26-631: The Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Chumash , an Indigenous people of California , in Santa Barbara . Their name for themselves is Samala . The locality of Santa Ynez is referred to as ’alaxulapu in Chumashan language . The Santa Ynez Band is headquartered in Santa Ynez, California . They are governed by a democratically elected, five-member tribal council. Their current tribal administration
52-568: A community or body of people within range of this power by arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, but only that in respect of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with as dependent tribes" (at 46). Federal tribal recognition grants to tribes the right to certain benefits, and is largely administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). While trying to determine which groups were eligible for federal recognition in
78-693: A historical tribe. Tribes seeking recognition must submit detailed petitions to the BIA's Office of Federal Acknowledgment. To be formally recognized as an Indian tribe, the US Congress can legislate recognition or a tribe can meet the seven criteria outlined by the Office of Federal Acknowledgment. These seven criteria are summarized as: The federal acknowledgment process can take years, even decades; delays of 12 to 14 years have occurred. The Shinnecock Indian Nation formally petitioned for recognition in 1978 and
104-454: A variety of reasons; they may be a scattered tribe who no longer exist as an organized nation, or they have not completed the certification process established by the government entities in question, they may have lost their recognition through termination , or they may be a group of non-Native individuals seeking recognition as a tribe for other reasons. Some federally recognized tribes are confederacies of more than one tribe. Historically,
130-634: Is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States . There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes . As of January 8, 2024 , 574 Indian tribes were legally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United States. Of these, 228 are located in Alaska and 109 are located in California. 346 of the 574 federally recognized tribes are located in
156-514: Is as follows: The Santa Ynez Indian Reservation ( 34°36′10″N 120°05′29″W / 34.60278°N 120.09139°W / 34.60278; -120.09139 ) is the only Chumash reservation . It was 127-acres large and was established on 27 December 1901. Beginning in 1979, the tribe established a housing program and began improving the infrastructure on the reservation. In 2019 the Santa Ynez Indian Reservation
182-835: Is available. The Santa Ynez Band owns and operates the Chumash Casino Resort , as well as the Chumash Cafe, the Creekside Buffet, The Willows restaurant, and Root 246, (formerly the third largest employer in Solvang , 105, until its closure in 2021) all in Santa Ynez, California. The reservation is served by the College Elementary School District and Santa Ynez Valley Union High School District . In April 2022, under
208-497: Is similar to that of a state in some situations, and that of a nation in others, holding a government-to-government relationship with the federal government of the United States . Many terms used to describe Indigenous peoples of the United States are contested but have legal definitions that are not always understood by the general public. The term tribe is defined in the United States for some federal government purposes to include only tribes that are federally recognized by
234-562: Is used by the BIA to publish the list of "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Tribes in the contiguous 48 states and those in Alaska are listed separately. Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an American Indian tribe , Native American tribe , Alaska Native village , Indigenous tribe , or Tribal nation may be any current or historical tribe , band, or nation of Native Americans in
260-635: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and those Alaska Native tribes established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act [43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.]. Such tribes, including Alaska Native village or regional corporations recognized as such, are known as "federally recognized tribes" and are eligible for special programs and services provided by the United States . The BIA, part of the US Department of
286-636: The Department of the Interior explains, "federally recognized tribes are recognized as possessing certain inherent rights of self-government (i.e., tribal sovereignty)...." The constitution grants to the U.S. Congress the right to interact with tribes. More specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Sandoval warned, "it is not... that Congress may bring
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#1732791991557312-708: The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 , which legitimized tribal entities by partially restoring Native American self-determination . Following the decisions made by the Indian Claims Commission in the 1950s, the BIA in 1978 published final rules with procedures that groups had to meet to secure federal tribal acknowledgment. There are seven criteria. Four have proven troublesome for most groups to prove: long-standing historical community, outside identification as Indians, political authority, and descent from
338-422: The 1970s, government officials became aware of the need for consistent procedures. To illustrate, several federally unrecognized tribes encountered obstacles in bringing land claims ; United States v. Washington (1974) was a court case that affirmed the fishing treaty rights of Washington tribes; and other tribes demanded that the U.S. government recognize aboriginal titles . All the above culminated in
