Misplaced Pages

#517482

87-434: [REDACTED] The Istanbul Metro ( Turkish : İstanbul metrosu ) is a rapid transit railway network that serves the city of Istanbul , Turkey . Apart from the M11 line, which is operated by TCDD Taşımacılık , the system is operated by Metro Istanbul , a public enterprise controlled by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality . The oldest section of the metro is the M1 line, which opened on 3 September, 1989. As of 2024,

174-779: A configuration known as the Spanish Solution . These stations are Otogar on the M1 line, Yenikapı and Sanayi on the M2 line, Olimpiyat on the M9 line, and Bostancı on the M4 line. The stations on the M1 line, which were built in the 1980s and 1990s, are very functional and plain in design. Like many stations built during this period, the stations use fluorescent tubes as light sources, and are decorated with tiled floors and ceiling panels made of white plastic ceiling slats. Platforms of stations on

261-637: A connection between the Asian and European sides of the city. The trip between the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu and the Haciosman station in Maslak is 20 km (12.43 mi) long and takes 27 minutes; including Şişhane - Taksim (1.65 km (1.03 mi), 2 minutes), Taksim - 4. Levent (8.5 km (5.28 mi), 12 minutes), and 4. Levent - Haciosman (8.1 km (5.03 mi), 12 minutes.) The total length of

348-525: A contract to supply 300 driverless units for the M7 line, amounting to 280.200.000 euros. Although line M1 is a (light) metro line, its rolling stock—in use since 1989—is made up of typical ABB light rail vehicles (LRVs). These are partly the same as those used on the T4 tramway line . The rolling stock of the line is planned to be refurbished and made driverless. The rolling stock on the M2 and M6 lines, which totals

435-475: A form of consonant mutation whereby a voiced obstruent, such as /b d dʒ ɡ/ , is devoiced to [p t tʃ k] at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of /k/ is /g/; in native words, it is /ğ/. This is analogous to languages such as German and Russian , but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling

522-415: A negative suffix -me to the verb (the suffix comes after the stem but before the tense): Necla okula gitmedi ('Necla did not go to school'). In the case of a verbal sentence, an interrogative clitic mi is added after the verb and stands alone, for example Necla okula gitti mi? ('Did Necla go to school?'). In the case of a nominal sentence, then mi comes after the predicate but before

609-492: A number of 192 units, is made up of Alstom vehicles from France and Hyundai Rotem vehicles from South Korea which are manufactured in Adapazarı by Eurotem . All wagons have 8 double doors, making them have 4 openings on each side per wagon, the rolling stock also includes a fast passenger change, heating, air conditioning and broadcasting system. These lines are the only lines to use third rail power. The rolling stock on

696-598: A similar exterior design to the first three generations of rolling stock used on the Caracas Metro in Venezuela . On 30 January 2009, the first 8 trains (each with 4 wagons) built by Eurotem (the Turkish factory of Hyundai Rotem ) entered service. Today the system has 268 trains. These trains are also air conditioned and equipped with LCD screens, as well as dynamic route map showing the location and direction of

783-407: A verb in the form of the copula ol or y (variants of "be"). Examples of both are given below: The two groups of sentences have different ways of forming negation. A nominal sentence can be negated with the addition of the word değil . For example, the sentence above would become Necla öğretmen değil ('Necla is not a teacher'). However, the verbal sentence requires the addition of

870-403: Is subject–object–verb . Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender . The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance , age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. Turkish is a member of

957-579: Is a post with the Istanbul metro "M" logo and the station name underneath it except for the M11 line which has the "U" logo next to its own entrances. Entrances are usually built into sidewalks along a street, although many stations of newer lines have their entrances from street level on small plazas. Like Moscow Metro , the majority of the stations of the Istanbul Metro are generally deep level due to

SECTION 10

#1732765379518

1044-509: Is a public rail transport operator headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey. Established in 1988, the company is responsible for operating most of Istanbul's rail systems, including the Istanbul Metro , Istanbul Tram , funiculars and aerial tramways . The company was founded under the name of İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. on 16 August 1988, while Istanbul's first modern public urban rail line was under construction (Aksaray-Kocatepe section of

