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44-452: The school was founded on August 10, 1813 by José Miguel Carrera . Its official name is Liceo Ex A-0 - Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera . The Instituto Nacional is one of the few public schools in Chile's largely privatized educational landscape. The school played a role in the long-running student protests for fairer education policies in 2006. When the protests began in 2019 with

88-583: A captain in the hussar regiment Húsares de Farnesio . He also became commander of the Húsares de Galicia . He distinguished himself in the Battle of Talavera and was awarded the Cruz of Talavera . He was wounded in the Battle of Ocana . In total he participated in some 20 armed engagements and battles on European soil. On his return to Chile he led his men in some 10 battles and/or armed engagements against

132-865: A neat and hardworking man, thought of using the site of the Colegio Máximo de San Miguel, located behind the Cathedral , present site of the National Congress . In 1777 this locale was occupied by the Convictorio. In parallel, the process of filling positions began, and the priest Gabriel de Egaña was chosen as rector that November. On 14 January 1778, the awarding of professorships was concluded, with Mariano Zambrano in theology, Agustín Seco y Santa-Cruz in law, Mariano Pérez de Saravia in philosophy, José Antonio de Villegas in grammar and Latin, and José Cornelio Rojas as chancellor. On 30 March 1778,

176-657: The Convictorio Carolino , the best school in the country at the time. During these years, he became friends with Manuel Rodríguez , a classmate and neighbour, future guerrilla leader of the Chilean independence movement. After school he was sent to Spain by his parents. There he joined the Spanish Army in 1808. He fought against the Napoleonic forces, obtaining the rank of Sergeant Major and receiving

220-611: The Pampas . However, he was intercepted in Mendoza and taken prisoner. After being judged by his enemies on a show trial , , Carrera was executed by a firing squad on 4 September 1821. Carrera entered the military career, in Chile, as a mere boy at the age of six. At the age of 22 (1808) he entered the Napoleonic Wars participating in the campaigns of 1808, 1809, and 1810. In Europe Carrera became an elite cavalry officer and

264-632: The Patagonian region in the south of Chile, there is the General Carrera Lake . All five of Carrera's legitimate offspring married prominently in Chilean society, and their descendants, who number in the few hundred, make up the bulk of the Chilean upper classes . His prominent descendants include: The life of José Miguel Carrera is shown through the television project Heroes . The series include 6 related movies about Chilean Founding Fathers and Heroes, and in it, José Miguel Carrera

308-651: The Treaty of Pilar , the document that first established the Argentine federal system. However, because of national rivalries, Carrera is not often recognised in Argentine Historiography . As a result of this treaty, Carrera received money and troops, with which he marched towards Chile. One of Carrera's main ally before his death was the Boroanos tribe that had recently migrated from Araucanía to

352-712: The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , Carrera's men were finally defeated by numerically superior forces near Mendoza . Carrera was then betrayed by one of his Argentine helpers, leading to his capture and execution in that city. José Miguel Carrera was of Basque descent. He was born in Santiago , the second son (third child, after his sister Javiera and his brother Juan José ) of Ignacio de la Carrera y Cuevas and Francisca de Paula Verdugo Fernández de Valdivieso y Herrera. Carrera carried out his first studies in

396-550: The United States of America . During his government, he helped create several Chilean national symbols and institutions: Carrera created the first Chilean Constitution, made the first Chilean flag and coat of arms, and promoted the press by bringing the first printing press to Chile, which directly led to the appearance of the first newspaper in Chile: La Aurora de Chile . Carrera also established September 18 as

440-530: The royal coat of arms and its students could make use of the hallmark of the crown. Despite good intentions, for various reasons the Convictorio could not be put into operation immediately. Initially it was intended to establish it at the College of San Pablo, former residence of the Jesuits, but this was not possible due to the dilapidated state of the building. José Perfecto de Salas  [ es ] ,

484-805: The Captain General, who presided; Juan de Balmaceda y Zenzano, judge of the Real Audiencia ; Melchor de Santiago Concha, prosecutor of the same; Dr. José Antonio Martínez de Aldunate, Canon of the Cathedral of the Royal University; and Alonso de Guzmán, lawyer of the Real Audiencia, Natural Protector General (a post created to handle suits brought by Native Chileans ), and professor of law at the University. On 14 July 1772

