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21-472: In October 1887, Westcott wrote to Anna Sprengel , whose name and address he received through the decoding of the Cipher Manuscripts . A reply was purported to have been received with much wisdom, and honorary grades of Exempt Adept were conferred upon Westcott, Mathers and Woodman, as well as a charter to establish a Golden Dawn temple to work the five grades outlined in the manuscripts. In 1888,

42-590: A Rosicrucian ritual and to have nominated Westcott as the head of the Golden Dawn in Britain . One of Westcott 's friends had decoded a series of manuscripts which the occultist Fred Hockley had brought from Germany which were given to him by a German Rosicrucian secret society. The address which was encoded there was that of a certain Anna Sprengel, countess of Landsfeldt, near Nuremberg. It

63-513: A Christian Egyptian ( copt or qibt ) converted to Islam, he was called falih which means "winner" or "victorious". The Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge , wrote with regards to the Egyptian fellah: “...no amount of alien blood has so far succeeded in destroying the fundamental characteristics, both physical and mental, of the ‘dweller of the Nile mud,' i.e. the fellah, or tiller of the ground who

84-582: A continuity in beliefs and lifestyle with that of the Ancient Egyptians , the fellahin of Egypt have been described by some as the "true Egyptians". A fellah could be seen wearing a simple Egyptian cotton robe called galabieh ( jellabiya ). The word galabieh originated around 1715–1725 and derived from the Egyptian slang word gallabīyah . "Fellahin", throughout the Middle East in

105-423: Is now in the early 20th century, before large numbers migrated into urban towns and cities. In 1927, anthropologist Winifred Blackman , author of The Fellahin of Upper Egypt , conducted ethnographic research on the life of Upper Egyptian farmers and concluded that there were observable continuities between the cultural and religious beliefs and practices of the fellahin and those of ancient Egyptians. In 2003,

126-520: Is today what he has ever been." He would rephrase stating, "the physical type of the Egyptian fellah is exactly what it was in the earliest dynasties. The invasions of the Babylonians, Hyksos, Ethiopians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Turks, have had no permanent effect either on their physical or mental characteristics." The percentage of fellahin in Egypt was much higher than it

147-615: The Secret Chiefs , instead of dealing with them through Mathers. Among the personal disagreements within the Isis-Urania temple, there were disputes between Florence Farr's The Sphere , a secret society within the Isis-Urania, and the rest of the Adeptus Minors. After the Isis-Urania temple declared its independence, there were even more disputes, leading to the resignation of William Butler Yeats . A committee of three

168-745: The Stella Matutina . Waite, Blackden and Ayton were now the leaders of the order which they now named Independent and Rectified Rite of the Golden Dawn or the Holy Order of the Golden Dawn which aimed at exploring mysticism . However Blackden and Ayton in fact took no active role leaving Waite in charge. Those who adhered to the reformed order included Arthur Machen , Algernon Blackwood , Pamela Colman Smith , and Isabelle de Steiger . The order also gained an active new member Evelyn Underhill in 1905. After Ayton's death, Col. Webber took his place. Waite continued his Isis-Urania Temple work during

189-469: The Golden Dawn, briefly supported the claim of Swami Laura Horos , who had long campaigned for recognition as that countess, to have written to Westcott as Anna Sprengel. According to William Wynn Westcott, with whom he claimed she entered into voluminous correspondence, Anna Sprengel was born in Nuremberg and was responsible for the foundation of the Golden Dawn around 1886. She is supposed to have held

210-626: The Golden Dawn, notably in France and in the United States . Fellah A fellah ( Arabic : فَلَّاح fallāḥ ; feminine فَلَّاحَة fallāḥa ; plural fellaheen or fellahin , فلاحين , fallāḥīn ) is a peasant, usually a farmer or agricultural laborer in the Middle East and North Africa . The word derives from the Arabic word for "ploughman" or "tiller". Due to

