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87-530: The endonym "Ibanag" comes from the prefix I- which means "people of", and bannag , meaning river. This toponym-based name is similar to the unrelated etymology for the Tagalog people , which is derived from taga- ("person from") and ilog ("river") The Ibanag language (also Ybanag) is spoken by about 500,000 speakers in two of the northeasternmost provinces of the Philippines, Isabela, and Cagayan. It

174-700: A pejorative way. For example, Romani people often prefer that term to exonyms such as Gypsy (from the name of Egypt ), and the French term bohémien , bohème (from the name of Bohemia ). People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/ Gdańsk , Auschwitz/ Oświęcim and Karlsbad/ Karlovy Vary ); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/ Kyiv ). In recent years, geographers have sought to reduce

261-677: A different writing system. For instance, Deutschland is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms Germany and Germania in English and Italian , respectively, Alemania and Allemagne in Spanish and French , respectively, Niemcy in Polish , Saksa and Saksamaa in Finnish and Estonian . The terms autonym , endonym , exonym and xenonym are formed by adding specific prefixes to

348-559: A neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names ( Dutch / Flemish : Brussel ; French : Bruxelles ). Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and word category . The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over

435-585: A particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language. An exonym (also known as xenonym ) is an established, non-native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into

522-542: Is Germaniya (Германия). Likewise, in Bulgarian the adjective is nemski (немски) and the country is Germaniya (Германия). Over time, the Slavic exonym was borrowed by some non-Slavic languages. The Hungarian name for Germany is Németország (from the stem Német-, lit. "Német land"). The popular Romanian name for German is neamț , used alongside the official term, german , which was borrowed from Latin. According to

609-680: Is West Frankish , a language which died out long ago and has hardly left any written evidence today. This was the Germanic dialect used in the early Middle Ages , spoken by the Franks in Western Francia , i.e. in the region which is now northern France. The word is only known from the Latin form theodiscus . Until the 8th century the Franks called their language frengisk ; however, when

696-1042: Is closely related to Gaddang , Itawis , Agta, Atta , Yogad , Isneg , and Malaweg . It is spoken especially in Tuguegarao and Solana in Cagayan , as well as in the municipalities of Cabagan , San Pablo , Tumauini , Santa Maria , Santo Tomas , Ilagan , Gamu , Naguilian , and Reina Mercedes and San Mariano in Isabela . There are also several speakers of the Ibanag language in Abulug , Aparri , Camalaniugan , Lal-lo , and Tuao in Cagayan. Minority Ibanag speakers can be found outside of their regional homeland, such as Metro Manila , Mindoro , Palawan and Mindanao , particularly in Sulu Archipelago . Most of

783-525: Is explained in detail below: The common Chinese name 德国 (德國, pinyin : Déguó ) is a combination of the short form of 德意志 ( pinyin : déyìzhì ), which approximates the German pronunciation [ˈdɔʏtʃ] of Deutsch 'German', plus 國 guó 'country'. The Vietnamese name Đức is the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation ( đức [ɗɨ́k] ) of the character 德 that appears in

870-468: Is most commonly used. The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and

957-718: Is not its Dutch exonym. Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as historicisms . For example, even today one would talk about the Siege of Leningrad , not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in Kaliningrad ( Калининград ), as it has been called since 1946. Likewise, Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul )

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1044-563: Is now spelled Xinyi . However, districts like Tamsui and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using Chinese postal romanization , including Taipei , Taichung , Taitung , Keelung , and Kaohsiung . During the 1980s, the Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of

1131-549: Is still called Constantinople ( Κωνσταντινούπολη ) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase ). Prior to Constantinople , the city was known in Greek as Byzantion ( Greek : Βυζάντιον , Latin : Byzantium ), named after its mythical founder, Byzas . Following independence from