1131-531: Is based on the dialect of Istanbul . This Istanbul Turkish ( İstanbul Türkçesi ) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp , Ömer Seyfettin and others. Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and in the Turkish education system since the 1930s. Academic researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ağız or şive , leading to an ambiguity with

1218-475: Is given a different color and name. The letter "M" stands for metro , while "T" stands for tram , "F" stands for funicular , "TF" stands for cable car and "B" for suburban . Frutiger LT Pro is used as the font for the icons. The Istanbul Metro system has a total of 158 stations in operation with 36 more under construction. Since the majority of the system is underground, stations are generally accessed going down from street level. At every station entrance there

1305-654: Is mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani . In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire , such as Iraq, Bulgaria, Cyprus , Greece (primarily in Western Thrace ), the Republic of North Macedonia , Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in

1392-473: Is no uniform length for platforms. The oldest platforms of the network, built between 1989 and 2002 on the M1 line, are 100 m (328 ft 1 in) and can accommodate trains up to 4 cars long. Platforms on the M2, M3, M4, M7 and M11 lines span about 180 m (590 ft 7 in) and can each accommodate trains up to 8 cars long. Platforms on the M5 line can accommodate up to 6-car trains, whiles platforms on

1479-635: Is one of the official languages of Cyprus . Turkish has official status in 38 municipalities in Kosovo , including Mamusha, , two in the Republic of North Macedonia and in Kirkuk Governorate in Iraq. Cyprus has requested the European Union to add Turkish as an official language, as it is one of the two official languages of the country. In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is

1566-413: Is standard on a traditional metro line, hence its "light metro" designation. The M1 line was later extended from Aksaray towards the western suburbs, reaching Atatürk Airport in the southwest in 2002. Construction of the M2 line began on 11 September 1992, but faced many challenges due to the numerous archaeological sites that were discovered during the drilling process, which slowed down or fully stopped

1653-480: Is the world's second-oldest underground urban rail line after the London Underground which was built in 1863, and the first underground urban rail line in continental Europe , however this is not recognised as the opening of the metro due to the line being Funicular. The first master plan for a full metro network in Istanbul, titled Avant Projet d'un Métropolitain à Constantinople and conceived by

1740-642: Is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ad 'name' (dative ada ), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. at 'horse', dative ata ). Other exceptions are od 'fire' vs. ot 'herb', sac 'sheet metal', saç 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as kitap above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as hac 'hajj', şad 'happy', and yad 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms. Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in /k/ in dictionary form are nearly all /ğ/ in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly /k/. The vowels of

1827-431: Is usually referred to as yumuşak g ("soft g"), written ⟨ğ⟩ in Turkish orthography , represents a vowel sequence or a rather weak bilabial approximant between rounded vowels, a weak palatal approximant between unrounded front vowels, and a vowel sequence elsewhere. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens

SECTION 20

#1732765379518

1914-713: The Aegean region, with its usage extending to Antalya . The nomadic Yörüks of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish. This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey, who speak Balkan Gagauz Turkish . The Meskhetian Turks who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in

2001-683: The Germanic runic alphabets . With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages ( c.  6th –11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia , covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia all the way to Europe and the Mediterranean . The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks , in particular, brought their language, Oghuz —the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during

2088-623: The Laz language ). Kastamonu is spoken in Kastamonu and its surrounding areas. Karamanli Turkish is spoken in Greece, where it is called Kαραμανλήδικα . It is the literary standard for the Karamanlides . At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian, although only syllable-finally. The phoneme that

2175-843: The M3 at the Mahmutbey station. The M8 line has an interchange with the Marmaray at the Bostancı station, with the M4 line at the Kozyatağı station and with the M5 line at the Dudullu station. The M9 has an interchange with the M3 at Ikitelli station. The M11 line interchanges with the M2 line and Metrobus at Gayrettepe station, and with the M7 line at Kağıthane station. Aside from running on standard gauge tracks and all models having 4 doors per side,

