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45-790: After the Thousand Days' War and the influence of the United States to build the Panama Canal the former Department of Gran Colombia separated from Colombia and became the Republic of Panama . The region of Panama was part of the Spanish Empire during the wars of independence against the Spanish . On November 28, 1821, Panama proclaimed its independence from Spain. Independence was achieved without bloodshed and with

90-528: A frenetic attempt to bring order to the country. First, they dismissed President Sanclemente and replaced him with Jose Manuel Marroquin. In response, the Liberals nominated Gabriel Vargas Santos for the presidency. The battles of Peralonso and Palonegro (in Santander) caused substantial damage. At Peralonso, the Liberals achieved victory by the direction of Rafael Uribe Uribe. At Palonegro (May 26, 1900)

135-402: A great diversity of fauna and flora that include 300 bird species. Forest degradation takes at least 50 years to regenerate, and regeneration efforts are not keeping pace with the rate of further deforestation. Soil erosion, negative effects on species' feeding and reproductive cycles, fragmentation of habitat, and loss of species are all consequences of this large-scale deforestation. The Chocó

180-497: A highway connecting Chocó with the city of Medellín . The area has little access to medical care. In August 2016, Colombian media reported that some 50 children starved in less than three months, creating awareness of the grave condition Choco’s inhabitants are facing. That same year, an additional 10 adults and senior citizens, of the indigenous community in Chocó, died due to preventable causes such as malaria and diarrhea. In spite of

225-679: A power vacuum left by President Manuel Antonio Sanclemente 's inability to lead his office due to illness, eventually boiled over once more, leading to open insurrection and active warfare. On 17 October 1899, official insurrection against the National government was announced by members of the Liberal Party in the Department of Santander, and hostilities began in earnest on 11 November with the Battle of Bucaramanga . The intended date for

270-657: Is inhabited predominantly by Afro-Colombians, descendants of enslaved Africans imported and brought to this area by the Spanish colonizers after conquering the Americas . The second largest race/ethnic group are the Embera , a Native American people. More than half of their total population in Colombia lives in Chocó, some 35,500. They practice hunting and artisan fishing and live near rivers. The total population as of 2005

315-587: Is understood among indigenous Panamanians as the loss of their struggle for land rights. The definitive peace treaty was signed on the American battleship Wisconsin on November 21, 1902. The Liberals were represented by General Lucas Caballero Barrera, who was in charge of the united army of Cauca and Panama, and Colonel Eusebio A. Morales, who was representing General Benjamin Herrera. The Conservatives were represented by General Víctor M. Salazar, governor of

360-702: The Congress of Colombia ignored the requests for commercial franchises for the Isthmus, which frustrated Panamanian aspirations. Consequently, a separatist movement arose to turn Panama into a Hanseatic country, under the protection of the United Kingdom and the United States . The movement was, however, repressed by the Colombian military stationed on the Isthmus. Regarding concrete separations,

405-532: The San Juan , and the Baudó . Each has many tributaries. The Baudó Mountains on the coast and the inland Cordillera Occidental are cut by low valleys, with an altitude less than 1,000 meters, that form most of the territory. Most of the Chocó is thick rainforest . Much of the wood for Colombia's internal consumption is harvested from the Chocó, with a small percentage harvested for export. Chocó Department produces

450-508: The 'greatest plant biodiversity on the planet (and) twenty-five percent of the plant and bird species living in this region are endemic .' Globally, Chocó is among 25 regions classified as priority biodiversity hotspots. Threats to this rich biodiversity, despite the region's conservation priority status, are many. Approximately 80% of the forest has been converted to other uses, such as slash-and-burn and intensive agriculture, inappropriate and illegal logging, and cattle ranching. Measuring

495-456: The 19th century, Colombia was a politically unstable country. Different political forces – largely coalesced into conservatives and liberals – pushed for a unitary state on one side versus a federalized state on the other. Following the Civil War 1885, when radical factions of the Liberal Party rebelled but ultimately failed against the administration of Rafael Nuñez – a moderate liberal who had