1218-554: Is that Arabs considered Austria to be the nation of German people for a long time in the middle ages, on the other hand the Arabic name of "Germany", Germania or Allemania , took its origin from the Latin names Germania or Alemanni respectively. Ottoman Turkish and Persian word for Austria, Nemçe (نمچه), is borrowed from the anterior Arabic name of Austria known throughout the Islamic world who considered Austria to be home of

1305-561: Is the Korean pronunciation of the former Japanese name. The compound coined by the Japanese was adapted into Korean, so its characters 獨逸 are not pronounced do+itsu as in Japanese, but dok+il = Dogil . Until the 1980s, South Korean primary textbooks adopted Doichillanteu ( 도이칠란트 ) which approximates the German pronunciation [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] of Deutschland . The official North Korean name toich'willandŭ ( 도이췰란드 ) approximates

1392-572: Is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between the ingroup and the outgroup ." For example, Matisoff notes, Khang "an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the Palaung name for Jingpo people and the Jingpo name for Chin people ; both the Jingpo and Burmese use

1479-455: Is the most common of the terms to describe Germany. The names Saksamaa and Saksa are derived from the name of the Germanic tribe of the Saxons . The word "Saxon", Proto-Germanic * sakhsan , is believed (a) to be derived from the word seax , meaning a variety of single-edged knives : a Saxon was perhaps literally a swordsman, or (b) to be derived from the word "axe", the region axed between

1566-656: The Beijing dialect , became the official romanization method for Mandarin in the 1970s. As the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an English phoneme , English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as Peking duck , Peking opera , and Peking University . As for Nanjing,

1653-581: The Condrusi , Eburones , Caeraesi and Paemani , were collectively known as Germani . In AD 98, Tacitus wrote Germania (the Latin title was actually: De Origine et situ Germanorum ), an ethnographic work on the diverse set of Germanic tribes outside the Roman Empire . Unlike Caesar, Tacitus claims that the name Germani was first applied to the Tungri tribe. The name Tungri is thought to be

1740-585: The Gauls who first called the people who crossed east of the Rhine Germani (which the Romans adopted) as the original Germanic tribes did not refer to themselves as Germanus (singular) or Germani (plural). Julius Caesar was the first to use Germanus in writing when describing tribes in north-eastern Gaul in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico : he records that four northern Belgic tribes, namely

1827-606: The Greek root word ónoma ( ὄνομα , 'name'), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥ . The prefixes added to these terms are also derived from Greek: The terms autonym and xenonym also have different applications, thus leaving endonym and exonym as the preferred forms. Marcel Aurousseau , an Australian geographer , first used the term exonym in his work The Rendering of Geographical Names (1957). Endonyms and exonyms can be divided in three main categories: As it pertains to geographical features ,

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1914-466: The Roman Empire applied the word " Walha " to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in West Germanic languages as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence: During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in

2001-557: The Singapore Armed Forces base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling. Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'." In Basque , the term erdara/erdera is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French). Many millennia earlier,

2088-514: The Slavs are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones". The most common names of several Indigenous American tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name " Apache " most likely derives from a Zuni word meaning "enemy". The name " Sioux ", an abbreviated form of Nadouessioux , most likely derived from a Proto-Algonquian term, * -a·towe· ('foreign-speaking). The name " Comanche " comes from

2175-547: The Speak Mandarin Campaign to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after Teochew -Peranakan businessman Lim Nee Soon (Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast, Hougang is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation au-kang

2262-541: The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names defines: For example, India , China , Egypt , and Germany are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms Bhārat ( भारत ), Zhōngguó ( 中国 ), Masr ( مَصر ), and Deutschland , respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example hydronyms for bodies of water. In

2349-511: The Ute word kɨmantsi meaning "enemy, stranger". The Ancestral Puebloans are also known as the "Anasazi", a Navajo word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary Puebloans discourage the use of the exonym. Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal. Although

