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69-770: Dr Laxmikant Rathi from Amravati, Maharashtra is the current president of the Indian Psychiatric Society. Dr Amrit Pattojoshi from Bhubaneswar, Odisha is the Hon. General Secretary. In 1929, Col. Berkeley Hill founded the Indian Association for Mental Hygiene, affiliated with the National Council for Mental Health Hygiene in Great Britain. The Association ceased to function after yew years. Later, Dr Banarasi Das campaigned for

138-432: A misnomer , as it does not constitute a legitimate form of therapy . Alternative terms include sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and gender identity change efforts (GICE) —together, sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE). According to researcher Douglas C. Haldeman , SOCE and GICE should be considered together because both rest on the assumption "that gender-related behavior consistent with

207-872: A clinical sample, the description of the outcomes was based upon subjective therapist impression, and follow-up data were poorly presented. Bieber reported a 27% success rate from long-term therapy, but only 18% of the patients in whom Bieber considered the treatment successful had been exclusively homosexual to begin with, while 50% had been bisexual. In Haldeman's view, this makes even Bieber's unimpressive claims of success misleading. Haldeman discusses other psychoanalytic studies of attempts to change homosexuality. Curran and Parr's "Homosexuality: An analysis of 100 male cases", published in 1957, reported no significant increase in heterosexual behavior. Mayerson and Lief's "Psychotherapy of homosexuals: A follow-up study of nineteen cases", published in 1965, reported that half of its 19 subjects were exclusively heterosexual in behavior four and

276-571: A conversion therapy ban for both sexual orientation and gender identity, with opposition ranging from 13 to 15 percent. Some jurisdictions have criminal bans on the practice of conversion therapy, including Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Malta, Mexico and Spain. In other countries, including Albania, Brazil, Chile, Vietnam and Taiwan, medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy. In some states, lawsuits against conversion therapy providers for fraud have succeeded, but in other jurisdictions those claiming fraud must prove that

345-503: A good relationship with their family and religious community. Adolescents who are pressured by their families into undergoing conversion therapy also typically come from a conservative religious background. Youth from families with low socioeconomic status are also more likely to undergo conversion therapy. As societal attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant over time, the most harsh conversion therapy methods such as aversion have been reduced. Secular conversion therapy

414-461: A half years after treatment, but its outcomes were based on patient self-report and had no external validation. In Haldeman's view, those participants in the study who reported change were bisexual at the outset, and its authors wrongly interpreted capacity for heterosexual sex as change of sexual orientation. The term "reparative therapy" has been used as a synonym for conversion therapy generally, but according to Jack Drescher it properly refers to

483-400: A homosexual: A case report", published in 1982, as typical in this respect. Other methods of aversion therapy in addition to electric shock included ice baths, freezing, burning via metal coils, and hard labor. The intent was for the subject to associate homosexual feelings with pain and thus result in them being reduced. These methods have been concluded to be ineffective. Aversion therapy

552-519: A large overlap with the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), which promotes GET as first-line treatment for those under 25. GETA co-founder Lisa Marchiano stated U.S. President Joe Biden's executive order safeguarding trans youth from conversion therapy would have a "chilling effect" on GET practices. GETA also opposed Biden's Title IX changes protecting trans students from discrimination, stating allowing trans youth in restrooms would harm

621-641: A last resort. Practitioners of GET often view medical transition as a last resort and propose their patient's dysphoria is caused by factors such as homophobia, social contagion, sexual trauma, and autism. Some practitioners of GET avoid using their patients' chosen names and pronouns while questioning their identification. Commenting on gender exploratory therapy in 2022, bioethicist Florence Ashley argued that its framing as an undirected exploration of underlying psychological issues bore similarities to gay conversion practices such as " reparative " therapy. States that have banned gender-affirming care for minors in

690-616: A pellet that released testosterone . Most of the victims, non-consenting prisoners at Buchenwald , died shortly thereafter. An unknown number of men were castrated in West Germany and chemical castration was used in other Western countries, notably against Alan Turing in the United Kingdom. Ex-gay ministries are religious groups that attempt to use religion to eliminate or change somebody's sexual orientation. The ex-gay umbrella organization Exodus International in