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528-603: The Carrera brothers—would be executed. After José Miguel was informed of this, he openly and vociferously began opposing both San Martin and O'Higgins. Subsequently, Jose Miguel Carrera was one of the main promoters of the Argentine federalist war and fought against the Unitarian government. Carrera and the federalist forces defeated the Directorship government and entered Buenos Aires. On 23 February 1820, they signed

572-517: The Chileans Padres de la Patria (Fathers of the Nation). The conflict between followers of O'Higgins and Carrera continues to some extent to this day, when many declare themselves Carreristas or O'Higginistas . Carreristas claim that his figure is not given enough recognition, in comparison with O'Higgins, whom they openly despise. Apart from ending slavery in Chile, Carrera abolished

616-471: The College was fundamental to the development of education at the time, as it was one of the few Chilean educational institutions in operation. In 1813 it was integrated into the nascent Instituto Nacional , which retained the same rector, and continues to uphold its academic standards to this day. In the mid-18th century there were only two boarding schools in the Captaincy General of Chile –

660-638: The Convictorio of San Francisco Javier and another in Concepción – both of the Jesuits . Two other schools – Colegio del Santo Ángel de la Guarda (a theological seminary maintained by the Dominicans ) and the Royal University of San Felipe – are not generally considered to be in the same category since the seminary was confined to those pursuing a career in the priesthood, and the University

704-578: The Spanish Army. Later, following his trip to the US, and in his attempt to return to Chile, from Argentina, he and his men fought the Argentine in a series or armed confrontations and battles some of which were particularly cruel and bloody. Notable in his Argentine campaign was the Battle of Rio Cuarto. In all, Carrera participated in combat in some 40 separate occasions. Carrera is today considered one of

748-585: The Spanish army retook Concepción and advanced towards Santiago. Carrera and O'Higgins decided to re-unite the army; Carrera's plan was to draw the Spaniards to the Angostura del Paine, while O'Higgins wanted to make his stand at the town of Rancagua . It was settled to make it at the Angostura de Paine, a gorge that formed an easily defended bottleneck, which seemed to be the most logical plan considering that

792-644: The Theological Seminary. This elicited protests from the administrators of both institutions to the King, arguing that the schools were very different, with one focused on religious education and the other on language and general training for all professions. The rector Miguel Palacios, faced with closing the Convictorio if funding continued to decrease, protested to Captain General Ambrosio de Benavides in 1786. Forced to choose between accepting

836-439: The board approved the foundation of a school named Royal Noble Seminary of Saint Charles Spanish : Real Seminario de Nobles de San Carlos , in honor of Charles III. It was to be located on the site of the closed Convictorio of San Francisco Javier. On 7 August of the same year, statutes were approved which established that its name was to be Convictorio Carolino, based on the patronage of Saint Charles . The door would bear

880-707: The command of the Húsares de Galicia regiment. In Spain he also made contact with the United States independence movement and joined the Cádiz Order . When he learned about the Junta de Gobierno that had been established in Chile to rule during the absence of the Spanish monarch, he went back to Chile and got involved in politics. As the Carreras were one of the three major political forces, he became part of

924-474: The cuts of Minister Gálvez or displeasing His Majesty, Benavides decided to convene an executive panel. This panel decided to maintain the revenues of the Convictorio. Thus, it continued to operate. In 1804 the college again suffered economic difficulties and had to lower the wages of student teachers. On 20 February 1811, Manuel de Salas  [ es ] , Director of the Academy of San Luis, proposed to

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968-465: The decree ordering its opening was issued, and this was carried out on 10 April of the same year, in a solemn ceremony attended by the main authorities of Chile, led by Captain General and Governor Agustín de Jáuregui . The college started operating with financial problems, which were worsened by new royal minister, José Gálvez, who reduced the budget for the Convictorio and even looked to merge it with