2436-605: The Welsh terms Sais, Saeson . "Saxon" also led to the "-sex" ending in Wessex , Essex, Sussex , Middlesex , etc., and of course to " Anglo-Saxon ". The Transylvanian Saxons arrived to Transylvania mainly from the Rhineland , not Saxony . The Slavic exonym nemets , nemtsy derives from Proto-Slavic němьcь , pl. němьci , 'the mutes, not able (to speak)' (from adjective němъ 'mute' and suffix -ьcь ). Use of němьci

2523-469: The endonym corresponding to the exonym Eburones . 19th-century and early 20th-century historians speculated on whether the northern Belgae were Celts or Germanic tribes . Caesar claims that most of the northern Belgae were descended from tribes who had long ago crossed the Rhine from Germania. However many tribal names and personal names or titles recorded are identifiably Celtic . It seems likely that

2610-508: The "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g. Ukrainian німці (nimtsi); Russian немцы (nemtsy), Slovene Nemčija), and was borrowed into Hungarian , Romanian , and Ottoman Turkish (in which case it referred specifically to Austria ). One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term " Slav " suggests that it comes from the Slavic root slovo (hence " Slovakia " and " Slovenia " for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context,

2697-661: The 10th century. It was used, for example, in the Sachsenspiegel , a legal code, written in Middle Low German in about 1220: Iewelk düdesch lant hevet sinen palenzgreven: sassen, beieren, vranken unde svaven (Every German land has its Graf : Saxony, Bavaria, Franken and Swabia). In the Carion's Chronicle , the German reformator Philip Melanchthon argued the Germans were descendants of the biblical Ashkenaz ,

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2784-783: The Baltic word; the ethnonym *vakja, used by the Votes ( vadja ) and the Sami , in older sources ( vuowjos ), may also be related). So the word for German possibly comes from a name originally given by West Baltic tribes to the Vikings. Latvian linguist Konstantīns Karulis proposes that the word may be based on the Indo-European word *wek ("speak"), from which derive Old Prussian wackis ("war cry") or Latvian vēkšķis. Such names could have been used to describe neighbouring people whose language

2871-806: The Chinese History of Yuan , the Mongol commander Uriyangkhadai took part in the invasion of Poland and of the Holy Roman Empire , described as the land of the Nie-mi-sz' . The Arabic name for Austria النمسا an-Nimsā or an-Namsā appeared during the Crusades era, another possibility is that the term could have been known early by Arabs in Al Andalus , the reason behind calling Austria an-Nimsā , which should designate Germans

2958-702: The Chinese name. Japanese language ドイツ ( doitsu ) is an approximation of the word Deutsch meaning 'German'. It was earlier written with the Sino-Japanese character compound 獨逸 (whose 獨 has since been simplified to 独 ), but has been largely superseded by the aforementioned katakana spelling ドイツ . However, the character 独 is still used in compounds, for example 独 文 ( dokubun ) meaning ' German literature ', or as an abbreviation, such as in 独日関係 ( Dokunichi kankei , German-Japanese relations). The (South) Korean name Dogil ( 독일 )

3045-762: The Chinese word yeren ( 野人 ; 'wild men', 'savage', 'rustic people' ) as the name for Lisu people . As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example: In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as Ljubljana and Zagreb do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g. German : Laibach and Agram (the latter being obsolete); Italian : Lubiana and Zagabria . Madrid , Berlin , Oslo , and Amsterdam , with identical names in most major European languages , are exceptions. Some European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst

3132-615: The English language has also been given the Allemande (a dance), the Almain rivet and probably the almond furnace , which is probably not really connected to the word "almond" (of Greek origin) but is a corruption of "Almain furnace". In modern German, Alemannisch ( Alemannic German ) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family, spoken by approximately ten million people in six countries. Among

3219-494: The Franks moved their political and cultural centre to the area where France now is, the term frengisk became ambiguous, as in the West Francian territory some Franks spoke Latin, some vulgar Latin and some theodisc . For this reason a new word was needed to help differentiate between them. Thus the word theodisc evolved from the Germanic word theoda (the people) with the Latin suffix -iscus , to mean "belonging to