759-415: A protest against Eysenck by gay activist Peter Tatchell in a London Medical Group Symposium in 1972. Tatchell said that the therapy promoted by Eysenck was a form of torture . Tatchell denounced Eysenck's form of behavioral therapy as inducing depression and suicide among gay men who were subjected to it. In the 1940s and 1950s, U.S. neurologist Walter Freeman popularized the ice-pick lobotomy as

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828-512: A specific kind of therapy associated with the psychologists Elizabeth Moberly and Joseph Nicolosi . For example, he wrote: The term reparative refers to Nicolosi's postulate that same-sex attraction is a person's unconscious attempt to "self-repair" feelings of inferiority. After California banned conversion practices, Nicolosi argued that "reparative therapy" didn't attempt to directly change sexual orientation but instead encourage exploration into its underlying causes, which he believed

897-487: A speech at an ATCSI conference which endorsed GET and argued it "truly is very similar to how the Alliance has always approached unwanted same-sex attraction". There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation. Advocates of conversion therapy rely heavily on testimonials and retrospective self-reports as evidence of effectiveness. Studies purporting to validate

966-678: A suicide attempt rate nearly twice that of those who did not. Modern-day practitioners of conversion therapy—primarily from a conservative religious viewpoint—disagree with current evidence-based medicine and clinical guidance that does not view homosexuality and gender variance as unnatural or unhealthy. In 2020, ILGA world published a world survey and report Curbin Deception listing consequences and life-threatening effects by associating specific public testimonies with different types of methods used to practice conversion therapies. A 2022 study estimated that conversion therapy of youth in

1035-669: A time-limited prison sentence was sufficient to eliminate homosexuality. Although theoretically voluntary, some homosexuals were subject to severe pressure and coercion to agree to castration. There was no age limit; some boys as young as 16 were castrated. Those who agreed to castration after a Paragraph 175 conviction were exempted from being transferred to a concentration camp after completing their legal sentence. Some concentration camp prisoners were also subjected to castration. An estimated 400 to 800 men were castrated. Endocrinologist Carl Vaernet attempted to change homosexual concentration camp prisoners' sexual orientations by implanting

1104-405: A treatment for homosexuality. He personally performed as many as 3,439 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. In West Germany, a type of brain surgery usually involving destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was done to some homosexual men during the 1960s and 1970s. The practice

1173-514: A written article supporting her claims before uploading her speech. Dr Indira Sharma insisted the difference of opinion should be respected. In the days following the end of Dr Indira Sharma's term as the president of the Indian Psychiatric Society, the Times of India interviewed her about the views she expressed during the panel discussion on the decision of the Supreme Court to overturn

1242-433: Is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation or gender identity and that it frequently causes significant long-term psychological harm. The position of current evidence-based medicine and clinical guidance is that homosexuality , bisexuality , and gender variance are natural and healthy aspects of human sexuality . An increasing number of jurisdictions around

1311-470: Is not a psychiatric disorder . Conversion Therapies are based on the erroneous premise that sexual orientations are diseases. The Society pointed out the lack of evidence to support the efficiency of the Conversion Therapies . The statement disapproved of the Conversion Therapies and urged mental health professionals to refrain from providing such services. As the Supreme Court of India

1380-463: Is offered less often due to reduced medical pathologization of homosexuality, and religious practitioners have become more dominant. Aversion therapy used on homosexuals included electric shock and nausea-inducing drugs during presentation of same-sex erotic images. Cessation of the aversive stimuli was typically accompanied by the presentation of opposite-sex erotic images, with the objective of strengthening heterosexual feelings. Another method used

1449-531: Is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation , romantic orientation , gender identity , or gender expression to align with heterosexual and cisgender norms. Methods that have been used to this end include forms of brain surgery , surgical or chemical (hormonal) castration , aversion therapy treatments such as electric shocks, nausea-inducing drugs, hypnosis , counseling, spiritual interventions, visualization, psychoanalysis , and arousal reconditioning. There

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1518-534: Is the main professional organisation of psychiatrists in the United Kingdom , and is responsible for representing psychiatrists, for psychiatric research and for providing public information about mental health problems. The college provides advice to those responsible for training and certifying psychiatrists in the UK. In addition to publishing many books and producing several journals, the college produces, for

