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29-448: The Isuzu Fargo is a light commercial van manufactured between 1980 and 2001 by Japanese automaker Isuzu in Japan . The Fargo spanned two generations, the first of which was sold between 1980 and 1995 as both van and pickup body styles, with the second generation, introduced in 1995, confined to a single van body style. This second generation was a badge-engineered version of

58-666: A 1.8-litre 4ZB1 petrol engine rated at 65 kW (87 hp), and a 2.0-litre 4FC1 diesel putting out 44 kW (59 hp). In 1986, the 1.8 petrol was withdrawn and replaced by the 2.0 litre 4ZC1 petrol producing 69 kW (93 hp). All three engines were coupled with a four speed manual transmission . The single, cargo-carrying model was accompanied by the limited edition LS—a highly specified 9-seater people-mover variant in October 1982. Only 250 were built for Australian consumption; however, in August 1983, Holden introduced

87-445: A dedicated commercial vehicle network for heavy and light commercial vehicles, Volkswagen, whose franchised dealers usually have standalone van centres, Iveco, and Isuzu Truck. Isuzu Truck market commercial vehicles up to 18 tonnes GVW and Iveco market their heavy truck range with their Daily van to complement this. Many franchised dealers also retail used LCVs, with the poorer quality examples sent to specialist auctions for sale. There

116-400: A regular car license without the need for an Operator's License . The speed restriction is higher than heavy goods vehicles: 60 MPH on dual carriageways and up to 70 MPH on motorways. Qualifying light commercial vehicles include pickup trucks , vans and three-wheelers – all commercially based goods or passenger carrier vehicles. The LCV concept was created as a compact truck and

145-470: A short-lived cab-forward pickup (truck) body style was added; it was soon replaced by the more popular Isuzu Faster trucks. In January 1991, the 2.4-litre 4FG1 diesel engine introduced, replacing the earlier 1.8- and 2.0-litre units. Design changes were also made, to both the interior and exterior. In August 1993, the 2.4-litre 4FG1-T turbodiesel standardised across the range. Three-point rear seatbelts were now fitted to models fitted with rear seats and

174-466: Is a large network of independent used commercial vehicle retailers who retail thousands of used commercial vehicles every month. LCV dealers are increasingly using the Internet to help sell their vehicles in addition to the traditional print media. Crashworthiness Crashworthiness is the ability of a structure to protect its occupants during an impact. This is commonly tested when investigating

203-405: Is measured after the fact by looking at injury risk in real-world crashes. Often, regression or other statistical methods are used to account for the many other factors that can affect the outcome of a crash. The history of human tolerance to deceleration can likely be traced to the studies by John Stapp to investigate the limits of human tolerance in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1950s and 1960s,

232-461: Is usually optimised to be tough-built, have low operating costs and powerful yet fuel efficient engines, and to be used in intra-city operations. All of the above light commercial vehicles are sold through dealer networks. Usually, a car dealer will have a franchise for the sale of a manufacturer's cars and the LCVs will be sold as an addition. The exceptions to these are Mercedes-Benz, which has

261-832: The Bedford Midi , then the Vauxhall Midi . Export versions of the Midi in Europe were badged GME Midi , Isuzu Midi , Bedford Midi and Bedford Seta (in Portugal). The first-generation Isuzu Fargo was introduced in December 1980 with a 1.6- and 1.8-litre petrol engines , and a 1.8-litre diesel engine . A 2.0-litre diesel was also available, but originally only in the wagon version. The commercial (van) version gained this option beginning in August 1981. Designed very much in

290-859: The Nissan Caravan (E24) , as opposed to an Isuzu design. Between 1982 and 1990, the first-generation Fargo was marketed in Australia by Holden , the Australian subsidiary of General Motors as the Holden Shuttle . In Europe and New Zealand, the first series Isuzu Fargo was sold under the Isuzu WFR name. In Colombia, it was sold as the Chevrolet WFR . It was also built in the United Kingdom by Vauxhall Motors and sold as

319-602: The Pakistan Army began serious accident analysis into crashworthiness as a result of fixed-wing and rotary-wing accidents. As the US Army 's doctrine changed, helicopters became the primary mode of transportation in Vietnam. Due to fires and the forces of deceleration on the spine, pilots were getting spinal injuries in crashes that they would have survived otherwise. Work began to develop energy-absorbing seats to reduce

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348-827: The Vauxhall Arena , while the LWB models were replaced in 1997 by the Vauxhall Movano , both of which were based on Renault products. General Motors' (GM) Australian subsidiary, Holden released the Isuzu Fargo van in February 1982 as the WFR series Holden Shuttle. The original release Shuttle was available in short and long wheelbase guises, in combination with either low or high roofs, all available with or without side cargo windows. Two engines were initially offered:

377-769: The air conditioning unit is now chlorofluorocarbon free (CFC). General Motors-owned Vauxhall Motors offered a version of the Fargo as the Bedford Midi between 1985 and 1994. Following the sale of the Bedford Vehicles to AWD, the Bedford Midi was rebadged as the Vauxhall Midi. Versions sold in continental Europe and Ireland were sold under various names, including Bedford Seta (in Portugal), General Motors Midi, GME Midi, and Isuzu Midi. Between 1983 and 1988, Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines (IMM) produced

406-616: The Army published the Aircraft Crash Survival Design Guide. The guide was changed several times and turned into a set of books with different volumes for different aircraft systems. The goal of this guide is to show engineers what they need to think about when making military planes that can survive a crash. Consequently, the Army established a military standard (MIL-STD-1290A) for light fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The standard sets minimum requirements for