2262-644: The Oghuz group of the Turkic family. Other members include Azerbaijani , spoken in Azerbaijan and north-west Iran , Gagauz of Gagauzia , Qashqai of south Iran and the Turkmen of Turkmenistan . Historically the Turkic family was seen as a branch of the larger Altaic family, including Japanese , Korean , Mongolian and Tungusic , with various other language families proposed for inclusion by linguists. Altaic theory has fallen out of favour since

2349-437: The Ottoman Empire period ( c.  1299 –1922) is termed Ottoman Turkish , which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as kaba Türkçe or "vulgar Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for

2436-504: The Paris Transportation Department, Marc Langevin, prepared a 14-chapter report together with his associate Louis Meizzonet for the implementation of the project and its integration with the other means of public transportation in the city. However, these plans never came into effect and all proposals were put on hold until 1987, when the planning for the current Istanbul Metro was made. Construction works for

2523-615: The Seljuq Turks , who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the Ottomans , the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic and Persian . Turkish literature during the Ottoman period, particularly Divan poetry , was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during

2610-539: The Trabzon region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of Old Anatolian Turkish , with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no palatal harmony . It is likely that elün meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in elün for "your hand" and kitabun for "your book",

2697-590: The Turkish Language Association ( Türk Dil Kurumu or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of linguistic purism : indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and of foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin. These changes, together with

Istanbul Metro - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-805: The Yenikapı Transfer Center . On the Asian side, construction is in progress of the remaining portion of the 26.5 km (16.47 mi) long M4 line from Kadıköy to Kaynarca , yielding a total of 19 stations. It cost €751 million and was built by the Astaldi / Makyol / Gülermak consortium. The first section opened on 17 August 2012, terminating in Kartal . Construction of the 20 km (12.43 mi) long M5 line from Üsküdar via Ümraniye to Çekmeköy started in March 2012. The Metro operates from 06:00 AM to 00.00 AM every 6–12 minutes, except for

2871-586: The 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from the Kara-Khanid Khanate , published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk ( ديوان لغات الترك ). Following the adoption of Islam around the year 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and

2958-411: The 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the new Parliament in 1927, used the formal style of Ottoman Turkish that had been common at the time amongst statesmen and the educated strata of society in the setting of formal speeches and documents. After

3045-457: The 1960s, and a majority of linguists now consider Turkic languages to be unrelated to any other language family, though the Altaic hypothesis still has a small degree of support from individual linguists. The nineteenth-century Ural-Altaic theory, which grouped Turkish with Finnish , Hungarian and Altaic languages, is considered even less plausible in light of Altaic's rejection. The theory

3132-512: The European side of the M2 line will reach 23 km (14.29 mi) when all 16 stations from Hacıosman to Yenikapı will be completed; not including the 93-metre (305 ft 1 in)-long Golden Horn Metro Bridge , the 0.6 km (0.37 mi) long Taksim-Kabataş tunnel connection with the Seabus port, and the 0.6 km (0.37 mi) long Yenikapı-Aksaray tunnel connecting the M1 line to

3219-587: The French engineer L. Guerby, dates to 10 January 1912. The plan comprised a total of 24 stations between the Topkapı and Şişli districts and included a connection through the Golden Horn . Each station would have a 75-metre (246 ft 1 in) platform next to the rail line, while the distance between stations varied from 220 to 975 metres (721 ft 9 in to 3,198 ft 10 in). The blueprints of

3306-476: The French loanword parti ). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example betik (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean " script " in computer science . Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are: Turkish is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey and by the Turkish diaspora in some 30 other countries. The Turkish language

3393-487: The Gayrettepe station. There is also a transfer station at Yenikapı with Marmaray , M1 line and İDO Ferry Port; from where it is possible to take the high-speed catamaran Seabus departing for Bursa , Bandırma or Yalova ; as well as the other Seabus ports of Istanbul such as Bostancı , Kadıköy , Bakırköy and Kabataş . The M3 line has an interchange with the M9 line at the İkitelli Sanayi station, M7 line at