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540-990: The Caribbean shoreline of present-day Costa Rica and Nicaragua . Control over this part of the Mosquito Coast was disputed with the British and the Federal Republic of Central America . 8°58′N 79°32′W  /  8.967°N 79.533°W  / 8.967; -79.533 Thousand Days%27 War Colombian government victory [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Republic of Colombia Manuel Antonio Sanclemente José Manuel Marroquín José Vargas Santos Manuel Casabianca Welsares Guillermo Quintero Calderón Próspero Pinzón Romero   † José Domingo Ospina Camacho Ramón González Valencia Pedro Nel Ospina The Thousand Days' War ( Spanish : Guerra de los Mil Días )

585-545: The Conservatives halted the enemy in what was an extraordinarily bloody encounter. After Palonegro, the Liberals were divided into two different factions, this time pacifists and the warmongers . The Nationals of the Conservatives believed it was time to end the war, which by this time was mainly in the province of Panama and on the coast of the Caribbean Sea . With that decision, internationalization of

630-526: The Conservatives, and therefore was inclined to surrender, albeit with certain conditions. The first peace treaty, which formalized the cessation of hostilities, was signed on the plantation Neerlandia on October 24, 1902; the fighting had ended by the mid-point of that year in Panama. From late 1901, fighting occurred between the ships Admiral Padilla (Liberal) and the Lautaro ( Chilean property , lent to

675-638: The Department of Panama, and General Alfredo Vázquez Cobo, Chief of Staff of the Conservative army on the Atlantic Coast, the Pacific, and Panama. Together, representing the entire government, they signed the end of the war. Choc%C3%B3 Department Chocó Department ( Spanish pronunciation: [tʃoˈko] ) is a department of the Pacific region of Colombia known for hosting

720-679: The Spanish monarchy and had avoided the troubles afflicting the rest of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . On November 28, 1821 Panama was voluntarily annexed to Gran Colombia under the Constitution of Cúcuta , which had been promulgated on August 30, 1819. On February 9, 1822, by Executive Decree of the Vice President of Gran Colombia , Francisco de Paula Santander , the Isthmus Department was provisionally created until

765-556: The backing of the Conservative Party – the federalized Constitution of Rionegro of 1863 was replaced by the Constitution of 1886 , thus beginning a centralist political process known as the Regeneración . The Regeneración brought relative peace to Colombia, but ultimately failed to resolve the internal political and economic disputes between the disparate departments of the country. Continued tensions, coupled with

810-469: The beginning of the civil war was October 20, 1899. However, due to the imprudence of some of the Liberal generals, especially Paolo Emilio Villar, who wished to begin the war on October 17, it was changed. The reaction of many Liberals was hesitant, since they believed that they did not have sufficient numbers or organization. Despite this, the rebellion began in the municipality of Socorro, Santander , and

855-478: The city of Bucaramanga , leading to active warfare. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Neerlandia and the Treaty of Wisconsin . The war resulted in a Conservative victory, and ensured the continued dominance of the Conservative Party in Colombian politics for another 28 years. Colombia's political structure as a unitary state has not been challenged since. As an international conflict,

900-405: The city's harbor and order Venezuelan general José Antonio Dávila to manage Venezuelan troops alongside the Liberals. Errors by Venezuelan forces resulted with Colombian reinforcements landing near Riohacha and countering the joint Liberal-Venezuelan forces, resulting in a mass retreat and a victory for the Colombian army. Eventually, General Uribe saw that the Liberals would not be able to defeat

945-478: The conservatives), which was defeated by the former in front of the City of Panama on January 20, 1902. Later the threat was from the American navy, sent by the government of Theodore Roosevelt to protect the United States ' future interests in the construction of the Panama Canal . The Liberals, commanded by General Benjamin Herrera, were then forced to surrender. The subsequent assassination of Victoriano Lorenzo

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990-598: The department was subdivided into provinces. According to the laws of Gran Colombia, the civil government of the department was headed by an intendant and the military authority was represented by the General Commander of the department. According to the provisions of the Law of Division of Colombia of June 25, 1824, the department consisted of two provinces and 10 cantons: Outside of these provinces, it also notionally included coastal territories farther northward along