1012-705: The educational system was largely transferred to municipal sponsorship. Despite rejection by the National Educational Institute (Centro de Alumnos del Instituto Nacional, CAIN) and a number of opposition parties, the military junta pushed through the dismantling of public education. In 1986 the administration of the Instituto Naticonal passed to the Municipality of Santiago. Rector Luis Molina Palacios[4], who had been in office since 1975, then resigned; he had spoken out against

1056-497: The founding of the National Institute . The last rector of the Convictorio, the priest José Francisco de Echaurren, became rector of the new Institute. The Convictorio Carolino was a Catholic school under the patronage of King Carlos III. Its patron saint was Saint Charles . Its students enjoyed the privilege of using the royal hallmark. The King also provided scholarships for four students. Tuition for other students

1100-620: The government a unification of all educational institutions of the time on one campus, comprising the Theological Seminary, the Natural College of Chillán, the Academy of San Luis, the Royal University of San Felipe, and the Convictorio Carolino. The rector of the latter, Pedro Tomás de la Torre endorsed this effort. The idea gained currency in society, being discussed by the Congress and finally materializing in 1813 with

1144-594: The government, because in order to receive some level of education, young people had to travel to the National University of San Marcos in Lima or to Córdoba del Tucumán in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . On 9 July 1769, the King decreed the creation of boards to manage assets seized from the expelled Jesuits. In Chile this body was composed of Francisco Javier de Morales y Castejón de Arroyo ,

1188-480: The government. He had a successful campaign, expelling the Spaniards from the city of Concepción . After the Surprise of El Roble , in which Carrera was surrounded and had to jump into a river to save himself (not without first shooting straight at the enemy's head of commander), the government relieved him of his duties and appointed Brigadier Bernardo O'Higgins, who had managed to repel the enemy incursion. Carrera

1232-519: The government. On 15 November 1811 the Carreras made a coup d'état and José Miguel became the sole ruler of Chile (his brothers were military commanders). Because of his more personal and Chilean-national point of view about Chilean independence, Carrera came into conflict with the Lautaro Lodge , whose more Latin-Americanist centered objective was to unite all Latin America in the same way as

1276-550: The increase in metro prices, the students at the Instituto Nacional called for collective fare evasion. The school was founded on August 10, 1813 by Chile's first President and national hero, José Miguel Carrera. The official name is Liceo Ex A-0 - Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera. During the military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet from 1976, the Chilean educational structures were fundamentally changed, most educational institutions were privatized and

1320-548: The leaders of independent Argentina and Chile, San Martín and O'Higgins respectively, made him live in exile in Montevideo . From Montevideo Carrera traveled to Argentina where he joined the struggle against the unitarians . Carreras' small army was eventually left isolated in the Province of Buenos Aires from the other federalist forces. In this difficult situation Carrera decided to cross to native-controlled lands all

1364-481: The local forces were outnumbered. However, at the last hour and against direct orders, O'Higgins garrisoned the Chilean forces at the main square of Rancagua. He and his forces were promptly surrounded, and after an entire day of fighting, the Spanish commander Mariano Osorio was victorious in the Disaster of Rancagua , (1–2 October 1814). With the defeat of the Chilean forces, many patriots escaped to Mendoza, which

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1408-637: The national day of Independence (which is still celebrated in Chile), even though the real independence date is on February 12 of 1818. He also abolished slavery, rescinded the clergy's right to legal immunity, and founded the first state-sponsored school in Chile, the Instituto Nacional . As the Spanish Army and Navy invaded the South of Chile, he became Commander in Chief of the patriotic forces and left

1452-672: The pro-San Martin Argentine government confiscated the ships and put Carrera in prison. During his imprisonment, San Martín organized an army in Mendoza . This group crossed the Andes and defeated the Spaniards in the Battle of Chacabuco , on 12 February 1817. Carrera received help from the United States' envoy who came with him, Joel Roberts Poinsett , and was able to escape from San Martin's forces, taking refuge in Montevideo under

1496-686: The protection of Brazilian General Carlos Frederico Lecor . While in Montevideo, his brothers Juan José and Luís plotted against O'Higgins, because of his having betrayed the Carreras to San Martin and the Lautaro Lodge. They were arrested in Mendoza and executed by the command of Bernardo de Monteagudo , after the Royalists defeated San Martin and O'Higgins at the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada . The Lautaro Lodge had already made plans that, in case of defeat, all political enemies—including

