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50-613: The Ice Age Trail is a National Scenic Trail stretching 1,200 miles (1,900 km) in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. The trail is administered by the National Park Service , and is constructed and maintained by private and public agencies including the Ice Age Trail Alliance, a non-profit and member-volunteer based organization with local chapters. It became an official unit of

100-667: A major . He was awarded the Bronze Star for his service in the infantry . He served as chief of price control , Office of Military Government for Germany in 1945, and deputy general counsel for the Marshall Plan , Paris, France in 1949. After the War, Reuss became a special prosecutor for Milwaukee County in 1950. In 1950, he left the Republican party due to his antipathy towards Senator Joseph McCarthy . As

150-405: A Democrat, Reuss waged an unsuccessful primary election campaign to become McCarthy's opponent in the 1952 general election . He attended the 1952 Democratic National Convention as an alternate delegate . He served as member of the school board for Milwaukee from 1953 to 1954. He served as member of legal advisory committee, United States National Resources Board from 1948 to 1952. He

200-425: A category of trails known as connecting or side trails. Though there are no guidelines for how these are managed, these have been designated by the secretary of the interior to extend trails beyond the original congressionally established route. Seven side trails have been designated: National recreation trail (NRT) is a designation given to existing trails that contribute to the recreational and conservation goals of

250-567: A kettle lake), potholes , eskers , kames , and glacial erratics . Many of the best examples of glacial features in Wisconsin are exhibited in units of the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , most of which lie along the trail. Numerous species of mammals can be seen along the trail, including red fox , American red squirrel , white-tailed deer , porcupine , black bear and grey wolf . Birds seen along

300-596: A national network of trails. Over 1,300 trails over all fifty states have been designated as NRTs on federal , state, municipal, tribal and private lands that are available for public use and are less than a mile to more than 500 miles (800 km) in length. They have a combined length of more than 29,000 miles (47,000 km). Most NRTs are hiking trails , but a significant number are multi-use trails or bike paths , including rail trails and greenways . Some are intended for use with watercraft, horses, cross-country skis , or off-road recreational vehicles . There are

350-647: A number of water trails that make up the National Water Trails System subprogram. Eligible trails must be complete, well designed and maintained, and open to the public. The NPS and the USFS jointly administer the National Recreation Trails Program with help from other federal and nonprofit partners, notably American Trails, the lead nonprofit for developing and promoting NRTs. The secretary of interior or

400-907: A recreation resource of superlative quality and of physical challenge." Most notably, the national scenic trail system provides access to the crest of the Appalachian Mountains in the east via the Appalachian Trail , of the Rocky Mountains in the west on the Continental Divide Trail , and of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges on the Pacific Crest Trail , which make up the Triple Crown of Hiking . Other places of note include

450-527: A report in 1966 entitled Trails for America . The study made recommendations for a network of national scenic trails, park and forest trails, and metropolitan area trails to provide recreational opportunities, with evaluations of several possible trails, both scenic and historic. The program for long-distance natural trails was created on October 2, 1968, by the National Trails System Act, which also designated two national scenic trails,

500-684: A team of three Reuss staff routing the trail across Wisconsin. It was established by Act of Congress in 1980, in large part as a result of the efforts of Reuss, who in 1976 authored the book On the Trail of the Ice Age. The first person to backpack the entire length of the Ice Age Trail was 20-year-old James J. Staudacher of Shorewood, Wisconsin during the summer of 1979. He started at Potawatomi State Park in May 1979. Staudacher received maps with

550-468: A total length of more than 91,000 mi (150,000 km). The scenic and historic trails are in every state, and Virginia and Wyoming have the most running through them, with six. In response to a call by President Lyndon B. Johnson to have a cooperative program to build public trails for "the forgotten outdoorsmen of today" in both urban and backcountry areas, the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation released

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600-821: Is a series of trails in the United States designated "to promote the preservation of, public access to, travel within, and enjoyment and appreciation of the open-air, outdoor areas and historic resources of the Nation". There are four types of trails: the national scenic trails, national historic trails, national recreation trails, and connecting or side trails. The national trails provide opportunities for hiking and historic education, as well as horseback riding , biking, camping , scenic driving , water sports, and other activities. The National Trails System consists of 11 national scenic trails, 21 national historic trails, over 1,300 national recreation trails, and seven connecting and side trails, as well as one national geologic trail, with

