classic Gāyatrī
6090-546: The metrical structure that repeats, in a cyclical harmony, from the start to end of any particular song or dance segment, making it conceptually analogous to meters in Western music. However, talas have certain qualitative features that classical European musical meters do not. For example, some talas are much longer than any classical Western meter, such as a framework based on 29 beats whose cycle takes about 45 seconds to complete when performed. Another sophistication in talas
6177-801: The modern era, many original works on Indian music are believed to be lost, and are known to have existed only because they are quoted and discussed in other manuscripts on classical Indian music. Many of the encyclopedic Puranas contain large chapters on music theory and instruments, such as the Bhagavata Purana , the Markandeya Purana , the Vayu Purana , the Linga Purana , and the Visnudharmottara Purana . The most cited and influential among these texts are
6264-565: The musical meter too, without the kind of elaboration found in the Samaveda . For example, the Gayatri mantra contains three metric lines of exactly eight syllables, with an embedded ternary rhythm. In the ancient traditions of Hinduism, two musical genre appeared, namely Gandharva (formal, composed, ceremonial music) and Gana (informal, improvised, entertainment music). The Gandharva music also implied celestial, divine associations, while
6351-404: The musical scale as follows, तत्र स्वराः – षड्जश्च ऋषभश्चैव गान्धारो मध्यमस्तथा । पञ्चमो धैवतश्चैव सप्तमोऽथ निषादवान् ॥ २१॥ These seven degrees are shared by both major raga systems , that is the North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic) systems. The solfege ( sargam ) is learnt in abbreviated form: sa, ri (Carnatic) or re (Hindustani), ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa . Of these,
6438-549: The names of different ragas. The specific code of a song clearly tells us what combination of swaras are present in a specific song. The lyrical part of the song is called "sahityam" and sahityam is just like singing the swaras altogether but using the lyrics of the song. The code in the form of swaras have even the notation of which note to be sung high and which one low. The hymns of Samaveda contain melodic content, form, rhythm and metric organization. This structure is, however, not unique or limited to Samaveda . The Rigveda embeds
6525-404: The nature and extent. Through the colonial era and until the 1960s, the attempt was to theoretically study ragas and maqams and suggested commonalities. Later comparative musicology studies, states Bruno Nettl – a professor of music, have found the similarities between classical Indian music and European music as well, raising the question about the point of similarities and of departures between
6612-416: The period of Mughal rule of the Indian subcontinent, the traditions separated and evolved into distinct forms. Hindustani music emphasizes improvisation and exploration of all aspects of a raga , while Carnatic performances tend to be short composition-based. However, the two systems continue to have more common features than differences. Another unique classical music tradition from the eastern part of India
6699-470: The reformulation of jazz in the art discourse has been so successful that many (as of 2013) would not consider it a form of popular music. At the beginning of the 20th century, art music was divided into "serious music" and " light music ". During the second half of the century, there was a large-scale trend in American culture toward blurring the boundaries between art and pop music . Beginning in 1966,
6786-612: The reification of rock as art music. While progressive rock is often cited for its merging of high culture and low culture , few artists incorporated literal classical themes in their work to any great degree, as author Kevin Holm-Hudson explains: "sometimes progressive rock fails to integrate classical sources ... [it] moves continuously between explicit and implicit references to genres and strategies derived not only from European art music, but other cultural domains (such as East Indian, Celtic, folk, and African) and hence involves
6873-402: The stanza RV.3.62.10 is imparted only to Brahmana . Other Gayatri verses are used in the upanayana ceremony are: RV.1.35.2, in the tristubh meter, for a kshatriya and either RV.1.35.9 or RV.4.40.5 in the jagati meter for a Vaishya. Gayatri japa is used as a method of prāyaścitta (atonement) . It is believed by practitioners that reciting the mantra bestows wisdom and enlightenment, through
6960-956: The structure, technique and reasoning behind ragas and talas . The centrality and significance of music in ancient and early medieval India is also expressed in numerous temple and shrine reliefs , in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism , such as through the carving of musicians with cymbals at the fifth century Pavaya temple sculpture near Gwalior , and the Ellora Caves . The post-Vedic era historical literature relating to Indian classical music has been extensive. The ancient and medieval texts are primarily in Sanskrit (Hinduism), but major reviews of music theory, instruments and practice were also composed in regional languages such as Kannada , Odia , Pali (Buddhism), Prakrit (Jainism), Tamil and Telugu . While numerous manuscripts have survived into
7047-586: The tanpura traditionally falls to a student of the soloist. Other instruments for accompaniment include the sarangi and the harmonium . Indian classical music is both elaborate and expressive. Like Western classical music , it divides the octave into 12 semitones of which the 7 basic notes are, in ascending tonal order, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni for Hindustani music and Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni for Carnatic music, similar to Western music's Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti . However, Indian music uses just-intonation tuning, unlike some modern Western classical music, which uses
7134-404: The traditions acquired distinct forms. North Indian classical music is called Hindustani , while the South Indian expression is called Carnatic (sometimes spelled as Karnatic ). According to Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy , the North Indian tradition acquired its modern form after the 14th or the 15th century. Indian classical music has historically adopted and evolved with many regional styles, such as
7221-458: The vehicle of the Sun ( Savitr ), who represents the source and inspiration of the universe. In 1827 Ram Mohan Roy published a dissertation on the Gayatri mantra that analysed it in the context of various Upanishads . Roy prescribed a Brahmin to always pronounce om at the beginning and end of the Gayatri mantra. From 1830, the Gayatri mantra was used for private devotion of Brahmos . In 1843,
7308-539: The words are below after splitting the sandhi : We meditate on that most adored Supreme Lord, the creator, whose effulgence (divine light) illumines all realms (physical, mental, and spiritual). May this divine light illumine our intellect. More interpretative translations include: Gayatri mantra, called Gayatri Chandas in Sanskrit, is twenty-four syllables comprising three lines (Sk. padas , literally "feet") of eight syllables each. The Gayatri mantra as received
7395-542: Was a monk and a devotee of the Hindu god Krishna (Vishnu, Vittal avatar). He systematised classical Indian music theory and developed exercises for musicians to learn and perfect their art. He travelled widely sharing and teaching his ideas, and influenced numerous South Indian and Maharashtra Bhakti movement musicians. These exercises, his teachings about raga , and his systematic methodology called Suladi Sapta Tala (literally, "primordial seven talas") remains in use in contemporary times. The efforts of Purandara Dasa in
7482-465: Was derived from the Bangal . In 1941, Haidar Rizvi questioned this and stated that influence was in the other direction, Middle Eastern maqams were turned into Indian ragas , such as Zangulah maqam becoming Jangla raga . According to John Baily – a professor of ethnomusicology, there is evidence that the traffic of musical ideas were both ways, because Persian records confirm that Indian musicians were
7569-616: Was finalized, the ancient Indian traditions had classified musical instruments into four groups based on their acoustic principle (how they work, rather than the material they are made of) for example flute which works with gracious in and out flow of air. These four categories are accepted as given and are four separate chapters in the Natyashastra , one each on stringed instruments (chordophones ), hollow instruments ( aerophones ), solid instruments ( idiophones ), and covered instruments ( membranophones ). Of these, states Levis Rowell,
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