1587-753: The College of Arms . They were also registered in Scotland by the Court of the Lord Lyon . The college runs campaigns, including Choose Psychiatry, which has helped increase the fill rate of posts from 78% in 2018 to 100% in 2020, as well as calling for parity in the funding of mental health services. The president is elected for a three-year term and serves as head of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Conversion therapy Conversion therapy

1656-539: The Hippocratic oath to do no harm and to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy. Furthermore, they state that conversion therapy is harmful and that it often exploits individual's guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide. There is also concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy can cause social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about gender identity, sexual orientation, and

1725-535: The International Classification of Diseases in 1992. The Society stated that homosexuality is a natural variation of human sexuality. The Society pointed out the lack of scientific evidence to support conversion therapy and the evidence that conversion therapy leads to stigmatisation and low-self esteem . On 11th June 2020, pointing to the 2nd July 2018 Positional Statement, the Indian Psychiatric Society reiterated that homosexuality

1794-420: The Supreme Court of India was hearing cases on same-sex adoptions , the Indian Psychiatric Society issued a statement supporting adoption rights for LGBTQA people on 9th April 2023. The Society acknowledged that the children of same-sex parents might experience discrimination and stigma and urged the sensitise families, schools and communities to prevent stigma and discrimination . During her term as

1863-516: The hypnotic susceptibility of the subjects. Haldeman writes that psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality is exemplified by the work of Irving Bieber et al. in Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals . They advocated long-term therapy aimed at resolving the unconscious childhood conflicts that they considered responsible for homosexuality. Haldeman notes that Bieber's methodology has been criticized because it relied upon

1932-775: The European Convention on Human Rights" and having no place in a human rights-based society urging the Member States of the Council of Europe to ban them for both adults and minors, later in July 2023 she advocated for clear actions during a public hearing at the European Parliament studying different approaches to legally ban "conversion therapies" in the European Union . In September 2024 it

2001-578: The Indian division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association . The division was formed in 1939 and functioned till 1947. On 7th January 1947, during the 34th Indian Science Congress , the founding members decided to dissolve the Indian division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association and establish the Indian Psychiatric Society. Ajita Chakraborty was elected president of the society in 1976, thereby becoming

2070-516: The President, Dr Indira Sharma voiced similar views in an Indian Psychiatric Society panel discussing the re-criminalisation of homosexuality in India . President Dr T V Asokan and General Secretary Dr N N Raju issued a joint statement clarifying the official position of the society that homosexuality is not a psychiatric disorder . The joint statement pointed out the lack of evidence to support

2139-535: The South Zone of the Indian Psychiatric Society. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the North Zone of the Indian Psychiatric Society. On 19 January 2014, Dr Indira Sharma , the former president of the Indian Psychiatric Society, expressed her opinion that homosexuality is unnatural. The Times of India reported that towards the end of her term as

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2208-519: The United States ceased activities in June 2013, and the three member board issued a statement which repudiated its aims and apologized for the harm their pursuit has caused to LGBT people. Ex-trans organizations often overlap and portray being trans as inherently sinful or against God's design, or pathologize gender variance as due to trauma, social contagion, or " gender ideology ." Hypnosis

2277-559: The United States cost $ 650.16 million annually with an additional $ 9.5 billion in associated costs such as increased suicide and substance abuse. Youth who undergo conversion therapy from a religious provider have more negative mental health outcomes than those who had consulted a licensed healthcare provider. A 2020 survey carried out on US adults found majority support for banning conversion therapy for minors. A 2022 YouGov poll found majority support in England, Scotland, and Wales for

2346-822: The United States have called expert witnesses to argue that exploratory therapy should be the alternative treatment. There are no known empirical studies examining psychosocial or medical outcomes following GET. Concerns have been raised that by not providing an estimated length of time for the therapy, the delays in medical interventions may compound mental suffering in trans youth, while gender-affirming model of care already promotes gender identity exploration without favoring any particular identity, and individualized care. GET proponents deny this. Multiple groups exist worldwide to promote GET and have been successful in influencing legal discussions and clinical guidance in some regions. The Gender Exploratory Therapy Association (GETA) asserts that "psychological approaches should be