650-443: Is open primarily to hiking, although other activities are allowed where the trail follows other existing routes. The trail received an estimated annual usage of 2.3 million people from a 2019 survey. The trail is divided into just over one hundred segments. These segments range in length between about one and 16 miles. Though segmented, in many places along the way, coming out of the woods at the end of one segment simply means crossing

700-471: Is referred to as the Western Bifurcation. The Western Bifurcation consists mostly of proposed trail sections (though several miles of established trail do exist). The Western Bifurcation is rejoined by its 75-mile eastern counterpart near the town of Coloma . Though the eastern portion of the trail is more readily developed than its western counterpart, both are officially recognized portions of

750-542: The Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail , and requested that an additional fourteen trail routes be studied for possible inclusion. Sponsored by Senators Henry M. Jackson and Gaylord Nelson and Representative Roy A. Taylor , part of the bill's impetus was threats of development along the Appalachian Trail, which was at risk of losing its wilderness character, and the Land and Water Conservation Fund

800-673: The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest . The trail often coincides with other trails within various county and municipal parks. It passes through the land of various owners, including the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources , the Ice Age Trail Alliance, and hundreds of private citizens. As of 2014, the trail was 1,197.7 miles (1,927.5 km) long. At one point, the trail separates into two just north of Devil's Lake State Park . The western portion of trail, 92 miles (148 km) in length,

850-634: The Kettle Moraine areas ending near Sturgeon Bay . The park would travel through the terminal moraine of the most recent glacier to push through Wisconsin about 10,000 years ago. He envisioned that the park would protect features like kames , drumlins , and kettle moraines . In 1958, Zillmer founded the Ice Age Park & Trail Foundation (now the Ice Age Trail Alliance (IATA)). In a 1959 interview in Wisconsin Alumnus magazine, he

900-472: The National Park Service (NPS), United States Forest Service (USFS), and/or Bureau of Land Management (BLM). These agencies may acquire lands to protect key rights of way , sites, resources and viewsheds , though the trails do not have fixed boundaries. They work in cooperation with each other, states, local governments, land trusts , and private landowners to coordinate and protect lands and structures along these trails, enabling them to be accessible to

950-653: The Santa Fe Trail , Old Spanish Trail , and Pony Express . They also memorialize the forced displacement and hardships of the Native Americans on the Trail of Tears and Nez Perce National Historic Trail . Their routes follow the nationally significant, documented historical journeys of notable individuals or groups but are not necessarily meant to be continuously traversed today; they are largely networks of partner sites along marked auto routes rather than

1000-594: The secretary of agriculture (if on USFS land) designates national recreation trails that are of local and regional significance. Managers of eligible trails can apply for designation with the support of all landowners and their state's trail coordinator (if on non-federal land). Designated trails become part of the National Trails System and receive promotional benefits, use of the NRT logo, technical and networking assistance, and preference for funding through

1050-621: The secretary of the interior or the secretary of agriculture . The national trails are supported by volunteers at private non-profit organizations that work with the federal agencies under the Partnership for the National Trails System and other trail type-specific advocacy groups. For fiscal year 2021, the 24 trails administered by the NPS received a budget of $ 15.4 million. The eleven national scenic trails were established to provide outdoor recreation opportunities and to conserve portions of

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1100-518: The Alliance also has a " cold cache " program to encourage hikers to seek out glacial features along the trail using GPS receivers . One study of trail users found that those who stay overnight are more likely to camp than use other forms of lodging. Primary attractions include topography left by glaciation in the Last Ice Age . Glacial features along the trail include kettles (usually as

1150-736: The Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs in the Ninety-fifth and Ninety-sixth Congresses . He served as chairman of the Joint Economic Committee in the Ninety-seventh Congress . Among many aides, most key were Donald and Sara Robinson throughout his Congressional career. Reuss was frequently sought out by the Democratic leadership and candidates to comment on policies and actions of

1200-577: The Department of Transportation's Recreational Trails Program . American Trails sponsors an annual NRT photo contest and a biennial symposium and maintains the NRT database. The first national geologic trail was established by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 , though it did not amend the National Trails System Act to create an official category. Henry S. Reuss Henry Schoellkopf Reuss

1250-493: The Ice Age National Scientific Reserve bill; the bill was signed to establish nine units which he hoped would be connected by a trail (six were utilized). In 1968, Wisconsin U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson co-sponsored the National Trails System Act which established the Appalachian Trail and Pacific Crest Trail . During the summer of 1974, Reuss’ Legislative Assistant James H. Rathlesberger led

