78-623: The Italian protectorate of Albania ( Italian: Protettorato italiano dell'Albania), also known as Italian Albania , the Kingdom of Albania or Greater Albania , existed as a puppet state and protectorate of Fascist Italy . It was practically a union between Italy and Albania, officially led by Italian King Victor Emmanuel III and his government: Albania was led by Italian governors, after being militarily occupied by Italy , from 1939 until 1943. During this time, Albania ceased to exist as an independent country and became an autonomous part of
156-461: A bomber squadron commander. He received two silver medals of valor and reached the rank of captain. His future opponent Alessandro Pavolini served in the same squadron as a lieutenant. Upon his highly trumpeted return from the war as a "hero" in 1936, he was appointed by Mussolini as replacement Foreign Minister . Ciano began to keep a diary a short time after his appointment and kept it active up to his 1943 dismissal as foreign minister. In 1937, he
234-538: A protectorate over central and southern Albania; however this was overturned in September 1920 when Italy was pressured to withdraw its army. Italy was enraged with the minimal gains that it received from peace negotiations, which it regarded as having violated the Treaty of London. Italian Fascists claimed that Albanians were ethnically linked to Italians through association with the prehistoric populations, and that
312-598: A quasi-statal organization, issued a directive on 16 June 1940, shortly after Italy's declarations of war against Britain and France, that stated that "The Kingdom of Albania considers itself at war with all nations against which Italy is at war – at present or in the future." In October 1940, during the Greco-Italian War , Albania served as a staging-area for Italian dictator Benito Mussolini 's unsuccessful invasion of Greece . Mussolini planned to invade Greece and other countries like Yugoslavia in
390-741: A result of foreign pressure and defeat in the Vlora War . The Italian Fascist regime had politically and economically penetrated and dominated Albania during Zog's rule and was planning for annexation of Albania years prior to the event. Albania came under strong Italian influence after the signing of the Treaties of Tirana of 1926 and 1927. Under Zog, Albania's economy was dependent on multiple financial loans given from Italy since 1931. In August 1933, Mussolini placed stringent demands on Zog in exchange for Italy's continued support of Albania, including demands that all new appointments to leading positions in
468-601: A result, Italian companies were allowed to hold monopolies in the exploitation of Albanian natural resources. In 1944, the number of companies and industrial enterprises reached 430, from just 244 in 1938 and only 71 such in 1922. The degree of concentration of workers in industrial production in 1938 doubled compared with 1928. At this time, Albania's economy had trade relations with 21 countries, but most developed were first to Italy and then to Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, etc. The country entered capitalist economic development much later than other European countries. Despite
546-615: A result, his son Galeazzo was accustomed to living a high-profile and glamorous lifestyle, which he maintained almost until the end of his life. Father and son both took part in Mussolini's 1922 March on Rome . After studying Philosophy of Law at the University of Rome , Galeazzo Ciano worked briefly as a journalist before choosing a diplomatic career; soon, he served as an attaché in Rio de Janeiro. According Mrs. Milton E. Miles , in
624-408: Is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty , except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support. By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing
702-527: Is being carried out without a hitch. I am wondering whether the general situation – particularly the Anschluss [with Austria] – does not permit us to take a step forward towards the more complete domination of this country, which will be ours." and days later on 4 April of that year wrote "We must gradually underline the protectorate element of our relations with Albania". "The Kosovars are 850,000 Albanians, strong of body, firm in spirit, and enthusiastic about
780-529: Is remembered for his Diaries 1937–1943 , a revealing daily record of his meetings with Mussolini, Hitler , Ribbentrop , foreign ambassadors and other political figures. Edda tried to barter his papers to the Germans in return for his life; Gestapo agents helped her confidant Emilio Pucci rescue some of them from Rome. Pucci was then a lieutenant in the Italian Air Force, but would find fame after
858-541: The Allied invasion of Sicily . At that meeting, Mussolini announced that the Germans were thinking of evacuating the south. This led Dino Grandi to launch a blistering attack on his longtime comrade. Grandi put on the table a resolution asking King Victor Emmanuel III to resume his full constitutional powers – in effect, a vote leading to Mussolini's ousting from leadership . The motion won by an unexpectedly large margin, 19–8, with Ciano voting in favor. Mussolini's replacement
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#1732782992197936-546: The Croatian War (1991–95). It was completely dependent on the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milošević , and was not recognised internationally. Galeazzo Ciano Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari ( / ˈ tʃ ɑː n oʊ / CHAH -noh , Italian: [ɡaleˈattso ˈtʃaːno] ; 18 March 1903 – 11 January 1944), was an Italian diplomat and politician who served as Foreign Minister in
1014-766: The Hellenic state . After the fall of Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, the Italian government began negotiations with Germany, Bulgaria, and the newly established client state, the Independent State of Croatia , on defining their borders. In April Mussolini called for the borders of Albania to be expanded – including annexing Montenegro into Albania that would have an autonomous government within Albania, and expanding Albania's border eastwards, though not as far as