3480-527: The Latin alphabet for speakers of eastern dialects. Some immigrants to Turkey from Rumelia speak Rumelian Turkish , which includes the distinct dialects of Ludogorie , Dinler, and Adakale, which show the influence of the theorized Balkan sprachbund . Kıbrıs Türkçesi is the name for Cypriot Turkish and is spoken by the Turkish Cypriots . Edirne is the dialect of Edirne . Ege is spoken in

3567-567: The Latin script, encoded for many of the dialectal variations between Turkish dialects, the modern Latin script fails to do this. Examples of this are the presence of the nasal velar sound [ŋ] in certain eastern dialects of Turkish which was represented by the Ottoman letter /ڭ/ but that was merged into /n/ in the Latin script. Additionally are letters such as /خ/, /ق/, /غ/ which make the sounds [ɣ], [q], and [x], respectively in certain eastern dialects but that are merged into [g], [k], and [h] in western dialects and are therefore defectively represented in

Istanbul Metro - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-463: The M1 line are supported by square and tiled central columns (e.g. Aksaray, Emniyet - Fatih and Topkapı - Ulubatlı.) Stations on the M2 line built between 2000 and 2011, care was taken to use light colors . For this reason, the basic wall color of the stations is white. In order to make people not confuse the stations and to make them more memorable, some characteristic patterns were also implemented. (e.g. colored stripes/tiles on walls). Stations on

3741-511: The M2 line from Taksim to Yenikapı , across the Golden Horn with Haliç station on the bridge and underground through the historic peninsula , entered service on 15 February 2014. The Taksim-Yenikapı extension is 5.2 km (3.23 mi) long, with four stations. The total cost of the extension was $ 593 million. At Yenikapı, it will intersect with the extended M1 line and the Marmaray commuter line , which since its opening in 2013 has offered

3828-583: The M2 line, about half of the M1 (mostly M1A) line, Alibeyköy and Kağıthane valleys crossing by the M7 line, viaduct section at Menekşe River of the M3 line and viaduct section at Olimpiyat of the M9 line, the lines are fully underground. All station names are on the bus lines as well. The M2 line has an interchange between F1 in Taksim and an interchange tunnel with the Zincirlikuyu Metrobus station at

3915-472: The M3 line, consists of 68 Alstom Metropolis AM4 (similar-looking vehicles are used at M4 Budapest Metro ) units. Some of them are also used on the M9 Ataköy-Olimpiyat metro line. Line M4 uses CAF rolling stock. Trains operate in 4-car sets and can couple to form 8-car trains. Turkish language To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish —the variety of the Turkish language that

4002-594: The M6, M8, and M9 lines are accommodate 4-car trains. Sections of platforms are subject to close during off-peak hours, especially on the M2 line. While platforms on the M2 line are open fully during peak hours, capacity is reduced to 4-car trains during off-peak hours. Platforms on the M5, M7, M8 and M11 lines are protected by platform edge doors. Except on funicular lines, most platforms of the Istanbul Metro consist of two side platforms or one island platform . Five stations consist of two island platforms, serving three tracks in

4089-574: The M7 and M11 lines (on the European side) and the M4 and M5 lines (on the Asian side) are underway. In addition to the Marmaray commuter rail, the metro connects to the F1 , Tünel (F2), F3 and F4 funicular lines and with the network of the Istanbul Tram , Metrobüs and the cable cars. The oldest underground urban rail line in Istanbul is the Tünel , which entered service on 17 January 1875. It

4176-455: The M7 line, which were built between 2017 and 2020, mostly use a combination of gray and white colors. Since the line has fully automated driverless vehicles, passengers are prevented from falling onto the tracks by using platform screen doors (PSDs). This table lists technical characteristics of the metro lines that are currently in service or under construction. Apart from the Haliç station on