2415-720: The association received its royal charter , becoming the Royal Medico-Psychological Association. In 1971, a supplemental charter gave the association the name of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Eleanora Fleury , became the first female member of the Medico Psychological Association in 1894, when she was elected by 23 votes to 7. She remained a member until 1924. This made her the first woman psychiatrist in Ireland or Great Britain. The coat of arms incorporates

2484-462: The association to reconsider whether homosexuality should be listed as a disorder. The APA delisted homosexuality in 1973, which contributed to shifts in public opinion on homosexuality. Despite their lack of scientific backing, some socially or religiously conservative activists continued to argue that if one person's sexuality could be changed, homosexuality was not a fixed class such as race . Borrowing from discredited psychoanalytic ideas about

2553-474: The cause of homosexuality, some of these individuals offered conversion therapy. In 2001, conversion therapy attracted attention when Robert L. Spitzer published a non- peer-reviewed study asserting that some homosexuals could change their sexual orientation. Many researchers made methodological criticisms of the study, which Spitzer later repudiated. Gender Identity Change Efforts (GICE) refer to practices of healthcare providers and religious counselors with

2622-409: The child and mother less, expecting both to exhibit stereotypical gender roles , and having them praise their child's masculine behaviors, and shame their feminine and gender-nonconforming ones. These interventions resulted in depression in the children and feelings of betrayal from parents that the treatments failed. In the 1970s, UCLA psychologist Richard Green recruited Ole Ivar Lovaas to adapt

2691-531: The child from identifying as transgender by modifying gender behavior and presentation to conform to the expectations of the assigned gender at birth, which he dubbed the "living in your own skin" model. His model used the same interventions as Green with the addition of psychodynamic therapy . A frequent motivation for adults who pursue conversion therapy is their religious beliefs, especially evangelical Christianity and Orthodox Judaism , that disapprove of same-sex relations. These adults prioritize maintaining

2760-526: The choice between prison and undergoing aversion therapy. It was also offered to a few British women, but was never the standard treatment for either homosexual men or women. In the 1970s, behaviorist Hans Eysenck was one of the main advocates of counterconditioning with malaise-inducing drugs and electric shock for homosexuals. He wrote that this type of therapy was successful in nearly 50% of cases. However, his studies were disputed. Behavior therapists, including Eysenck, used aversive methods. This led to

2829-414: The development and proliferation of GICE. Early interventions were rooted in psychoanalytic hypotheses. Robert Stoller advanced the theory that gender-nonconforming behavior and expression in children assigned male at birth (AMAB) was caused by being overly close to their mother. Richard Green continued his research; his methods for altering behavior included having the father spend more time with

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2898-611: The effectiveness of efforts to change sexual orientation or gender identity have been criticized for methodological flaws. After conversion therapy has failed to change someone's sexual orientation or gender identity, participants often feel increased shame that they already felt over their sexual orientation or gender identity. Conversion therapy can cause significant, long-term psychological harm. This includes significantly higher rates of depression , substance abuse , and other mental health issues in individuals who have undergone conversion therapy than their peers who did not, including

2967-421: The first woman to serve as president of the society. Indian Psychiatric Society aims to promote and advance the field of Psychiatry. The Society promotes research in the field of psychiatry and mental health. It formulates and advises on the standard of education and training for those involved in psychiatry and mental health. The Society promotes the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders and improves

3036-460: The first-line treatment for all cases of gender dysphoria", that medical interventions for transgender youth are "experimental and should be avoided if possible", and that social transition is "risky". All of GETA's leaders are members of Genspect , a " gender-critical " group that promotes GET and argues that gender-affirming care should not be available to those under 25. In late 2023, GETA changed their name to "Therapy First". GETA also shares

3105-468: The general mental health of people. It raises awareness about mental health, including mental health matters concerning the Country. The society safeguards the interest of psychiatrists and fellow professionals in India. On behalf of the Indian Psychiatric Society, Medknow Publications publishes a monthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal Indian Journal of Psychiatry . The current editor of

