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32-827: The Inner Austrian territory stretched from the northern border with the Archduchy of Austria on the Alpine divide over Upper and Lower Styria down to Carniola , where the Lower and White Carniolan lands (the former Windic March ) bordered on the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia . In the west, the Carinthian lands stretched to the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Habsburg County of Tyrol , while in

64-667: A capable ruler of the Inner Austrian lands; his eldest son Frederick V would become sole heir of all Habsburg lines, elected King of the Romans in 1440 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1452. Ernest died at Bruck an der Mur, and was buried in the Cistercian monastery of Rein near Graz . His nickname the Iron only came into use after his death. On 14 January 1392, Ernest married his first wife, Margaret of Pomerania. She

96-622: A civil war that lasted until May 1409. When Leopold died without male heirs in 1411, Ernest finally became the uncontested head of the Leopoldian branch. In 1414, he became the last Duke to be enthroned according to Carantanian traditional rite at the Prince's Stone in Carinthia, and from that time on called himself ' archduke '. He was the first Habsburg to actually use this title, which had been invented by his uncle Duke Rudolf IV . Ernest

128-453: A constituent crown land ( Kronland ) within the Empire, although it was divided into Upper and Lower Austria for administrative purposes. (Hungary preserved its earlier status as Regnum Independens .) The title of archduke continued to be used by members of the imperial family and the archduchy was only formally dissolved in 1918 with the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of

160-691: The Privilegium Minus ), the Babenberg dukes also acquired the neighbouring Duchy of Styria in 1192. After the extinction of male line in 1246 and the subsequent quarter-century reign by King Ottokar II of Bohemia – a permanent vestige of his rule is the division of Austria proper into Upper and Lower Austria (at the time called "Austria above the Enns " and "below the Enns") – it was seized by Habsburg King Rudolf I of Germany , who defeated Ottokar in

192-683: The Babenberg dukes of Austria since 1192 and were finally seized with the Austrian lands by the Habsburg king Rudolph I of Germany upon his victory in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . In 1335 Rudolph's grandson Duke Albert II of Austria also received the Carinthian duchy with the adjacent March of Carniola at the hands of Emperor Louis the Bavarian as Imperial fiefs. When in 1365 Albert's son Duke Rudolf IV of Austria suddenly died at

224-630: The Battle on the Marchfeld (1278) and later (1282) enfeoffed his sons Albert I and Rudolf II with both duchies. In 1358/59, Habsburg Duke Rudolf IV , in response to the Golden Bull of 1356 , already claimed the archducal title by forging the Privilegium Maius . Rudolf aimed to achieve a status comparable to the Empire's seven prince-electors , the holders of the traditional Imperial 'arch'-offices ; however, his attempts failed as

256-652: The Duchy of Austria proper, the Leopoldian line received the Inner Austrian states of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola with the remaining March of Istria , as well as Tyrol and the Further Austrian possessions. After Leopold's death in the 1386 Battle of Sempach , young Ernest and his brothers William , Leopold IV and Frederick IV remained under the guardianship of their uncle Albert III. In 1401 Ernest accompanied King Rupert of Germany on his campaign to Italy . When their elder brother William died in 1406,

288-796: The French Empire . His new state comprised both territories within the Holy Roman Empire (the Erblande , which included the Archduchy, and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ) and outside it ( Hungary including Croatia and Transylvania , Galicia and Lodomeria and his recently acquired former Venetian territory). Two years later Francis formally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. The Archduchy of Austria continued to exist as

320-651: The Habsburg hereditary lands became the centre of a major European power. The archduchy's history as an imperial state ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. It was replaced with the Lower and Upper Austria crown lands of the Austrian Empire . Timeline Located in the Danube basin, the ancient Roman province Pannonia Superior , Austria bordered on the Kingdom of Hungary beyond

352-698: The March and Leitha rivers in the east. In the south it was confined by the Duchy of Styria , with the border at the historic Semmering Pass , while in the north the Bohemian Forest and the Thaya river marked the border with Bohemia and Moravia . In the west, the Upper Austrian part bordered on the Bavarian stem duchy. The adjacent Innviertel region belonged to the Bavarian dukes, until it