3306-584: The German pronunciation [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] of Deutschland . Traditionally Dogil ( 독일 ) had been used in North Korea until the 1990s . Use of the Chinese name (in its Korean pronunciation Deokguk , 덕국 ) is attested for the early 20th century . It is now uncommon. The sign name for Germany in German Sign Language is a one-handed sign: the hand is placed on the forehead, palm facing sideways, extended index finger facing upwards, with

3393-478: The Germanic tribesmen as noisy. He describes the ger theory as "obsolete". In English, the word "German" is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier uses of Almain , Alman and Dutch . In German, the word Germanen today refers to Germanic tribes , just like the Italian noun "Germani" (adjective: "germanici"), and the French adjective " germanique ". The English noun "german" (as in " cousin-german ") and

3480-533: The Germans. The Austrian Empire as well was the biggest German-speaking country in the 16th to 17th centuries bordering on the Ottoman Empire. In Latvian and Lithuanian the names Vācija and Vokietija contain the root vāca or vākiā. Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga associated this with a reference to a Swedish tribe named Vagoths in a 6th-century chronicle (cf. finn. Vuojola and eston. Oju-/Ojamaa , ' Gotland ', both thought to be derived from

3567-596: The Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them " barbarians ", which eventually gave rise to the exonym " Berber ". Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the Slavic term for the Germans, nemtsi , possibly deriving from plural of nemy ("mute"); standard etymology has it that the Slavic peoples referred to their Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak

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3654-687: The Italian for "German", tedesco (local or archaic variants: todesco , tudesco , todisco ), comes from the same Old High German root, although not the name for "Germany" ( Germania ). Also in the standardised Romansh language Germania is the normal name for Germany but in Sursilvan , Sutsilvan and Surmiran it is commonly referred to as Tiaratudestga , Tearatudestga and Tera tudestga respectively, with tiara/teara/tera meaning land . French words thiois , tudesque , théotisque and Thiogne and Spanish tudesco share this etymology. The Germanic language which diutisc most likely comes from

3741-540: The Latin word Germania : one is gair , neighbour (a theory of Johann Zeuss , a German historian and Celtic philologist) – in Old Irish gair is "neighbour". Another theory is gairm , battle-cry (put forward by Johann Wachter and Jacob Grimm , who was a philologist as well as collector and editor of fairy tales ). Yet another theory is that the word comes from ger , "spear"; however, Eric Partridge suggests *gar / gavin , to shout (as Old Irish garim ), describing

3828-561: The Portuguese Colónia closely reflects the Latin original. In some cases, no standardised spelling is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be a plural noun and may not naturally extend itself to adjectival usage in another language like English, which has

3915-529: The Province of Guangdong ( 广东 ; Guǎngdōng ). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing; duck , opera , etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local Chinese variety instead of Mandarin , in the case of Xiamen , where the name Amoy is closer to the Hokkien pronunciation. In

4002-567: The Romans were not precise in their ethnography of northern barbarians : by "German(ic)" Caesar meant "originating east of the Rhine". Tacitus wrote in his book Germania : "The Treveri and Nervii take pride in their German origin, stating that this noble blood separates them from all comparison (with the Gauls) and the Gaulish laziness". The OED2 records theories about the Celtic roots of

4089-510: The Russians used the village name of Chechen , medieval Europeans took the tribal name Tatar as emblematic for the whole Mongolic confederation (and then confused it with Tartarus , a word for Hell , to produce Tartar ), and the Magyar invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier Hunnish invaders in the same territory, and were called Hungarians . The Germanic invaders of

4176-454: The UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name Madras , now Chennai , may be a special case . When the city was first settled by English people , in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into

4263-404: The addition of the suffix -ina . According to another theory, Nemtsy may derive from the Rhine-based, Germanic tribe of Nemetes mentioned by Caesar and Tacitus . This etymology is dubious for phonological reasons, as nemetes could not become Slavic němьcь . In Russian, the adjective for "German", nemetskiy (немецкий) comes from the same Slavic root while the name for the country