364-457: The 574th tribe to gain federal recognition on December 20, 2019. The website USA.gov , the federal government's official web portal, also maintains an updated list of tribal governments . Ancillary information present in former versions of this list but no longer contained in the current listing has been included here in italic print. The Federal Register
390-457: The English word tribe is a people organized with a non– state government, who typically claim descent from a common founder and who speaks the same language . In addition to their status as legal entities, tribes have political, social, and historical rights and responsibilities. The term also refers to communities of Native Americans who historically inhabit a particular landbase and share
416-586: The Interior, issues Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood , which tribes use as a basis for tribal enrollment in most cases. Federally recognized tribes are "unique governmental entities and are not extensions of State or local governments." Some tribes, such as the United Houma Nation , do not have federal recognition, but are recognized at the state level using procedures defined by various states, without regard to federal recognition. Other organizations self-identify as Native American tribes for
442-672: The State of California formed rancherias and Nevada formed Indian Colonies . Multiethnic entities were formed by the U.S. federal government or by treaty with the U.S. government for the purpose of being assigned to reservations. For example, 19 tribes that existed in 1872 combined at that time to form the Colville Confederated Tribes, which is now the single federally recognized tribe, Colville Indian Reservation in Washington state . The international meaning of
468-410: The United States . Modern forms of these entities are often associated with land or territory of an Indian reservation . " Federally recognized Indian tribe " is a legal term in United States law with a specific meaning. A Native American tribe recognized by the United States government possesses tribal sovereignty , a "domestic dependent, sovereign nation" status with the U.S. federal government that
494-638: The addition of six tribes in Virginia under the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017, signed in January 2018 after the annual list had been published. In July 2018 the United States' Federal Register issued an official list of 573 tribes that are Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs . The Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana became
520-609: The contiguous United States. Federally recognized tribes are those Native American tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs as holding a government-to-government relationship with the US federal government . For Alaska Native tribes, see list of Alaska Native tribal entities . In the United States , the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government. As
546-412: The early 1900s linguist/ethnographer John P. Harrington worked with Maria Solares , one of the last fluent speakers of Samala. He created manuscripts containing information on Chumash language, culture, and traditions. Dr. Richard Applegate, who received a PhD in linguistics from U.C. Berkeley , used these manuscripts to write an extensive grammar of Samala and compile a dictionary of the language, which
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#1732791991557572-470: The federal law Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), the remains of Arlington Springs Man was repatriated to the band. He was an ancient Paleoindian Indigenous American whose remains were found in 1959 on Santa Rosa Island , one of the Channel Islands located off the coast of Southern California. He lived about 13,000 years Before Present , making his remains some of
598-598: The oldest dated in North America. The claim for repatriation was made by the tribe in October 2021, along with a request to return other tribal items held by the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History . Tribal Chair Kenneth Kahn commented that "These items have come home to our tribe, and it allows us to do the important work of repatriation and reburial." Federally recognized tribes This
624-464: Was allowed to place Camp 4 into tribal trust lands, expanding the reservation an additional 1,390 acres The last native speaker of the Samala Chumash language, also called Ineseño , died in 1965. Verbal inheritance was lost with the death of the last native speaker. The language was revived through documents and archives , which created a sense of pride among modern Chumash descendants. In
650-673: Was recognized 32 years later in 2010. At a Senate Committee on Indian Affairs hearing, witnesses testified that the process was "broken, long, expensive, burdensome, intrusive, unfair, arbitrary and capricious, less than transparent, unpredictable, and subject to undue political influence and manipulation." The number of tribes increased to 567 in May 2016 with the inclusion of the Pamunkey tribe in Virginia who received their federal recognition in July 2015. The number of tribes increased to 573 with
676-585: Was released in 2008. Dr. Applegate and Nakia Zavalla, the Cultural Director for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash and a direct descendant of Maria Solares, have begun an effort to revitalize the language. Applegate began teaching Samala in 2003, and Zavalla has spearheaded an immersion-based language apprentice program. As of 2008, Applegate had five language apprentices; however, none had yet reached full fluency. An online Samala Chumash tutorial
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