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59-577: The Keihan Ishiyama Sakamoto Line ( 京阪石山坂本線 , Keihan Ishiyama Sakamoto-sen ) is a railway line in Shiga Prefecture , Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keihan Electric Railway . The Otsu Railway opened the Hamaotsu to Awazu section in 1913, electrified at 600 V DC. The line was extended to Ishiyamadera (as single track) the following year. The Hamaotsu to Miidera section opened in 1922 (dual track electrified), and in 1927

118-517: A Giant Kite Festival every May along the riverbank. Ordinary people are invited to pull the rope that sends the kites aloft. Meishin Expressway , Shin-Meishin Expressway and Hokuriku Expressway pass through Shiga. National highway Route 1 , 8 , 21 , 8 , 161 , 303 , 306 , 307 , 365 , 367 , 421 , 422 and 477 connect with neighboring prefectures. Two bridges span southern part of Lake Biwa. With development of land transportation in

177-661: A broadcasting station in Otsu. Shiga is the only prefecture which has no regional newspapers. Kyoto Shimbun is a de facto regional newspaper of Shiga. Ten universities, two junior colleges, and a learning center of The Open University of Japan operate in Shiga. The following sports teams are based in Shiga. Shiga has many tourism resources, but Shiga is overshadowed by its much more famous neighbor Kyoto. Over four million foreign tourists visited Japan in 2000, but only sixty-five thousand visited Shiga. The main gateways to Shiga are

236-683: A domestic and a foreign role. Ii Naosuke regarded the Harris treaty, which Hotta Masayoshi had negotiated with the American envoy Townsend Harris as in Japan's best interests. In accordance with the protocol he asked the three house lords of the gosankyō for their views in writing. However Ii faced a problem in the form of an obstructionist policy from members of the Hitotsubashi faction led by Hitotsubashi Keiki 's father Tokugawa Nariaki . Ii

295-1006: A ninja house is preserved as a visitor center. Since ancient times, Shigans have eaten fish from Lake Biwa. The most famous lake-food is fermented sushi of crucian carp ( 鮒寿司 , funa-zushi ) . It retains the ancient style of sushi and has a pungent odor. Shiga is also famous for high quality wagyū , Ōmi beef . The Hikone Domain presented beef as medicinal food to shōguns. In addition, tsukemono of root crops, mallard nabe or mallard sukiyaki ( 鴨鍋 or 鴨すき , kamo-nabe or kamo-suki ) in northern Shiga, red colored konjac ( 赤こんにゃく , aka konnyaku ) in Omihachiman, sōmen with grilled mackerel ( 焼鯖素麺 , yaki-saba sōmen ) in Nagahama, and lightly seasoned champon in Hikone are examples of specific cuisine in Shiga. Biwako Broadcasting broadcasts local TV programs. NHK has

354-887: A part of Nagahama) is a home of The Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe . Founded in the 1830s, the group is one of the most active traditional Bunraku puppet theaters in Japan outside the National Theater in Osaka. Toyosato and Higashiomi are known to a mecca of Goshu ondo . Museums include the Sagawa Art Museum in Moriyama, the Lake Biwa Museum in Kusatsu and the Miho Museum in Kōka. In Kōka,

413-537: A poem praising Ii's assassins. Soon attempts were being made on the lives of other members of the bakufu and their informants. The wave of popular dissent also turned against officials with a connection to Ii Naosuke, no matter how distant it was. Shimada Sakon, retainer of the Kujō, (one of the Sekke families; the 5 regent houses, and among the most powerful in the court), Imperial regent, was killed by dissidents for supporting

472-419: A small stipend from his family. Fortunately for Ii, even though he was sent to the monastery, his 13 elder brothers were either adopted into other families who needed an heir, or died before they succeeded their father. Accordingly, when his father died in 1850, Ii was called back from the monastery and became the daimyō of Hikone, a fudai domain, and took the family name of Ii. As the daimyō of Hikone, Ii

531-489: A small temple still stands on the lake near the shore, accessible by a short bridge. Another scene features Ishiyama-dera temple in southern Otsu, which is also renowned for having a room where Murasaki Shikibu thought up the plan for some chapters of Tale of Genji . The mountains around the lake offer extensive views. Mount Hira is a picnic spot. Mountain roads like the Oku-Biwako Parkway road up north and