4350-469: The adjective "germane" are not connected to the name for the country, but come from the Latin germanus , "siblings with the same parents or father", which has cognates in Catalan, germà , and Spanish, hermano , meaning "brother". The name Allemagne and the other similar-sounding names above are derived from the southern Germanic Alemanni , a Suebic tribe or confederation in today's Alsace , parts of Baden-Württemberg and Switzerland . In English,

4437-403: The area between Maastricht and Aachen and for the traditional German speaking part of Lorraine ( Lorraine Thioise ), The term is obsolete and derives from theodisc (see above). The name Germany and the other similar-sounding names above are all derived from the Latin Germania , of the 3rd century BC, a word simply describing fertile land behind the limes (frontier). It was likely

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4524-430: The case of Beijing , the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a hyperforeignised pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the j in Beijing as / ʒ / . One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province Shaanxi , which is the mixed Gwoyeu Romatzyh –Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell

4611-409: The case of endonyms and exonyms of language names (glossonyms), Chinese , German , and Dutch , for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as Zhōngwén ( 中文 ), Deutsch , and Nederlands , respectively. By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories: Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of

4698-413: The changing society and names tend to retain references to first encounters: the Finnish first and foremost met the Saxons while the French faced the Alamanni. Comparable tendencies appear elsewhere, e.g. in names for Russia. Each of the names for Germany has been adapted into other languages all over the world. After an overview of variants this article presents etymological and geographic context for

4785-703: The drinking prowess of the English: I learned it in England, where, indeed, they are most potent in potting: your Dane, your German , and your swag-bellied Hollander—Drink, ho!—are nothing to your English. ... Why, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane dead drunk; he sweats not to overthrow your Almain ; he gives your Hollander a vomit, ere the next pottle can be filled. Andrew Boorde also mentions Germany in his Introduction to Knowledge , c. 1547: The people of High Almain , they be rude and rusticall, and very boisterous in their speech, and humbly in their apparel ... they do feed grossly, and they will eat maggots as fast as we will eat comfits. Through this name,

4872-760: The endonym Nederland is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural. Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the Slovene exonyms Dunaj ( Vienna ) and Benetke ( Venice ) are native, but the Avar name of Paris, Париж ( Parizh ) is borrowed from Russian Париж ( Parizh ), which comes from Polish Paryż , which comes from Italian Parigi . A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in continental Europe are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example: Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of

4959-404: The endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature. According to James Matisoff , who introduced the term autonym into linguistics , exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source

5046-411: The forms and their worldwide usage as well as names used in bureaucracy . In general, the names for Germany can be arranged in six main groups according to their origin: The name Deutschland and the other similar-sounding names above are derived from the Old High German diutisc , or similar variants from Proto-Germanic *Þeudiskaz ( Old English þeod ), which originally meant "of

5133-436: The historical event called the Nanking Massacre (1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence. Likewise, many Korean cities like Busan and Incheon (formerly Pusan and Inchǒn respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same. Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with

5220-502: The indigenous peoples of North America of former French and British colonial areas, the word for "Germany" came primarily as a borrowing from either French or English. For example, in the Anishinaabe languages , three terms for "Germany" exist: ᐋᓂᒫ ( Aanimaa , originally Aalimaanh , from the French Allemagne ), ᑌᐦᒋᒪᓐ ( Dechiman , from the English Dutchman ) and ᒣᐦᔭᑴᑦ ( Meyagwed , Ojibwe for "foreign speaker" analogous to Slavic Némcy "Mutes" and Arab ( ajam ) mute ), of which Aanimaa

5307-402: The language is slowly being displaced. In addition to this, many if not most Ibanags speak Ilocano , which has over the years, supplanted Ibanag as the more dominant language in the region. Endonym An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place , language , or dialect , meaning that it is used inside