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384-519: The 1156 Privilegium Minus by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa . The House of Habsburg came to the Austrian throne in Vienna in 1282 and in 1453 Emperor Frederick III , also the ruler of Austria, officially adopted the archducal title. From the 15th century onward, all Holy Roman Emperors but one were Austrian archdukes and with the acquisition of the Bohemian and Hungarian crown lands in 1526,

416-523: The Habsburg lands. Therefore, from 1404 William acted as Austrian regent for his minor nephew Albert V . The Tyrolean and Further Austrian lands passed to William's younger brother Duke Leopold IV the Fat . When Duke William died without issue in 1406, the Leopoldian line was further split among his younger brothers: while Leopold IV assumed the regency in Austria, the Inner Austrian territories passed to Ernest

448-705: The Habsburg territories were incorporated into the Imperial Austrian Circle . The dynasty however was split up again in 1564 among the children of deceased Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg . Under the Inner Austrian line founded by his younger son Archduke Charles II , the lands became a centre of the Counter-Reformation , carried out by the Jesuits with great determination. The cadet branch prevailed again, when Charles' son and successor as regent of Inner Austria, Archduke Ferdinand II ,

480-706: The Handsome in 1496 had married Joanna the Mad , Queen of Castile and Aragon , his son Charles V could come into an inheritance " on which the sun never sets ". Nevertheless, Charles' younger brother Ferdinand I claimed his rights and became Archduke of Austria according to an estate distribution at the 1521 Diet of Worms , whereby he became regent over the Austrian archduchy and the adjacent Inner Austrian lands of Styria , Carinthia , Carniola , and Gorizia (Görz). By marrying Princess Anna of Bohemia and Hungary , Ferdinand inherited both kingdoms in 1526. Also King of

512-763: The Iron , while the Tyrolean/Further Austrian passed to the youngest brother Frederick of the Empty Pockets . In 1457 the Leopoldian line again could assume the rule over the Austrian archduchy, when Ernest's son Duke Frederick V of Inner Austria succeeded his Albertine cousin Ladislaus the Posthumous who had died without issue. 1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines, when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favour of Frederick's son Maximilian I . In 1512,

544-551: The Posthumous , finally acknowledged the archducal title. It was then conferred to all Habsburg emperors and rulers, as well as to the non-ruling princes of the dynasty, however, it still did not carry the right to vote in the Imperial election . Frederick further promoted the rise of the Habsburg dynasty into European dimensions with the arrangement of the marriage between his son Archduke Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy , heiress of Burgundy in 1477. After Maximilian's son Philip

576-484: The Romans from 1531, he became the progenitor of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg ( House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1780 on), which as Archdukes of Austria and Kings of Bohemia ruled as Holy Roman Emperors until the Empire's dissolution in 1806. In 1804, Emperor Francis II , who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy , established the Austrian Empire in reaction to Napoleon 's proclamation of

608-584: The age of 26, Emperor Charles IV enfeoffed his younger brothers Albert III with the Pigtail and Leopold III the Just , who however began to quarrel about the Habsburg heritage. By the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg they finally split late Rudolf's territories: The elder Albertinian line would rule in the Archduchy of Austria proper (then sometimes referred to as "Lower Austria" ( Niederösterreich ), but comprising modern Lower Austria and most of Upper Austria ), while

640-738: The death of his son Sigismund Francis in 1665, whereafter all territories ultimately returned to common control with the other Austrian Habsburg lands. The political administration of Inner Austria was centralized at Graz in 1763. Inner Austrian stadtholders went on to rule until the days of Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century. Frederick became Archduke of Austria in 1457, Habsburg territories united in 1490. Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. 46°41′40.8″N 14°32′45.23″E  /  46.694667°N 14.5458972°E  / 46.694667; 14.5458972 Archduchy of Austria The Archduchy of Austria ( Latin : Archiducatus Austriae ; German : Erzherzogtum Österreich )

672-860: The east, the Mur River formed the border with the Kingdom of Hungary . In the south, the County of Görz , which had passed to the House of Habsburg in 1500, and Duino ( Tybein ) bordered on the Domini di Terraferma of Venice . The Imperial Free City of Trieste on the Adriatic Coast linked to assorted smaller possessions in the March of Istria around Pazin and the free port of Rijeka (later corpus separatum of Fiume) in Liburnia . The Styrian lands had already been ruled in personal union by