590-497: A survey asking citizens whether they felt it necessary to change the name of the prefecture, partly to raise its profile as a destination for domestic tourism. Shiga borders Fukui Prefecture in the north, Gifu Prefecture in the east, Mie Prefecture in the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture in the west. Lake Biwa, Japan's largest, is located at the center of this prefecture. It occupies one-sixth of its area. The Seta River flows from Lake Biwa to Osaka Bay through Kyoto . This

649-460: A western Swan maiden . Shiga's climate sharply varies between north and south. Southern Shiga is usually warm, but northern Shiga is typically cold with high snowfall and hosts many skiing grounds. In Nakanokawachi, the northernmost village of Shiga, snow reached a depth of 5.6 metres (18 ft) in 1936. As of 1 April 2014, 37% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (the highest total of any prefecture), namely

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708-602: A young and inexperienced shōgun . To end meddling in bakufu affairs, shortly after he signed the Harris treaty Ii settled the matter of the shogunal succession by claiming that the shogunal succession was a matter for the Tokugawa house alone and neither the shinpan daimyōs or the Emperor had the right to interfere. As head councilor of the Tokugawa house Ii was now free to influence the decision in favor of whichever candidate he preferred without any interference. In this way Ii

767-498: Is concentrated along the southern shore of Lake Biwa in Otsu city (adjacent to Kyoto) and along the lake's eastern shore in cities such as Kusatsu and Moriyama, which are within commuting distance to Kyoto . The lake's western and northern shores are more rural and resort-oriented with white sand beaches. In recent years, many Brazilians settled in Shiga to work in nearby factories. 25,040 foreigners live in Shiga and 30% of foreigners were Brazilians as of December 2016. Biwa Town (now

826-603: Is the only natural river that flows out from the lake. Most other natural rivers flow into the lake. There were many lagoons around Lake Biwa, but most of them were reclaimed in 1940s. One of the preserved lagoons is the wetland ( 水郷 , suigō ) in Omihachiman, and it was selected as the first Important Cultural Landscapes in 2006. The lake divides the prefecture into four different areas: Kohoku (湖北, north of lake) centered Nagahama, Kosei (湖西, west of lake) centered Imazu , Kotō (湖東, east of lake) centered Hikone and Konan (湖南, south of lake) centered Otsu. Plains stretch to

885-568: The Tairō (Great Elder); a decision influenced by the Kii Party. The position of Tairō, a post traditionally held by members of the Ii family, was rarely filled; in fact there had only been three Tairō between 1700 and Ii Naosuke's rise to power 158 years later. Ii's promotion to the post of Tairō annoyed many of the shinpan daimyōs ( daimyōs related to the shōgun , they were unable to be members of

944-724: The Biwako and Suzuka Quasi-National Parks; and Kotō , Kutsuki-Katsuragawa , and Mikami-Tanakami-Shigaraki Prefectural Natural Parks. Thirteen cities are located in Shiga Prefecture: These are the towns in each district : The current governor of Shiga is Taizō Mikazuki , a former member of the House of Representatives from Shiga ( DPJ , 3rd district), who was narrowly elected in July 2014 with center-left support against ex-METI-bureaucrat Takashi Koyari (supported by

1003-587: The Japanese tea ceremony , in the Sekishūryū style, and his writings include at least two works on the tea ceremony. Under Ii Naosuke's guidance, the Tokugawa shogunate navigated past a particularly difficult conflict over the succession to the ailing and childless Tokugawa Iesada . Ii Naosuke managed to coerce the Tokugawa shogunate to the last brief resurgence of its power and position in Japanese society before

1062-701: The Maibara Station in northern Shiga and the city of Ōtsu in the south. The Maibara Station is about 2 hours and 20 minutes away from the Tokyo Station by the Tokaido Shinkansen. It is easy to go to Ōtsu from Kyoto and Osaka by high-speed trains. Shiga's most prominent feature is Lake Biwa. The northern shore is especially scenic, such as the cherry blossoms of Kaizu Osaki in spring and the sacred island Chikubu-shima . The western shore has white sand beaches, popular among Kyotoites during