1300-425: The Ice Age Trail. As of 2008, the trail consisted of 467 miles (752 km) of traditional hiking paths, 103.2 miles (166.1 km) of multi-use trails, and 529.3 miles (851.8 km) of connecting roads and sidewalks. As of October 2020, 675 miles (1,086 km) is completed with over 400 miles (640 km) connected by connecting routes (usually roads). The Ice Age Trail has one of a few National Side Trails ,

1350-637: The NPS National Trails Office in Santa Fe and Salt Lake City. National historic trails were authorized under the National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 ( Pub. L.   95–625 ), amending the National Trails System Act of 1968. They have a total length of approximately 40,000 mi (64,370 km); many trails include several branches making them much longer than a single end-to-end distance. The act also established

1400-405: The NPS, managed like its other areas, as long, linear parks. Five trails are overseen by the U.S. Forest Service. In 2022 Arlette Laan, whose trail name was "Apple Pie", became the first woman known to have completely hiked all eleven national scenic trails. The 21 national historic trails are designated to protect the courses of significant overland or water routes that reflect the history of

1450-604: The National Park System in 2023. The trail roughly follows the location of the terminal moraine from the last Ice Age . As the route traverses the moraine, it sometimes meanders into areas west of the moraine, including the Driftless Area in southwestern Wisconsin. The trail passes through 30 of Wisconsin's 72 counties, from the northwestern part of the state to the Lake Michigan shoreline in

1500-819: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. That and his chairmanship of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Conservation & the Environment made him a hero to liberals and progressives. After the 1974 post-Watergate Democratic landslide victories in Congress, Reuss defeated the more senior Wright Patman of Texas as chairman of the House Banking Committee. He opposed the war in Vietnam , and supported

1550-672: The Timms Hill National Trail. National Side Trails are national trails established by the National Trails System Act . The ten-mile Timms Hill Trail connects the Ice Age Trail with Timms Hill , Wisconsin's highest point, which is located in Price County . The Ice Age Trail began as conservationist Ray Zillmer 's idea for having an "Ice Age National Park" of 500 miles starting at St. Croix Falls , going south through Madison, northeast through

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1600-607: The campaign of U.S. Senator Eugene J. McCarthy for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination. He served as an at-large delegate for McCarthy at the Democratic National Convention that year. He was not a candidate for reelection to the Ninety-eighth Congress in 1982. After retiring from Congress, he continued to donate to Democratic campaigns, including to Senator Russ Feingold 's and Paul Tsongas 's campaigns in 1992. Mrs. Reuss

1650-496: The east. The western end of the trail is at Interstate State Park along the St. Croix River , which is the border between northwestern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota . The eastern terminus of the Ice Age Trail lies at Potawatomi State Park , on Wisconsin's Door Peninsula near the city of Sturgeon Bay . Along its route, the trail crosses numerous city and county parks, state parks and forests , state wildlife and natural areas, and

1700-517: The exact non-motorized trails as originally used. Interpretative sites are often at other areas of the National Park System along the trails, as well as locally operated museums and sites. The National Historic Trails Interpretive Center in Wyoming is on the Oregon, California, Mormon Pioneer, and Pony Express National Historic Trails and has exhibits on Western emigration. Nine are administered by

1750-637: The nation. They represent the earliest European travels in the country in Chesapeake Bay and on Spanish royal roads; the nation's struggle for independence on the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail and Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ; westward migrations on the Oregon , California , and Mormon Trails , which traverse some of the same route; and the development of continental commerce on

1800-418: The natural landscape with significant scenic, natural, cultural, or historic importance. These trails are continuous non-motorized long-distance trails that can be backpacked from end-to-end or hiked for short segments, except for Natchez Trace NST, which consists of five shorter, disconnected trail segments. The Trails for America report said, "Each National Scenic Trail should stand out in its own right as

1850-559: The northwestern third of the trail, tent camping is allowed in some areas (particularly in Lincoln and Langlade Counties) provided you place your tent at least 200 feet from the trail. As of 2020, there are 19 local IATA chapters which are trying to turn connecting routes into permanent segments. The chapters' biggest obstacle is acquiring land from private owners and permanently protecting it. Several trail chapters offer awards for completing hikes of all segments within their jurisdiction, and

1900-536: The proposed route and supply packages from Reuss and completed the walk at St. Croix Falls in August. Portions of the trail used existing trails in the northern unit of Kettle Moraine State Forest. In 2023, the National Park Service recognized the trail as a unit of the National Park Service. Two other national scenic trails also became the country’s newest units of the National Park Service. The trail