4263-697: The M8 line, which temporarily operates from 06:00 AM to 23:00 PM. During peak hours the intervals could be reduced to 3 to 4 minutes. The metro has a flat fare of 17.70 TL, a student rate of 8.64 TL, and a fare of 12.67 TL for teachers and senior residents, when used with the Istanbulkart , the city's universal contactless payment card. On 30 August 2019 as a gesture for the Victory Day of Turkey , Mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu , announced that many lines of Istanbul were going to provide 24 hours service during

4350-524: The Mahmutbey station, M1 line at the Kirazlı station, M2, M1 and Metrobus at the İncirli station, and lastly Marmaray (B1) and YHT at Özgürlük Meydanı Station. The M4 line has a vapur (traditional ferry), motorboat, İDO and nostalgic tram interchange at Kadıköy which is the heart of Istanbul's Asian side. One can also interchange to Marmaray at the Ayrılık Ceşmesi station . Also at Ünalan / Uzunçayır,

4437-463: The SOV structure has diminished relevance and may vary. The SOV structure may thus be considered a "pragmatic word order" of language, one that does not rely on word order for grammatical purposes. Consider the following simple sentence which demonstrates that the focus in Turkish is on the element that immediately precedes the verb: Ahmet Ahmet yumurta-yı Metro Istanbul Metro İstanbul

SECTION 50

#1732765379518

4524-469: The TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries. In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual Ottoman-Turkish /Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform. Owing to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before

4611-539: The Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨ı⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back , rounded and unrounded and vowel height . Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in

4698-592: The United States, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Due to the cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic members of the diaspora speak the language with native fluency. In 2005, 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers of Turkish, about 67 million at the time, with Kurdish languages making up most of

4785-493: The adoption of the new Turkish alphabet in 1928, shaped the modern Turkish language spoken today. The TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the constitution of 1982 , following the military coup d'état of 1980 . Modern standard Turkish

4872-406: The aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language reform to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents. By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by

4959-484: The areas of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin and sharing similarities with Azerbaijani , the language of Azerbaijan. The Central Anatolia Region speaks Orta Anadolu . Karadeniz , spoken in the Eastern Black Sea Region and represented primarily by the Trabzon dialect, exhibits substratum influence from Greek in phonology and syntax ; it is also known as Laz dialect (not to be confused with

5046-494: The city's hilly geography. Out of the 158 operating stations of the Istanbul Metro: Most stations have a mezzanine directly below street level, which allows passengers to enter the stations from multiple locations and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross any streets. Inside the mezzanines are ticket machines and turnstiles, where passengers must pay to enter fare control zones and proceed to

5133-642: The construction of many stations, especially in the south. Taking into account the seismic activity in Istanbul, the entire network was built with the cut-and-cover method to withstand an earthquake of up to 9.0 on the Richter magnitude scale . The first section between Taksim and 4. Levent entered service, after some delays, on 16 September 2000. This line is 8.5 km (5.28 mi) long and has 6 stations, which all look similar but are in different colours. In 2000, there were 8 Alstom -built 4-car train sets in service, which ran every 5 minutes on average and transported 130,000 passengers daily. On 30 January 2009,

5220-513: The continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as bölem to replace fırka , "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval ( fırka has been replaced by

5307-471: The country is very high. The rising presence of this very similar language in Azerbaijan and the fact that many children use Turkish words instead of Azerbaijani words due to satellite TV has caused concern that the distinctive features of the language will be eroded. Many bookstores sell books in Turkish language along Azerbaijani language ones, with Agalar Mahmadov, a leading intellectual, voicing his concern that Turkish language has "already started to take over

SECTION 60

#1732765379518

5394-478: The depth of the Bosporus strait which divides the city, the European and Asian metro networks do not connect directly. The two parts of the city are linked through the Marmaray commuter rail line, which is connected to the metro in several places. Four metro lines are under construction on the Asian side: M10 (Pendik Merkez–Fevzi Çakmak), M12 (60. Yıl Parkı–Kazım Karabekir), M13 (Emek–Yenidoğan) and M14 (Altunizade–Bosna Bulvarı). Additionally, extension works on