1121-698: The National Diet , Shiga is represented by four directly elected members of the House of Representatives and two (one per ordinary election) of the House of Councillors . For the proportional representation segment of the lower house, the prefecture forms part of the Kinki block . After the national elections of 2016 , 2017 and 2019 , the directly elected delegation to the Diet from Shiga consists of (as of August 1, 2019): Cultivated areas occupy nearly one-sixth of

1180-666: The Tokugawa shogunate , Japan, a position he held from April 23, 1858, until his death, when he was assassinated in the Sakuradamon Incident on March 24, 1860. He is most famous for signing the Harris Treaty with the United States , granting access to ports for trade to American merchants and seamen and extraterritoriality to American citizens. He was also an enthusiastic and accomplished practitioner of

1239-637: The 1960s, Shiga developed industry, supporting major factories owned by companies such as IBM Japan , Canon , Yanmar Diesel , Mitsubishi , and Toray . According to Cabinet Office 's statistics in 2014, the Manufacturing sector accounted for 35.4% of Gross Shiga Product, the highest proportion in Japan. Traditional industries include textiles, Shigaraki ware , Butsudan in Hikone and Nagahama, medicines in Koka, and fan ribs in Adogawa . The population

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1298-654: The 19th century. Besides the Hikone Domain, many domains ruled Omi such as Zeze . With the abolition of the han system , eight prefectures were formed in Omi. They were unified into Shiga Prefecture in September 1872. "Shiga Prefecture" was named after " Shiga District " because Otsu belonged to the district until 1898. From August 1876 to February 1881, southern Fukui Prefecture had been incorporated into Shiga Prefecture. In 2015, Shiga Governor Taizō Mikazuki conducted

1357-520: The 20th century, waterborne transportation in Lake Biwa was disused except for steamer services to islands on the lake and pleasure boats. Shiga has cooperative agreements with three states. 35°7′N 136°4′E  /  35.117°N 136.067°E  / 35.117; 136.067 Ii Naosuke Ii Naosuke ( 井伊 直弼 , November 29, 1815 – March 24, 1860) was a daimyō (feudal lord) of Hikone (1850–1860) and also Tairō of

1416-511: The Harris treaty and helping Ii's confidant, Nagano Shuzen, expose members of the court who were targeted during the Ansei purge. The shōgun and the Bakufu were astounded and taken completely off-guard by the death of Ii Naosuke. They didn't even announce his death until several months after the assassination took place. Instead, during this time the shōgun and the bakufu first pretended that Ii

1475-515: The Hiei-zan Driveway and Oku-Hiei Driveway overlooking the southwestern shore. In Ōtsu, the Ōtsu Prince Hotel's Top of Otsu restaurant provides views of the lake and city. The Michigan paddlewheel boat offers lake cruises. Besides the natural environment, historical buildings, and festivals, several persons of national importance hail from Shiga prefecture. Shiga has 807 National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties , making it

1534-462: The Meiji period. Due to the frail health of the shōgun Tokugawa Iesada , the members of the Hitotsubashi faction wanted to force Ii to support Hitotsubashi Keiki as the heir to the ailing shōgun . Hitotsubashi Keiki was the reformist candidate, supported by the reformist faction, headed by his father Tokugawa Nariaki; his supporters pointed to his experience and skill in handling policy decisions. Ii

1593-505: The West received the news about what had happened in Edo. After his death, Ii Naosuke was quickly both vilified and defended. Even his enemies would admit that, along with Tokugawa Nariaki, Ii was one of the most important political figures of the late Edo period of Japanese history. Due to the often-tyrannical means Ii used to maintain his power, he was the subject of extremely negative press and

1652-515: The Western powers and therefore suggested a policy of placation while the Japanese built up their armed forces (which was the policy chosen by the Meiji government). Ii's successors could not overturn his policy decisions, and his attitude towards the foreigners became the cornerstone of Japanese policy well into the Meiji period. After Ii Naosuke's death, the Ii family was disgraced for many years; recently, however, Ii's actions have been looked at in

1711-491: The anti-foreign party. Ii led the fudai daimyōs in their effort to bring about the downfall of Abe Masahiro and replace him with Hotta Masayoshi . This alienated many reformist daimyōs , leading them to strengthen their association with the Imperial court. In 1858 after Hotta Masayoshi's disastrous attempt to obtain the emperor's approval for the Harris treaty the Tokugawa shōgun Tokugawa Iesada chose Ii Naosuke to be