435-649: The Isuzu Midi at its Kairouan , Tunisia , manufacturing facility. Built in Luton , the Midi brought few changes to the Japanese Fargo and replaced the old Bedford CF van. This was very much a stop-gap design to replace the old CF range, but a true CF replacement never came. The van also signified the end of Bedford, and its own designs as GM used other companies designs it co owned as a cheaper option. Talks were held with Freight Rover during 1985 to produce

464-554: The LT 9-seater people mover. The lower-specification LT was not equipped with many of the LS Shuttle's luxury features, including the dual-zone air conditioning . An AM / FM radio with compact cassette player and a digital clock were standard on the LT, with single zone air conditioning available as an option. Both the LS and LT were powered exclusively by the petrol engine. The Shuttle

493-544: The Sherpa 300 series van under licence; the idea was abandoned by the end of 1986. Also, concerns arose over its crashworthiness in this same issue, following a test on the Japanese-built WFR. Engines offered were both petrol (1.8- and 2.0-litre) and diesel (2.0-, 2.2-, or 2.4-litre turbo). The Midi could be ordered with either an old fashioned, column-mounted gear change allowing a third central passenger seat in

522-570: The Shuttle in 1990, and opted not to replace it with another model. The Shuttle's immediate predecessor were the Bedford CF vans sourced from the United Kingdom. These Bedford vans were not however, distributed under the "Holden" brand. Light commercial vehicle In the UK, light haulage is a restricted-weight delivery service where the maximum permitted gross vehicle weight rating without

551-631: The Wagon LF model, followed by the addition of optional four-wheel drive on wagons in November of that year. In January 1986, the Fargo received a facelift, with changes to the headlights (now somewhat wider and with a more trapezoidal shape) and the instrument panel . One year later, an automatic transmission became available on rear-wheel drive variants. In September 1987, the naturally aspirated diesel wagons were discontinued, leaving only turbodiesels for these noncommercial versions. In October 1988,

580-413: The chance of spinal injuries during training and combat in Vietnam. A lot of research was done to find out what people could handle, how to reduce energy, and how to build structures that would keep people safe in military helicopters. The primary reason is that ejecting from or exiting a helicopter is impractical given the rotor system and typical altitude at which Army helicopters fly. In the late 1960s,

609-641: The cockpit continued to occur. This led to the consideration of additional protective devices such as airbags. Airbags were considered a viable solution to reducing the incidents of head strikes in the cockpit, in Army helicopters . The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , the Federal Aviation Administration , the National Aeronautic and Space Administration , and the Department of Defense have been

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638-413: The deformation patterns of the vehicle structure, the acceleration experienced by the vehicle during an impact, and the probability of injury predicted by human body models. Injury probability is defined using criteria , which are mechanical parameters (e.g., force, acceleration, or deformation) that correlate with injury risk. A common injury criterion is the head impact criterion (HIC). Crashworthiness

667-483: The front, or with a conventional floor shift, and was available in short and long wheelbases with a choice of standard or high roof lines. A minibus version, named the Albany, was also produced. The Midi was also restyled in 1989 and given a new dashboard panel and seating, together with new door trims and front end fascia. The engine range remained much the same. While production ceased in 1994, SWB models were replaced by

696-591: The mould of contemporary Japanese vehicles of the time, it featured an underfloor engine. The 1.8-litre options were dropped in March 1982, both replaced by 2.0-litre engines. In July 1982, the luxury-oriented 9-seater LS Wagon was introduced, featuring a standard sunroof among other features. At the same time, the column shifter was retired and a floor-mounted shifter became standard across the line. In November 1983, diesels became available with part-time four-wheel drive. In January 1984, turbodiesel engines were introduced in

725-422: The need of an operator's license is also up to 3.5 tonnes. Usually light haulage excludes a distribution center as the majority of deliveries are direct. A delivery may consist of a single, multiple or priority urgent load and can be either same day or next day delivery. The vehicle (as long as it doesn't exceed the 3.5 T gross vehicle weight) does not require a tachograph and can also be driven by people with

754-408: The relocation of badging, re shaped headlamps , and newly designed steel wheels for the base Shuttle. This refresh coincided with a reduced line up; Holden deleted the diesel and long wheelbase options. From December 1987, a four speed automatic transmission option was made available, and the LT people mover variant was removed—transforming the Shuttle into a single model range. Holden discontinued

783-460: The safety of aircraft and vehicles . Different criteria are used to figure out how safe a structure is in a crash, depending on the type of impact and the vehicle involved. Crashworthiness may be assessed either prospectively, using computer models (e.g., RADIOSS , LS-DYNA , PAM-CRASH , MSC Dytran , MADYMO ) or experiments, or retrospectively, by analyzing crash outcomes. Several criteria are used to assess crashworthiness prospectively, including

812-563: The safety of human occupants in a crash. These requirements are based on the need to keep a space or volume that can be used for living and the need to reduce the deceleration loads on the occupant. Crashworthiness was greatly improved in the 1970s with the fielding of the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk and the Boeing AH-64 Apache helicopters. Primary crash injuries were reduced, but secondary injuries within

841-491: Was subject to several minor facelifts and running changes over its production run. In the middle of 1983, a centre front seat was added. This consisted of two outer bucket seats and a centre bench seat , giving the impression of a single bench. June 1985 had the model range restructured, with the five-speed manual transmission from the LS and LT models now standard on the base model. A facelifted model came in June 1986, involving

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