1035-475: The department’s ranking of “world's rainiest lowland” (the Chocó–Darién moist forests ecoregion ), with close to 400 inches (10,000 mm) of annual precipitation, Quibdó lacks sanitary drinking water. The first city founded by conquistadors in mainland America was Santa María la Antigua del Darién , founded by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1510 and disestablished in 1524, just 14 years later. The department

1080-522: The ecoregion known as El Chocó that extends from Panama to Ecuador . The municipality of Lloró holds the record for the world’s highest average annual precipitation , measured at 13,300 millimetres (520 in; 43.6 ft) which makes it the wettest place in the world. Three large rivers drain the Chocó Department, the Atrato (which runs north, with tributaries that also flow north),

1125-476: The efforts of the special envoy of Simón Bolívar and the pressure exerted by the intendant and military chief in the Isthmus. In 1826, the same year in which the Isthmus rejected the Bolivian constitution, the Congress of Panama was held in the capital of the department. But this remarkable event was not an obstacle for the first attempt of separation from Colombia to take place in that year. It so happened that

1170-468: The extent of biodiversity loss in Chocó thus far was previously difficult due to the remoteness of most of the region. However, with advances in LiDAR imaging and the efforts of various nonprofit conservation organizations, there is much documentation to identify and quantify the environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. For example, a 2019 analysis of more than 80,000 ha of LiDAR samples to quantify

1215-405: The first was carried out under the leadership of General José Domingo Espinar  [ es ] , who separated the Isthmus on September 26, 1830. However, he returned to reintegrate it to Gran Colombia on December 11 of the same year. The second attempt was made by Colonel Juan Eligio Alzuru  [ es ] on July 9, 1831, following the example of Venezuela and Ecuador. But the movement

1260-418: The implementation of the Constitution of 1886 and the political process known as the Regeneración , tensions ran high after the presidential election of 1898, and on 17 October 1899, official insurrection against the national government was announced by members of the Liberal Party in the Department of Santander. Hostilities did not begin until the 11th of November, when liberal factions attempted to take over

1305-601: The largest Afro-Colombian population in the nation, and a large population of Amerindian and mixed African-Amerindian Colombians. It is in the west of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean . It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama . Its capital is Quibdó . Chocó has a diverse geography, unique ecosystems and unexploited natural resources; however, its population has one of

1350-433: The lowest standards of living of all departments in Colombia. A major factor cited by the government is the rugged, montane rainforest environment and the hot, hyperhumid climate. These factors have limited any significant infrastructure improvements to the region, and Chocó remains one of the most isolated regions of Colombia, with no major transportation infrastructure built since initial foundations were laid down in 1967 for

1395-497: The majority of Colombia's significant platinum output (28,359 ounces of platinum in 2011). Chocó is also Colombia's top gold -producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). In the late 19th century, it attracted a variety of miners from many countries seeking to make their fortunes in gold. The Chocó is a Key Biodiversity Area ( KBA ). According to the United Nations Development Program , it contains

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1440-416: The nation's population at that time, the conflict was the deadliest and most destructive civil war in the history of Colombia. It led to severe economic, political, and social repercussions for the country, including a partial collapse of the nation's economy, continued governmental instability, and the eventual loss of the Department of Panama as an incorporated territory of the republic in 1903. Throughout

1485-522: The next meeting of Congress, with the same rights granted to the original departments created by the law of October 2, 1821. He also divided it into two provinces: Panamá and Veraguas . The Isthmus was characterized by a strong tendency towards autonomism, as an early antecedent we have the tenacious opposition of its political class, against the adoption of the Bolivian constitution that was intended to be implemented in Gran Colombia, despite all

1530-466: The participation of the most prominent men of the country, who through their financial contributions neutralized the Spanish army that guarded the Isthmus. Panama's independence movement began on November 10, 1821 with the independence of the Villa de Los Santos  [ es ] led by Segundo Villarreal ; eighteen days later, on November 28, after the patriot victory at the Battle of Carabobo , there