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704-522: The elevation was rejected by the Luxembourg emperor Charles IV (Rudolf's father-in-law). Rudolf's younger brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the Habsburg lands by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg , whereafter the Austrian duchy itself remained under the rule of the Albertinian line . On Epiphany 1453, Emperor Frederick III, regent of Austria for his minor Albertinian cousin Ladislaus

736-497: The remaining three sons of Leopold III agreed about the partition of their patrimony: In the separation agreement of 1406, Ernest received Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, and jointly with his elder brother Leopold IV (the current head of the Leopoldian line) held the guardianship over their minor nephew Albert V of Austria , grandson of Duke Albert III. Tyrol and Further Austria passed to the youngest brother Frederick IV. In 1407, however, conflicts between Leopold and Ernest resulted in

768-593: The separate federal states of Lower and Upper Austria in the new Republic of German-Austria . 48°13′N 16°22′E  /  48.217°N 16.367°E  / 48.217; 16.367 Ernest, Duke of Austria Ernest the Iron-Willed ( German : Ernst der Eiserne ; 1377 – 10 June 1424), a member of the House of Habsburg , ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria , Carinthia and Carniola from 1406 until his death. He

800-531: The younger Leopoldian line ruled the Styrian, Carinthian and Carniolan duchies, then subsumed under the denotation of "Inner Austria". At that time their share also comprised Tyrol and the original Habsburg possessions in Swabia , called Further Austria ; both collectively referred to as "Upper Austria" ( Oberösterreich ) in that context, also not to be confused with the modern state of that name. When Leopold III

832-506: Was a daughter of the Griffin duke Bogislaw V of Pomerania and his second wife, Adelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen . They had no children. She died in either 1407 or 1410, according to contradictory necrologies . On 25 January 1412, Ernest married his second wife, the Piast princess Cymburgis of Masovia . They had: As the ruler of Inner Austria and founder of the older Styrian line of

864-678: Was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy . With its capital at Vienna , the archduchy was centered at the Empire's southeastern periphery. Its present name originates from the Frankish term Oustrich – Eastern Kingdom (east of the Frankish kingdom ). The archduchy developed out of the Bavarian Margraviate of Austria , elevated to the Duchy of Austria according to

896-615: Was crowned King of Bohemia in 1617, King of Hungary in 1618, and finally succeeded his cousin Matthias in the Archduchy of Austria (as Ferdinand III) and as Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. His intentions to translate the absolutist and anti-reformationist Inner Austrian policies to the Crown of Bohemia sparked the Thirty Years' War . The Further Austrian/Tyrolean line of Ferdinand's younger brother Archduke Leopold V survived until

928-628: Was head of the Habsburg Leopoldian line from 1411. Ernest was born in Bruck an der Mur in Styria, the third son of Duke Leopold III of Austria (1351–1386) and his consort Viridis Visconti (d. 1414), a daughter of Bernabò Visconti , Lord of Milan . Shortly after his birth, his father and his uncle Albert III divided the Habsburg lands by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg : while Albert and his Albertinian descendants would rule over

960-596: Was killed in the 1386 Battle of Sempach against the Old Swiss Confederacy , the Leopoldian heritage fell to his eldest son Duke William the Courteous , who upon the death of his uncle Albert III in 1395 also raised claims to the Archduchy of Austria against Albert's only son and heir Duke Albert IV . Both sides came to an agreement to maintain the Neuberg division but also to assert the common rule over

992-828: Was made a member of the Order of the Dragon and of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in 1414, however, he became bitter with the Luxembourg king Sigismund from 1412 onwards. When his brother Frederick IV, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance , was banned by the king in 1417, Ernest first attempted to gain control over Frederick's territories himself, but then came to an agreement with him and successfully defended Tyrol against Sigismund's pretensions. Ernest turned out to be

Inner Austria - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-800: Was occupied by Austrian forces during the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778 and incorporated into the archducal lands according to the Peace of Teschen . In the course of the German mediatisation in 1803, the Austrian archdukes also acquired the rule over the Electorate of Salzburg and the Berchtesgaden Provostry . After Austria was detached from the Duchy of Bavaria and established as an Imperial estate in 1156 (thanks to

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