3174-402: The goal of attempting to alter a person's gender identity or expression to conform to social norms. Examples include aversion therapy , cognitive restructuring , and psychoanalytic and talk therapies. Western medical-model narratives have historically institutionalized transphobia : systemically favoring a binary gender model and pathologizing gender diversity and non-conformity. This aided

3243-400: The individual's birth sex is normative and anything else is unacceptable and should be changed". "Reparative therapy" may refer to conversion therapy in general, or to a subset thereof . Advocates of conversion therapy do not necessarily use the term either, instead using phrases such as "healing from sexual brokenness" and "struggling with same-sex attraction". The term homosexual

3312-521: The journal is Dr Sujit Sarkhel Eastern Journal of Psychiatry is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the East Zone of the Indian Psychiatric Society. Indian Journal of Behavioral Sciences is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Central Zone of the Indian Psychiatric Society. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by

3381-486: The mental health of their peers. The American College of Pediatricians , a small group aligned with the Christian Right, has cited numerous studies from SEGM to claim GET is necessary to restore transgender people's "biological integrity". In November 2023, Michelle Cretella, a board member of the pro conversion therapy group Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity (ATCSI, formerly NARTH), gave

3450-693: The perpetrator was intentionally dishonest. Thus, a provider who genuinely believes conversion therapy is effective could not be convicted. Conversion therapy on minors may amount to child abuse . In 2020, the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims released an official statement that conversion therapy is torture. The same year, UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz , said that conversion therapy practices are "inherently discriminatory, that they are cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment , and that depending on

3519-529: The president of the Indian Psychiatric Society, Dr Indira Sharma suggested early marriage as a way to curb sexual crimes. The statement caused Indian psychiatrists to oppose her view. The members raised concerns about uploading her speech on the society's official website, as required by the rules. Dr T S Sathyanarayana Rao, the editor of the Indian Journal of Psychiatry, suggested that the Society examine

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3588-666: The public, information about mental health problems. Its offices are located at 21 Prescot Street in London , near Aldgate . The college's previous address (until 2013) was Belgrave Square . The college has existed in various forms since 1841, having started as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane. In 1865 it became the Medico-Psychological Association. In 1926,

3657-489: The ruling of Delhi High Court and re-criminalise homosexuality . She confirmed the reports that she believes homosexuality is unnatural. Following her interview, the current president and general secretary of the society issued a joint statement clarifying the official position of the society. The statement said there is no evidence to support the claims that homosexuality is a psychiatric disorder. Royal College of Psychiatrists The Royal College of Psychiatrists

3726-549: The severity or physical or mental pain and suffering inflicted to the victim, they may amount to torture". He recommended that it should be banned across the world. In 2021, Ilias Trispiotis and Craig Purshouse argue that conversion therapy violates the prohibition against degrading treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights , leading to a state obligation to prohibit it. In February 2023 Commissioner for Human Rights , Dunja Mijatović , qualified those practices as “irreconcilable with several guarantees under

3795-483: The techniques of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy to attempt to prevent children from becoming transsexual . Deemed the "Feminine Boy Project", the treatments used operant conditioning to reward gender-conforming behaviors, and punish gender non-conforming behaviors. Kenneth Zucker at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health adopted Richard Green's methods, but narrowed the scope to attempting to prevent

3864-407: The traditional serpent-entwined Rod of Asclepius symbolic of medicine, and butterflies associated with Psyche . Previous to the grant of these arms, the Medico-Psychological Association had used a device showing the seated Psyche with butterfly's wings. The arms were originally granted to the Royal Medico-Psychological Association in 1926, and were confirmed to the college on its formation in 1971 by

3933-518: The view that homosexuality is unnatural. As the Supreme Court of India was hearing a case about decriminalising homosexuality , the Indian Psychiatric Society issued a statement supporting the decriminalisation on 2nd July 2018. The Society pointed out that American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1973. The World Health Organization removed homosexuality from

4002-593: The world have passed laws against conversion therapy . Historically, conversion therapy was the treatment of choice for individuals who disclosed same-sex attractions or exhibited gender nonconformity, which were formerly assumed to be pathologies by the medical establishment. When performed today, conversion therapy may constitute fraud and when performed on minors, a form of child abuse ; it has been described by experts as torture ; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment ; and contrary to human rights . Medical professionals and activists consider "conversion therapy"