1770-508: The background until 1861, after the death of Ii Naosuke. In 1861 due to the further deteriorating status of the shogunate the marriage between Tokugawa Iemochi and Princess Kazunomiya finally took place, though their marriage was cut short by Iemochi's death in 1866. Although Ii's Ansei purge was very effective in silencing the officials and his high ranking opponents, it did not have the same effect on lower-ranking samurai. Ii Naosuke's 20-month dictatorial reign as tairō came to an abrupt end in

1829-488: The bakufu, but in the event of the shōgun dying heirless the next shōgun would be chosen from one of the shinpan families) including Tokugawa Nariaki. As the Tairō Ii Naosuke had both prestige and power second only to the shōgun ; Ii also enjoyed the full backing of the fudai daimyōs . An intelligent and capable politician Ii Naosuke was determined to restore the power of the bakufu in Japanese policy making, both in

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1888-752: The center of Tendai and a UNESCO World Heritage Site and monument of Ancient Kyoto now. During the Heian period , the Sasaki clan ruled Omi, and afterward, the Rokkaku clan , Kyōgoku clan , and Azai clans ruled Omi. While during the Azuchi-Momoyama period , Oda Nobunaga subjugated Omi and built Azuchi Castle on the eastern shores of Lake Biwa in 1579. Tōdō Takatora , Gamō Ujisato , Oichi , Yodo-dono , Ohatsu , and Oeyo were Omi notables during this period. In 1600, Ishida Mitsunari , born in

1947-568: The center-right national-level ruling parties) to succeed governor Yukiko Kada . In June 2018, he was overwhelmingly reelected to a second term against only one, Communist challenger. The prefectural assembly has 44 members from 16 electoral districts, and is still elected in unified local elections (last round: 2019 ). As of July 2019, the assembly was composed by caucus as follows: LDP 20 members, Team Shiga ( CDP , DPP , former Kada supporters etc.) 14, JCP 4, Sazanami Club (of independents) 3, Kōmeitō 2, "independent"/non-attached 1. In

2006-531: The company merged with a tourist boat operator to become the Biwako Railway & Steamship Co., which extended the line to Sakamoto the same year. Keihan acquired the company in 1929 (and divested the steamship component immediately), connecting the line to its Keishin line in 1939. The Awazu to Ishiyama section was double-tracked in 1943, but in 1945 the Sakamoto to Shigasato section was singled and

2065-593: The east of Nagahama and based in Sawayama Castle , made war against Tokugawa Ieyasu in Sekigahara, Gifu . After the battle, Ieyasu made Ii Naomasa a new lord of Sawayama. Naomasa established the Hikone Domain , later famous for Ii Naosuke . Ii Naosuke became the Tokugawa shogunate's Tairō and concluded commercial treaties with the Western powers and thus ended Japan's isolation from the world in

2124-601: The eastern shore of Lake Biwa. The prefecture is enclosed by mountain ranges with the Hira Mountains and Mount Hiei in the west, the Ibuki Mountains in the northeast, and the Suzuka Mountains in the southeast. Mount Ibuki is the highest mountain in Shiga. In Yogo , a small lake is famous for the legend of the heavenly robe of an angel ( 天女の羽衣 , tennyo no hagoromo ) , which is similar to

2183-487: The emperor with the hopes of restraining Ii. In response to the attempt by Tokugawa Nariaki and his supporters to denounce him in the emperor's court Ii had a shogunal decree passed which allowed him to conduct the Ansei Purge . During the rest of 1858 and into 1859 Naosuke purged over 100 officials from the bakufu, the imperial court and the lands of various daimyōs . Eight of the officials who were purged were executed;

2242-627: The full backing of the bakufu officials, Ii ordered the Harris treaty to be signed. Soon after this Ii negotiated a number of similar unequal treaties with the Dutch, the Russians, the British and the French. Bakufu critics considered the treaties signed by Ii Naosuke to have seriously compromised Japan's sovereignty, and recovery of this power became the basis of a large part of the policies formed during