1950-424: The public. These partnerships between the agency administrators and local site managers are vital for resource protection and the visitor experience. The Federal Interagency Council on the National Trails System promotes collaboration and standardization in trail development and protection. National recreation trails and connecting and side trails do not require congressional action, but are recognized by actions of

2000-565: The road and re-entering the woods alongside the sign welcoming you to the next. There are numerous opportunities for longer-distance treks, with camping opportunities including shelters in both units of the Kettle Moraine State Forest . More recently, the Trail Alliance has developed several Distributed Camping Areas spaced as to encourage more backpacking treks--22 such areas exist today (as of January 2023). On

2050-967: The southern wetlands and Gulf Coast on the Florida Trail , the North Woods on the North Country Trail , the variety of southwestern mountains and ecosystems on the Arizona Trail , and the remote high-mountain landscape near the Canadian border on the Pacific Northwest Trail . They have a total length of approximately 17,800 mi (28,650 km). Due to the extent of construction of route realignments, segment alternatives, and measurement methods , some sources vary in their distances reported and values may be rounded. Six trails are official units of

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2100-474: The southern part of the trail include the Acadian flycatcher , Henslow's sparrow , red-headed woodpecker or hooded warbler , while further north white-throated sparrows , ruffed grouse and bald eagles become more common. 43°26′01.8″N 89°43′20.9″W  /  43.433833°N 89.722472°W  / 43.433833; -89.722472 National Scenic Trail The National Trails System

2150-534: The “unknown south of France,” the title of their 1991 Harvard History Buff's Guide . This is a charming, erudite paperback, probably written largely by Margaret judging from style, and reflects a love of France and Reussian vigor of study and exploration. For 20 years, beginning in 1983, a 14-story office building in Milwaukee was named Reuss Federal Plaza (It was later called The Blue and since 2019, 310W). The National Park Service 's Henry Reuss Ice Age Center

2200-548: Was a member of the Sphinx Head Society . He then earned his LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1936. He was a lawyer in private practice and business executive. He served as assistant corporation counsel for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin from 1939 to 1940 and Counsel for United States Office of Price Administration from 1941 to 1942. He was in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, leaving as

2250-539: Was also an active donor to Democrats and related groups. In 1942, he married Margaret Magrath (c. 1920–2008). She was an alumna of Bryn Mawr College who earned a master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1944, and a Ph.D. from George Washington University in 1968, both in economics . She worked at the Office of Price Administration in the 1940s, and taught at Federal City College from 1970. FCC

2300-624: Was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of Milwaukee in 1948 and 1960, losing to Frank Zeidler and Henry Maier , respectively. Reuss was elected as a Democrat from the 5th district to the Eighty-fourth and to the thirteen succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1983). He served as chairman of the Committee on Banking, Currency, and Housing in the Ninety-fourth Congress . He served as chairman of

2350-592: Was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . He was the son of Gustav A. Reuss (pronounced Royce ) and Paula Schoellkopf (b. 1876). He was the grandson of a Wisconsin bank president who had emigrated to the United States from Germany in 1848. Both his mother and uncle, Henry Schoellkopf (1879–1912), were grandchildren of Jacob F. Schoellkopf (1819–1899), a pioneer in harnessing the hydroelectric power of Niagara Falls . He grew up in Milwaukee's German section. Reuss earned his A.B. from Cornell University in 1933 and

2400-632: Was part of the merger to create the University of the District of Columbia in 1977, and she continued teaching there until she retired in 1985, as department chairman. She served mayor Marion Barry in several capacities, supported the Community for Creative Non-Violence , Emily's List , and various Democrats. They had four children, seven grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. In retirement, Mr. and Mrs. Reuss spent much time living in

2450-507: Was quoted "This land must be purchased soon, before the population explosion following the opening of the St. Lawrence waterways affects Wisconsin, before the hills are pre-empted by private homes and the land becomes too expensive." Zillmer died in December 1960 and the National Park Service decided in 1961 that a long park was not feasible. In 1964, Wisconsin congressman Henry S. Reuss sponsored

2500-415: Was used to acquire lands. In 1978, as a result of the study of trails that were most significant for their historic associations, national historic trails were created as a new category with four trails designated that year. Since 1968, over forty trail routes have been studied for inclusion in the system. The scenic and historic trails are congressionally established long-distance trails , administered by

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