1540-532: The reform. The school's alumni include several former Presidents of Chile. 33°26′43.0″S 70°39′02.0″W  /  33.445278°S 70.650556°W  / -33.445278; -70.650556 This Chilean school-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jos%C3%A9 Miguel Carrera José Miguel Carrera Verdugo ( Latin American Spanish: [xoˈse miˈɣel kaˈreɾa] ; October 15, 1785 – September 4, 1821)

1584-479: The titled nobility and ended their legal prerogatives and privileges. He also founded the first free newspaper in the nation, La Aurora de Chile ; instituted the first national flag and national seal; and founded the first free secular school, which eventually became known as the Instituto Nacional, its full name being Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera ; several Chilean presidents and dozens of senators and parliamentarians have graduated from its halls. In

1628-510: The way to Chile to once and for all overthrow Chilean Supreme Director O'Higgins. His passage to Chile, which was his ultimate goal, was opposed by Argentine politicians and he engaged together with indigenous tribes, among them the Ranquel , in a campaign against the southern provinces of Argentina. After the downfall of Carrera's ally, the Republic of Entre Ríos , and several victories against

1672-550: Was $ 80 per year. The school only admitted "children of legitimate marriage, of known virtue, and of no known infamy." The college incorporated into its statues severe punishments such as flogging and stocks . Students were expected to display exemplary behavior both inside and outside the Convictorio, not to participate in games or fights, and be correct and polite in speech. Classes consisted of 45-minute lectures (lessons and repetitions), and on each Wednesday and Saturday, evaluations were performed by different professors. Thursday

1716-529: Was a Chilean general, formerly Spanish military, member of the prominent Carrera family , and considered one of the founders of independent Chile. Carrera was the most important leader of the Chilean War of Independence during the period of the Patria Vieja ("Old Republic"). After the Spanish "Reconquista de Chile" ("Reconquest"), he continued campaigning from exile after defeat. His opposition to

1760-561: Was focused on bachelor's degree programs. The Convictorio of San Francisco Javier, a direct predecessor of the Convictorio Carolino, had a small number of students and a dilapidated building at the time. In 1767, King Charles III decreed the expulsion of the Jesuits from the dominions of the Spanish Empire . When this took effect in the Captaincy General of Chile, it interrupted classes. This greatly worried members of

1804-554: Was governed at the time by José de San Martín. As San Martín was a member of the Lautaro Lodge, he welcomed O'Higgins and his allies. After committing acts of vandalism José Miguel and his brothers were arrested and sent to Buenos Aires , where Carlos María de Alvear , a friend of Carrera since the war against Napoleon in Spain , had just been proclaimed national hero. Alvear would shortly go on to take power in Argentina. While Alvear

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1848-528: Was in government, Carrera was in a good position in Buenos Aires. But after Alvear was overthrown, power was taken by members of the Lautaro Lodge, forcing Carrera to leave Buenos Aires for the United States. With the help of Commodore David Porter , and by sheer force of personality, José Miguel Carrera managed to obtain—on credit—four ships with American crews for the Chilean independence enterprise. However, as he arrived in Buenos Aires with this fleet,

1892-477: Was portrayed by Diego Casanueva . Convictorio Carolino The Convictorio Carolino was a school which operated in Santiago in colonial Chile . Some of the most important figures in the Chilean War of Independence were educated there. The Convictorio was very strict, and boarders were subject to rigid rules of conduct. Subjects taught there included Latin , theology , philosophy , social conduct, and Spanish language fundamentals. The existence of

1936-466: Was taken prisoner by the Spaniards but managed to escape, he finally exchanged prisoner after the Gainza treaty, and went on to overthrow the government for the third time. Bernardo O'Higgins did not acknowledge Carrera and fought against the Carrera's army at the Battle of Tres Acequias (Carrera's youngest brother, Luis Carrera , defeated O'Higgins using a cunning defensive strategy). During this chaos,

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