5481-403: The discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Old Turkic alphabet , which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to

5568-442: The first 'modern' mass transit railway system started in 1989, with the first stations opening in September. İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (now known as Metro Istanbul ) was founded the previous year to operate the system. The M1 was initially called "Hafif Metro" (which literally translates as "light metro"). Although it was built as a fully grade separated line, the M1 line operates with shorter trainsets and shorter station platforms than

5655-406: The first train sets built by Eurotem entered service. Eurotem will build a total of 92 new trainsets for the M2 line. As of 30 January 2009, a total of 34 trainsets, each with 4 cars, were being used on the M2 line. A northern extension from 4. Levent to Maslak was opened on 30 January 2009. On 2 September 2010, the northern (temporary) terminus of Darüşşafaka followed up. The southern extension of

5742-418: The lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — elun and kitabun . With the exceptions stated below, Turkish words are oxytone (accented on the last syllable). Turkish has two groups of sentences: verbal and nominal sentences. In the case of a verbal sentence, the predicate is a finite verb, while the predicate in nominal sentence will have either no overt verb or

5829-466: The language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel. The principle of vowel harmony, which permeates Turkish word-formation and suffixation, is due to the natural human tendency towards economy of muscular effort. This principle is expressed in Turkish through three rules: The second and third rules minimize muscular effort during speech. More specifically, they are related to

5916-429: The language reform, the Turkish education system discontinued the teaching of literary form of Ottoman Turkish and the speaking and writing ability of society atrophied to the point that, in later years, Turkish society would perceive the speech to be so alien to listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995. The past few decades have seen

6003-438: The line has a Metrobus interchange just like Gayrettepe in M2. The M5 line has an interchange with the Marmaray and İDO at the Üsküdar station . Also at Altunizade the line has a Metrobus interchange. The M6 line has an interchange with the M2 line at the Levent station . The M7 line interchanges with the M2 line at the Mecidiyeköy station, with the T4 tramway line at the Kiptaş-Venezia/Karadeniz station, and with

6090-442: The linguistic concept of accent , which is also covered with these words. Several universities, as well as a dedicated work-group of the Turkish Language Association, carry out projects investigating Turkish dialects. As of 2002 work continued on the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect- atlas of the Turkish language. Although the Ottoman alphabet, being slightly more phonetically ambiguous than

6177-402: The modern Turkish language. While visiting the region between Adıyaman and Adana , Evliya Çelebi recorded the "Turkman language" and compared it with his own Turkish: Reforms Kemalism After the foundation of the modern state of Turkey and the script reform , the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , with

6264-410: The national and natural dialects of Azerbaijan". However, the presence of Turkish as foreign language is not as high as Russian. In Uzbekistan, the second most populated Turkic country, a new TV channel Foreign Languages TV was established in 2022. This channel has been broadcasting Turkish lessons along with English, French, German and Russian lessons. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and

6351-489: The personal ending, so for example Necla, siz öğretmen misiniz ? ('Necla, are you [formal, plural] a teacher?'). Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally subject–object–verb , as in Korean and Latin , but unlike English, for verbal sentences and subject-predicate for nominal sentences. However, as Turkish possesses a case-marking system, and most grammatical relations are shown using morphological markers, often

6438-435: The phenomenon of labial assimilation: if the lips are rounded (a process that requires muscular effort) for the first vowel they may stay rounded for subsequent vowels. If they are unrounded for the first vowel, the speaker does not make the additional muscular effort to round them subsequently. Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality", and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony: Practically,

6525-638: The preceding vowel. In native Turkic words, the sounds [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] are mainly in complementary distribution with [k] , [ɡ] , and [ɫ] ; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these phonemes is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] often occur with back vowels: some examples are given below. However, there are minimal pairs that distinguish between these sounds, such as kar [kɑɾ] "snow" vs kâr [cɑɾ] "profit". Turkish orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing ,