1575-404: The rebels awaited military reinforcements from Venezuela. The Conservative government, however, was not idle while this was occurring. They prepared a military force to be sent to Bucaramanga , the capital of Santander. The force never arrived, however, because the troops refused to accept payment by "tickets", which the government had to use due to the dire economic situation. No one expected, or

1620-433: The vegetation structure, disturbance, and elevation in Chocó forests, a loss of more than 115 million tons of dry biomass, or 58 million tons of carbon was documented. El Pangán ProAves Reserve, in the biogeographic region of Chocó, charged with protecting area's biodiversity, with special consideration of protecting bird species, is greatly challenged and not sufficiently equipped to meet the numerous conservation threats to

1665-682: The war extended into Ecuadorian and Venezuelan territories. Conservative and liberal factions of those two countries, as well as of Guatemala , El Salvador , and Nicaragua , backed their respective parties within Colombia. American interests in the Panama Isthmus led to an American intervention and naval deployment in Panama (then part of Colombia) under the guise of upholding the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty . With an estimated 100,000 to 180,000 fatalities, about 2.5–3.8 percent of

1710-500: The war was avoided, though internationalization was promoted by Venezuelan president Cipriano Castro (who recognized Uribe Uribe as President of Colombia). Conservative troops commanded by Marroquín managed to reduce Venezuelan aid to the Liberals on 29 July 1901 during the Battle of San Cristóbal , who at this time were suffering defeats by the Conservative General Juan B. Tovar . President Castro of Venezuela

1755-766: Was a civil war fought in Colombia from 17 October 1899 to 21 November 1902, at first between the Liberal Party and the government led by the National Party , and later – after the Conservative Party had ousted the National Party – between the liberals and the conservative government. Caused by the longstanding ideological tug-of-war of federalism versus centralism between the liberals, conservatives, and nationalists of Colombia following

1800-542: Was created in 1944. Its low population, mountainous and inhospitable topography , and distance from Bogotá resulted in Chocó receiving little attention from the Colombian government. During the reign of military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla , his administration proposed to eliminate Chocó and divide its territory between the departments of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca . But the 1957 coup d'état of General Gabriel París Gordillo overthrew Pinilla's government and ended such plans. The Chocó Department makes up most of

1845-546: Was emancipation from the Spanish Empire and Panama's decision to voluntarily join Gran Colombia was officially proclaimed. Several factors influenced the final decision to join Panama to Gran Colombia, instead of Peru , its main trading partner during the Spanish colonial era. Of these, the most important to join Gran Colombia was the figure of Simón Bolívar , who at that time was at the height of his glory and popularity. Up until this point, Panama had remained within

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1890-524: Was less than half a million, with more than half living in the Quibdó valley. According to a 2005 census the ethnic composition of the department is: Quibdó is the largest city, with a population of almost 100,000. Other important cities and towns include Istmina , Condoto , Alto Baudó , Riosucio and El Carmen de Atrato in the interior, Acandí on the Caribbean Coast, and Bahía Solano on

1935-490: Was prepared for, a war that would last three years and would result in disaster to the country. With time, the war spread to every part of Colombia. The first Liberal defeats came early during the war, with the Conservative victory at the Battle of Magdalena River on October 24. However, the Conservatives were in a delicate situation as well. The Conservatives had split into two factions, the Historical and National , in

1980-601: Was suffocated and its leaders executed on August 29 of that year by orders of General Tomás de Herrera . The department of the Isthmus was constituted with the territory of the current Republic of Panama, the north of the current department of Chocó , and the Costa Rican southern Pacific (from Punta Burica to the Golfo Dulce ). In 1824, by means of the Law of Territorial Division of the Republic of Colombia [ es ],

2025-455: Was the driving force of the war in late-1901, eventually pushing its continuation into 1902. In September 1901, Castro deployed 1,200 Venezuelan troops along with cannons, rifles and a machine gun into Colombia, with Venezuelans comprising a large portion of Liberal troops in border area. During the Battle of Riohacha , Castro sent a gunboat to block Conservative reinforcements from entering

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