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5394-657: The letters when transliterated into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds. Māori , having only one liquid consonant , is an example of this here. London (originally Latin : Londinium ), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms: An example of a translated exonym is the name for the Netherlands ( Nederland in Dutch) used, respectively, in German ( Niederlande ), French ( Pays-Bas ), Italian ( Paesi Bassi ), Spanish ( Países Bajos ), Irish ( An Ísiltír ), Portuguese ( Países Baixos ) and Romanian ( Țările de Jos ), all of which mean " Low Countries ". However,

5481-415: The name "Almain" or "Alman" was used for Germany and for the adjective German until the 16th century, with "German" first attested in 1520, used at first as an alternative then becoming a replacement, maybe inspired mainly by the need to differ them from the more and more independently acting Dutch. In Othello ii,3, (about 1603), for example, Shakespeare uses both "German" and "Almain" when Iago describes

5568-456: The new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of Dravidian origin from the southern states of India . Saksamaa#Estonian There are many widely varying names of Germany in different languages, more so than for any other European nation. For example: Often language lags behind

5655-412: The northern Belgae, due to their intense contact with the Gaulish south, were largely influenced by this southern culture. Tribal names were 'qualifications' and could have been translated or given by the Gauls and picked up by Caesar. Perhaps they were Germanic people who had adopted Gaulish titles or names. The Belgians were a political alliance of southern Celtic and northern Germanic tribes. In any case,

5742-459: The notion of Germans and Germany is older, it is only since 1871 that there has been a nation-state of Germany. Later political disagreements and the partition of Germany (1945–1990) have further made it difficult to use proper terminology. Starting with Charlemagne , the territory of modern Germany was within the realm of the Holy Roman Empire . It was a union of relatively independent rulers who each ruled their own territories. This empire

5829-434: The number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's cultural heritage. In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in multilingual cities such as Brussels , which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers,

5916-477: The official Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation , common expressions are Altes Reich (the old Reich) and Römisch-Deutsches Kaiserreich (Roman-German Imperial Realm). Roman authors mentioned a number of tribes they called Germani —the tribes did not themselves use the term. After 1500 these tribes were identified by linguists as belonging to a group of Germanic language speakers (which include modern languages like German, English and Dutch). Germani (for

6003-478: The people", i.e. the people's language. In Eastern Francia , roughly the area where Germany now is, it seems that the new word was taken on by the people only slowly, over the centuries: in central Eastern Francia the word frengisk was used for a lot longer, as there was no need for people to distinguish themselves from the distant Franks. The word diutsch and other variants were only used by people to describe themselves, at first as an alternative term, from about

6090-405: The people". This in turn comes from a Germanic word meaning "folk" (leading to Old High German diot , Middle High German diet ), and was used to differentiate between the speakers of Germanic languages and those who spoke Celtic or Romance languages . These words come from * teuta , the Proto-Indo-European word for "people" ( Lithuanian and Latvian tauta , Old Irish tuath ). Also

6177-437: The pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as Beijing and Nanjing has not changed for quite some time while in Mandarin Chinese (although the prestige dialect shifted from Nanjing dialect to Beijing dialect during the 19th century), they were called Peking and Nanking in English due to the older Chinese postal romanization convention, based largely on the Nanjing dialect . Pinyin , based largely on

6264-520: The propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country: Following the 1979 declaration of Hanyu Pinyin spelling as the standard romanisation of Chinese , many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms, especially city and most provincial names in mainland China , for example: Beijing ( 北京 ; Běijīng ), Qingdao ( 青岛 ; Qīngdǎo ), and

6351-474: The province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province Shanxi , where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English. In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In Taipei , most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District

6438-563: The results of geographical renaming as in the case of Saint Petersburg , which became Petrograd ( Петроград ) in 1914, Leningrad ( Ленинград ) in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg ( Санкт-Петербург , Sankt-Peterbúrg ) in 1991. In this case, although Saint Petersburg has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as Nieuw Amsterdam , the Dutch name of New York City until 1664,