6612-440: The principles of i-type vowel harmony in practice: Türkiye' dir ("it is Turkey"), kapı dır ("it is the door"), but gün dür ("it is the day"), palto dur ("it is the coat"). These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony: The road sign in the photograph above illustrates several of these features: The rules of vowel harmony may vary by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in

6699-730: The project, which was never realized, are today displayed at the Istanbul Technical University Museum. In 1936 the French urban planner Henri Prost proposed a metro network between the districts of Taksim and Beyazıt , to the north and south of the Golden Horn, respectively. In October 1951 the Dutch firm Nedeco proposed a similar route between Taksim and Beyazıt, and in September 1952 the Director of

6786-460: The remainder. Azerbaijani language , official in Azerbaijan, is mutually intelligible with Turkish and speakers of both languages can understand them without noticeable difficulty, especially when discussion comes on ordinary, daily language. Turkey has very good relations with Azerbaijan, with a multitude of Turkish companies and authorities investing there, while the influence of Turkey in

6873-546: The rolling stock is generally incompatible, with few track connections to other lines and rolling stock generally will never run on any line other than whatever they first were delivered to. As each line is generally self-contained, this has rarely become an issue. The first Istanbul full metro rolling stocks, which entered service on 16 September 2000, on the Taksim - 4. Levent line, were built by Alstom . These trains are air-conditioned and equipped with LCD screens, and share

6960-407: The station, passengers may use ticket vending machines or staffed ticket booths to purchase their fare, which can be stored on the Istanbulkart contactless smart card . After entering the fare-controlled area, via the turnstiles, passengers may continue further down to the platform level. Since the different lines of the Istanbul Metro have different specifications, most notably car length , there

7047-541: The system now includes 159 stations in service, with 36 more under construction. With 243.3 kilometers, Istanbul has the 21st longest metro line in the world and the 5th in Europe. The system consists of eleven lines: the lines designated M1A , M1B , M2 , M3 , M6 , M7 , M9 and M11 are on the European side of the Bosporus , while lines M4 , M5 and M8 are on the Asian side. Due to Istanbul's unique geography and

7134-630: The train. In September 2009, CAF signed a contract to supply 144 units for the M4 metro line, amounting to 1.1 million euros. These metro units are formed with 4 cars for a total length of 90 meters and have a maximum transport capacity of 1300 passengers. In August 2013, tender for the 126 driverless train units for the M5 line was won by CAF and Mitsubishi with 119 million euros. The first units were delivered in November 2016. In March 2016, Eurotem signed

7221-410: The trains. In some stations, mezzanines connect directly to nearby buildings and structures, such as shopping malls or business centres. Each station concourse or mezzanine are patrolled by Istanbul Metro security guards to prevent fare evasion and crime. Stations with large walkways toward different exits, such as Taksim , also have travelators to cover the long walking distances. Upon entering

7308-432: The twofold pattern (also referred to as the e-type vowel harmony) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the e-form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the a-form. The fourfold pattern (also called the i-type) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The following examples, based on the copula -dir ("[it] is"), illustrate

7395-613: The weekends with trains at 20 minutes interval. Since August 2019, the Istanbul Metro started to provide 24 hours service for some lines on weekends and public holidays, but this service was discontinued in March 2020 due to coronavirus pandemic. On March 5, 2022 Metro Istanbul announced that the night metro service would be re-started on the following lines: M1A Yenikapı-Atatürk Airport, M1B Yenikapı-Kirazli, M2 Yenikapı-Hacıosman, M4 Kadıköy-Sabiha Gökçen Airport, M5 Üsküdar-Çekmeköy, and M6 Levent-Boğaziçi University/Hisarüstü, and later added M7 Mecidiyeköy-Mahmutbey on July 14, 2022. Each line

7482-489: Was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: agglutination , vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia . Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan , these date back to the Second Turkic Khaganate (dated 682–744 CE). After

7569-695: Was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire —spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Perso-Arabic script -based Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with the Latin script -based Turkish alphabet . Some distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination . The basic word order of Turkish

#517482