2301-417: The idea of kōbu gattai . Kōbu gattai was a policy binding Kyoto and Edo closer together to shore up the failing shogunate with the prestige of the imperial court. This policy was to be carried out by means of a marriage between the shōgun and the Emperor's younger sister, Princess Kazunomiya . Naosuke broached the topic to the Imperial court through his Envoy Manabe Akibuke. Manabe was tasked with gauging

2360-514: The largest freshwater lake in Japan, and 37% of the total land area is designated as Natural Parks , the highest of any prefecture. Shiga Prefecture's southern half is located adjacent to the former capital city of Kyoto and forms part of Greater Kyoto , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Shiga Prefecture is home to Ōmi beef , the Eight Views of Ōmi , and Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in Japan. Shiga

2419-476: The measure of acceptability for the proposed marriage between Shogun Iemochi and Princess Kazunomiya. Prominent court official Konoe Tadahiro responded favorably to the proposal, insinuating a marriage between the shogun and Princess Kazunomiya was possible if her present engagement failed. However, in March 1859 Konoe was forced to retire from the court by Naosuke's Ansei purge, and the idea of kōbu gattai faded into

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2478-529: The military and political foundations of early modern Japan and Japanese militarism, to show that any action can be forgiven if it is performed for the betterment of the emperor. Accounts of the dramatic event were sent via ship across the Pacific to San Francisco and then sped by Pony Express across the American West. On June 12, The New York Times reported that Japan's first diplomatic mission to

2537-420: The outside world. Realizing that Japan was faced with immediate military danger Ii argued that Japan should use their relationship with the Dutch to allow them to buy enough time to develop armed forces, which could resist invasion. Ii recommended that only the port of Nagasaki be opened for trade with foreigners Ii, like Hotta Masayoshi, refused to remain silent while shogunal advisor Abe Masahiro appeased

2596-490: The prefecture with the fourth largest number of such properties in Japan. Shiga's most famous historical building is Hikone Castle , one of four national treasure castles in the country. The castle tower is well-preserved and has many cherry trees. The neighboring city of Nagahama has tourism in addition to its hikiyama festival. Nearby shrines include Hiyoshi Taisha in Otsu and Taga-taisha in Taga, which respectively head

2655-999: The prefecture. Rice is the principal crop: over 90 percent of the farmlands are rice fields. Most farms are small, producing only a slight income. Most farmers depend on income from other sources. Eastern Shiga is famous for cattle breeding and southeastern Shiga is famous for green tea . On Lake Biwa, some people are engaged in fishery and freshwater pearl farming. Since the Medieval Period, especially in Edo period , many Shiga people were active in commerce and were called Ōmi merchants ( 近江商人 , Ōmi shōnin, Ōmi akindo ) , sometimes Ōmi thieves ( 近江泥棒 , Ōmi dorobō ) by other envious merchants. For example, Nippon Life , Itochu , Marubeni , Takashimaya , Wacoal and Yanmar were founded by people from Shiga. In their home towns such as Omihachiman, Hino, Gokashō and Toyosato, their mansions were preserved as tourist attractions. Beginning in

2714-613: The rails recycled for the Japanese war effort. The dual track was reinstated in 1947. The voltage was increased to 1,500 V DC in conjunction with the voltage upgrade on the Keishin line. This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Misplaced Pages. Shiga Prefecture Ōtsu is the capital and largest city of Shiga Prefecture, with other major cities including Kusatsu , Nagahama , and Higashiōmi . Shiga Prefecture encircles Lake Biwa ,

2773-511: The remainder were forced into retirement. During the Ansei purge Ii Naosuke was able to force Hitotsubashi Keiki's supporters to retire and place Hitotsubashi and his family under house arrest. Ii Naosuke was also able to remove officials who had expressed unhappiness with his handling of the Harris treaty and the shogunal succession from public life. In early 1859 Ii Naosuke's agent in the Imperial Court, Nagano Shuzen, approached him with

2832-404: The resurrection of the shogunate's power. His assassins additionally left a note accusing him of building heretical Buddhist temples in Japan; this in fact referred to his allowing Christianity to return to the region, building on earlier Japanese heresiological discourse. The death of Tairō Ii Naosuke started a wave of loyalist terrorism across Japan, the poet Tsunada Tadayuki even wrote