231-863: The Isis-Urania temple in London was founded, in which the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced. In addition, there was an insistence on women being allowed to participate in the Order in "perfect equality" with men, which was in contrast to the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (S.R.I.A.) and Masonry. Towards the end of 1899, the Adepts of the Isis-Urania and Amen-Ra temples had become extremely dissatisfied with Mathers' leadership, as well as his growing friendship with Aleister Crowley . They were also anxious to make contact with

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252-537: The Islamic periods, referred to native villagers and farmers. It is translated as " peasants " or " farmers ". Fellahin were distinguished from the effendi (land-owning class), although the fellahin in this region might be tenant farmers , smallholders, or live in a village that owned the land communally. Others applied the term fellahin only to landless workers. After the Arab conquest of Egypt , they called

273-591: The common masses of indigenous peasants fellahin (peasants or farmers) because their ancient work of agriculture and connecting to their lands was different from the Jews who were traders and the Byzantine Greeks , who were the ruling class. With the passage of time, the name took on an ethnic character, and the Arab elites to some extent used the term fellah synonymously with "indigenous Egyptian". Also, when

294-549: The cypher manuscripts represented genuine ancient knowledge transmitted orally via the Egyptian fellaheen . This conflict led Waite to close the temple in 1914 and forming a new order, the Fellowship of the Rosy Cross in complete independence from the Golden Dawn and its offshoots, taking a number of members with him. R. A. Gilbert backs Waite's explanation for the end of the order, while King speculates that real reason for

315-540: The ending of the order was that a number of the Adepts had a strong dislike for Waite's new rituals. Anna Sprengel Anna Sprengel (allegedly died in 1891), countess of Landsfeldt , love-child of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Lola Montez , is a person whose existence was never proven, and who it now seems was invented by William Wynn Westcott to confer legitimacy on the Golden Dawn . In 1901 Mathers, leader of

336-535: The fellahin were still leading humble lives and living in mud-brick houses, like their ancient ancestors. In 2005, they comprised some 60 percent of the total Egyptian population. In the Levant , specifically in Palestine , Jordan and Hauran , the term fellahin was used to refer to the majority native peasantry of the countryside . The term fallah was also applied to native people from several regions in

357-508: The rituals were partially inspired by his investigations into the origins of the Cipher Manuscripts which began in 1908. Waite concluded that the manuscripts inconsistencies meant they could not reflect genuine ancient Egyptian traditions as had been claimed, and in fact had been composed some time in the late nineteenth century. This led to a virulent new dispute between those who accepted Waite's findings and those who did not. These disputes brought Marcus Blackden out of seclusion to argue that

378-690: The years leading up to World War I and initially maintained a somewhat peaceful relationship with the Amoun Temple of the Stella Matutina though refusing contact with Alpha et Omega . The new temple, Francis King argued, "abandoned all magical work, abolished examination within the Second Order and used heavily revised rituals designed to express a somewhat tortuous Christian mysticism . These revisions were carried out by Waite putting them into action in 1910, and have been described by King as "pompous and long windedness". Waite's alterations to

399-438: Was opposed by a majority of the remaining members led by Arthur Edward Waite , Marcus Blackden, and William Alexander Ayton . The Waite group proposed that the order should be reorganised and refocused in a mystical direction retaining control of the Isis-Urania temple, while those wishing to pursue active magical operations should separate. This led a minority under Felkin and Brodie-Innes, and including Yeats, to separate to form

420-518: Was thus that Westcott is supposed to have been put into contact with Anna Sprengel. By 1886, Anna Sprengel is supposed to have already established contact with the person who would become the main leader of the Golden Dawn in Britain, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–1918). Anna Sprengel is supposed to have given Mathers a charter authorising him to found lodges of the Golden Dawn in Britain. Westcott and Mathers henceforth collaborated to develop

441-399: Was to temporarily govern, which included P. W. Bullock, M. W. Blackden and John William Brodie-Innes . After a short time, Bullock resigned, and Dr. Robert Felkin took his place. During this time they fell into conflict with Annie Horniman which led to her leaving the order for good. In May 1903 Brodie Innes attempted to pass a new constitution in which he would become head of the order. He

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