4071-531: The world have uniformly denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts. They state that there has been no scientific demonstration of "conversion therapy's" efficacy. They find that conversion therapy is ineffective, risky and can be harmful. Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychiatric Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under

4140-521: Was a "phobic avoidance of heterosexuality caused by inadequate early parenting". This line of thinking was popular in psychiatric models of homosexuality based on the prison population or homosexuals seeking treatment. In contrast, sexology researchers such as Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality was a normal variation in human development. In 1970, gay activists confronted the American Psychiatric Association , persuading

4209-425: Was coined by German-speaking Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny and was in circulation by the 1880s. Into the middle of the twentieth century, competing views of homosexuality were advanced by psychoanalysis versus academic sexology . Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis, viewed homosexuality as a form of arrested development . Later psychoanalysts followed Sandor Rado , who argued that homosexuality

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4278-559: Was criticized by sexologist Volkmar Sigusch . In early twentieth century Germany experiments were carried out in which homosexual men were subjected to unilateral orchiectomy and testicles of heterosexual men were transplanted. These operations were a complete failure. Surgical castration of homosexual men was widespread in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered homosexual men to be sent to concentration camps because he did not consider

4347-596: Was developed in Czechoslovakia between 1950 and 1962 and in the British Commonwealth from 1961 into the mid-1970s. In the context of the Cold War, Western psychologists ignored the poor results of their Czechoslovak counterparts, who had concluded that aversion therapy was not effective by 1961 and recommended decriminalization of homosexuality instead. Some men in the United Kingdom were offered

4416-422: Was hearing cases on marriage equality , the Indian Psychiatric Society issued a statement supporting marriage equality on 9th April 2023. The Society reiterated that LGBTQA identities are natural variations within the range of human sexuality. Stating that there is no evidence to support the exclusion of LGBTQA people from marriage, the Society cautioned that discrimination leads to mental health issues. As

4485-555: Was often childhood trauma. Previous editions of the World Health Organization 's ICD included " sexual relationship disorder ", in which a person's sexual orientation or gender identity makes it difficult to form or maintain a relationship with a sexual partner. The belief that their sexual orientation has caused problems in their relationship may lead some people to turn to a marriage therapist for help to change their sexual orientation. Sexual orientation disorder

4554-488: Was removed from the most recent ICD, ICD-11 , after the Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health determined that its inclusion was unjustified. Gender exploratory therapy (GET) is a form of conversion therapy characterized by requiring mandatory extended talk therapy attempting to find pathological roots for gender dysphoria while simultaneously delaying social and medical transition and viewing it as

4623-802: Was reported that the European Union is considering banning "conversion therapies" across its Member States, while a European Citizens' Initiative that started collecting signatures in May 2024 is also calling on the European Commission to outlaw such practices. Efforts to change sexual orientation have been depicted and discussed in popular culture and various media. More recent examples include: Boy Erased , The Miseducation of Cameron Post , Book of Mormon musical , Ratched , and documentary features Pray Away , Homotherapy: A Religious Sickness. National health organizations around

4692-453: Was the covert sensitization method, which involves instructing patients to imagine vomiting or receiving electric shocks, writing that only single case studies have been conducted, and that their results cannot be generalized. Haldeman writes that behavioral conditioning studies tend to decrease homosexual feelings, but do not increase heterosexual feelings, citing Rangaswami's "Difficulties in arousing and increasing heterosexual responsiveness in

4761-650: Was used in conversion therapy since the 19th century by Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert von Schrenck-Notzing . In 1967, Canadian psychiatrist Peter Roper published a case study of treating 15 homosexual (some of which would probably be considered bisexual by modern standards) people with hypnosis. Allegedly, 8 showed "marked improvement" (they reportedly lost sexual attraction towards the same sex altogether), 4 mild improvements (decrease of "homosexual tendencies"), and 3 no improvement after hypnotic treatment; he concluded that "hypnosis may well produce more satisfactory results than those obtainable by other means", depending on

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