6525-473: The signer's chest, with both hands' fingers spread and wiggling. Several other languages also use the Pickelhaube variation as well, with some modifications; others use unrelated signs. The terminology for "Germany", the "German states" and "Germans" is complicated by the unusual history of Germany over the last 2000 years. This can cause confusion in German and English, as well in other languages. While

6612-628: The son of Japheth . They shall have called themselves the Ascenos , which with time derived into Tuiscones. The Teutoni , a tribe with a name which probably came from the same root, did, through Latin , ultimately give birth to the English words "Teuton" (first found in 1530) for the adjective German, (as in the Teutonic Knights , a military religious order, and the Teutonic Cross) and "Teuton" (noun), attested from 1833. "Teuton"

6699-404: The speakers can speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of Northern Luzon , as well. Ibanags speak the same language under the same name. However, due to several factors including the use of Filipino as the national lingua franca and Ilocano as a regional one, the use of Ibanag language has now diminished but remains strong with Ibanags living overseas. Thus while there may still be Ibanags around,

6786-475: The spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ. For example, the city of Paris is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation [ paʁi ] is different from the English pronunciation [ ˈpærɪs ]. For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the Crusades . Livorno , for instance,

6873-499: The thumb keeping the other fingers tucked against the palm. The sign may also be used to mean 'German language' or 'German person', as well as 'police' or 'police officer'. This sign is an iconic one, emulating the shape of a Pickelhaube . It is one of the two signs for 'Germany' in American Sign Language , alongside another, in which the dominant hand's wrist is placed on that of the non-dominant hand in front of

6960-655: The use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as Ankara rather than use the Spanish exonym Angora . Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as Mauritius and Seychelles rather than use the Italian exonyms Maurizio and Seicelle . According to the United Nations Statistics Division : Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease

7047-630: The valleys of the Elbe and Weser . In Finnish and Estonian the words that historically applied to ancient Saxons changed their meaning over the centuries to denote the whole country of Germany and the Germans. In some Celtic languages the word for the English nationality is derived from Saxon, e.g., the Scottish term Sassenach , the Breton terms Saoz, Saozon , the Cornish terms Sows, Sowson and

7134-487: The years, the endonym may have undergone phonetic changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of Paris , where the s was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of Cologne , where the Latin original of Colonia has evolved into Köln in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym Colonia or

7221-474: Was Leghorn because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the British Navy ; not far away, Rapallo , a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym. In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names Graecus (Greek) and Germanus (Germanic),

7308-453: Was also used for Teutonisch Land (land of the Teutons ), its abbreviation Teutschland used in some areas until the 19th century and its currently used official variation Deutschland . In the northern French language area (northern France, Belgium ), the neighboring Germanic dialects, areas and inhabitants of Flanders to Alsace are sometimes referred to as Thiois , most likely still for

7395-506: Was called in German Heiliges Römisches Reich , with the addition from the late Middle Ages of Deutscher Nation (of (the) German nation), showing that the former idea of a universal realm had given way to a concentration on the German territories. In 19th- and 20th-century historiography, the Holy Roman Empire was often referred to as Deutsches Reich , creating a link to the later nation state of 1871. Besides

7482-417: Was incomprehensible to Baltic peoples. In East Asia, the names have generally been imported directly from German "deutsch" or Dutch "duits" in various ways. The Chinese name is a phonetic approximation of the German proper adjective. The Vietnamese name is based on the Chinese name. The Japanese name is a phonetic approximation of the Dutch proper adjective. The Korean name is based on the Japanese name. This

7569-522: Was narrowed to just Germans. The plural form is used for the Germans instead of any specific country name, e.g. Niemcy in Polish and Ńymcy in Silesian dialect. In other languages, the country's name derives from the adjective němьcьska (zemja) meaning 'German (land)' (f.i. Czech Německo ). Belarusian Нямеччына ( Niamieččyna ), and Ukrainian Німеччина ( Nimecchyna ) are also from němьcь but with

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