2891-615: The seventh and twentieth largest shrine networks in Japan, at about 4,000 shrines and 260 shrines, respectively. Festivals include the hikiyama festival (floats parade festival), held in ten areas such as Nagahama , Otsu, Maibara, Hino and Minakuchi. The Nagahama hikiyama festival held each April is one of the three major hikiyama festivals in Japan and was designated an Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1979. During this festival ornate floats are mounted with miniature stages on which boys (playing both male and female roles) act in kabuki plays. Higashiomi (formerly Yōkaichi ) city holds

2950-526: The start of the Meiji period . Ii was assassinated in the Sakuradamon incident by a group of 17 Mito and 1 Satsuma samurai on March 24, 1860. Ii Naosuke was born on November 29, 1815, as the 14th son of Ii Naonaka, the daimyō of Hikone by his concubine. Since Naosuke was the 14th son, he was not in line for a prominent position and early in his life was sent to a Buddhist temple where he lived on

3009-515: The summer. The scenery of the southern shore, particularly around Otsu, was selected as Ōmi Hakkei or Eight Views of Ōmi , popularized by Hiroshige 's ukiyo-e . Most of the original eight views are now almost gone or changed from centuries ago. One remaining view is the Ukimidō "floating temple" building at Mangetsu-ji temple in Katata, northern Ōtsu. It was reconstructed with concrete in 1937, but

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3068-477: The third month of Ansei 7 (March 24, 1860). In the Sakuradamon incident , Ii was attacked by a band of 17 young samurai loyalists from the Mito Province and cut down just in front of one of the gates of the shōgun ' s Edo castle entering to meet with the shōgun . The assassination of Ii Naosuke, who was seen as the symbol of the bakufu's power and authority, was construed as crushing any hopes for

3127-456: Was able to ignore the daimyōs who supported Hitotsubashi Keiki, the reformist candidate for the office of shōgun and crowned the fudai daimyō ' s candidate, Tokugawa Yoshitomi who changed his name to Tokugawa Iemochi, as the 14th Tokugawa shōgun . Ii's decision made him very unpopular with Imperial loyalists, especially with the Mito samurai. Towards the end of 1858 the reformists went to

3186-424: Was aware that Japan needed strong leadership, but unlike the reformist daimyōs , Ii was not prepared to accept strong leadership from outside the traditional forms of government. The bakufu, led by Ii, wanted the 12-year-old daimyō of Kii, Tokugawa Yoshitomi , to ascend to the position of shōgun . The bakufu supported such a young candidate because they felt that it would be easier for them to influence and control

3245-456: Was known as Ōmi Province or Gōshū before the prefectural system was established. Omi was a neighbor of Nara and Kyoto , at the junction of western and eastern Japan. During the period 667 to 672, Emperor Tenji founded a palace in Otsu. In 742, Emperor Shōmu founded a palace in Shigaraki . In the early Heian period , Saichō was born in the north of Otsu and founded Enryaku-ji ,

3304-404: Was one of the daimyōs who were eligible for a position in the bakufu , the council of the shōgun ' s advisors. His childhood name was Tetsunosuke (鉄之介). Ii became involved in national politics, rapidly rising to lead a coalition of daimyōs . In 1853 Ii put forward a proposal concerning the Japanese negotiations with U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry during Perry's mission to open Japan to

3363-452: Was portrayed as a villain in much of the literature from his time, for example in the poems of Tsunada Tadayuki. Historians such as Miyauchi and Beasley consider that Ii was nonetheless a patriot who carried out all of his acts in the belief that they were for the good of Japan and the Emperor. They base this theory upon Ii's 1853 proposal concerning the Japanese negotiations with Commodore Perry, where Ii realized that Japan could not stand up to

3422-402: Was still alive and rendering service to the shōgun . Then they faked an illness and had him render his resignation to the shōgun before announcing his death. In this way Ii continued to serve the shōgun , even after death. Ii's assassins were later granted a general amnesty by the bakufu, a precedent later used by Yamagata Aritomo , a key member of the Meiji restoration and a main architect of

3481-517: Was unwilling to sign the Harris treaty without approval from Emperor Kōmei in Kyoto . However the daimyōs of the Hitotsubashi faction were preventing him from presenting the treaty to the emperor by withholding their approval. At this time Harris started putting pressure on the shogunal officials to sign the treaty. Ii decided not to risk aggravating the Americans and on July 29, 1858, encouraged by

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