1092-672: The Holy See , and presented his credentials to Pope Pius XII on 1 March. In this role he remained in Rome, watched closely by Mussolini. The regime's position had become even more unstable by the coming summer, however, and court circles were already probing the Allied commands for some sort of agreement. On the afternoon of 24 July 1943, Mussolini summoned the Fascist Grand Council to its first meeting since 1939, prompted by
1170-836: The Italian Empire . Officials intended to make Albania part of a Greater Italy by assimilating Albanians as Italians and colonizing Albania with Italian settlers from the Italian Peninsula to transform it gradually into an Italian land. In the Treaty of London during World War I , the Triple Entente had promised central and southern Albania to Italy as a reward for fighting against the Central Powers . In June 1917, after Italian soldiers seized control of substantial areas of Albania, Italy formally declared
1248-739: The Netherlands under French revolutionary protection. In Italy, the French First Republic encouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known as sister republics . In Eastern Europe, Napoleon 's First French Empire established the Polish client state of the Duchy of Warsaw . In 1896, Britain established a state in Zanzibar . During Japan's imperial period , and particularly during
1326-546: The Odendaal Commission . Three of them were granted self-rule. These Bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity-based governments in 1980. The Republic of Kuwait was a short-lived pro-Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks before it was annexed by Iraq in 1990. The Republic of Serbian Krajina was a self-proclaimed territory ethnically cleansed by Serbian forces during
1404-621: The Pacific War (parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre of World War II ), the Imperial Japanese government established a number of dependent states. Several European governments under the domination of Germany and Italy during World War II have been described as "puppet régimes". The formal means of control in occupied Europe varied greatly. These states fall into several categories. The Axis demand for oil and
1482-582: The 1920s in Beijing Ciano met Wallis Simpson , later the Duchess of Windsor , had an affair with her, and left her pregnant, leading to a botched abortion that left her infertile. The rumor was later widespread but never substantiated and Ciano's wife, Edda Mussolini , denied it. On 24 April 1930, when he was 27 years old, Ciano married Benito Mussolini 's daughter Edda Mussolini , and they had three children (Fabrizio, Raimonda and Marzio), though he
1560-595: The 1970s and 1980s, four ethnic Bantustans - some of which were extremely fragmented - called "homelands" by the government of the time, were carved out of South Africa and given nominal sovereignty . Mostly Xhosa people resided in the Ciskei and Transkei , Tswana people in Bophuthatswana , and Venda people in the Venda . The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from
1638-626: The Adriatic zone. Despite the efforts of the Italian vicegerent, Francesco Jacomoni , to stir up insurrections and create a fifth column , and the favourable reports he sent to the Italian foreign minister Count Ciano , events proved that there was little enthusiasm among the Albanians themselves: after the Italian invasion of Greece , most Albanians either deserted or defected. Strategically, control of Albania gave Italy an important beachhead in
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#17327829921971716-514: The Albanian government had to have received an "Italian education"; that an Italian expert was in the future to be in all Albanian government ministries; that Italy would take control of Albania's military – including its fortifications; that British officers that were training Albania's gendarmerie be replaced by Italian officers; and that Albania must annul all of its existing commercial treaties with other countries and make no new agreements without
1794-552: The Albanian king, Zog I fled to Greece . Although Albania had been under strong Italian influence since 1927, Italy's political leader, Benito Mussolini wanted direct control over the country to increase his and Italy's prestige, provide a response to Germany's annexation of Austria and occupation of Czechoslovakia , and to have firm control over Albania to station large forces of the Italian military for future operations involving Yugoslavia and Greece. Albania became an Italian protectorate subordinated to Italian interests, along
1872-621: The Allied command, occupied Northern Epirus on 23 August 1916, forcing the Greek Army to withdraw its occupation forces from there. In June 1917, Italy proclaimed central and southern Albania as a protectorate of Italy while Northern Albania was allocated to the states of Serbia and Montenegro. By 31 October 1918, French and Italian forces expelled the Austro-Hungarian Army from Albania. After World War I ended, Italy withdrew its military forces on 2 September 1920 from Albania as
1950-576: The Axis defeat in North Africa, other major setbacks on the Eastern Front , and with an Anglo-American assault on Sicily looming, Ciano turned against the doomed war and actively pushed for Italy's exit from the conflict. He was silenced by being removed from his post as foreign minister. The rest of the cabinet was removed as well on 5 February 1943. Ciano was offered the post of ambassador to
2028-606: The Balkans: not only did it complete Italian control of the Strait of Otranto and the entrance to the Adriatic Sea , it could be used to invade either Yugoslavia (in tandem with another thrust via Venezia Giulia ) or Greece. In 1939, Count Ciano spoke of Albanian irredentist claims to Kosovo as valuable to Italy's objectives, saying: The Kosovars [are] 850,000 Albanians, strong of body, firm in spirit, and enthusiastic about
2106-724: The Germans where they were murdered or sent to camps in Albania. Others were taken to Albanian cities where the local population protected them. See The Holocaust in Albania . Kosovar Albanians collaborated with the Axis powers who promised them a Greater Albania. This was seen as a better alternative to the repressive measures instilled by Serbian politicians during the interwar period. In June 1942 Prime Minister Mustafa Kruja stated that Serbs would be sent to concentration camps or killed. Between 70,000 and 100,000 Kosovar Serbs were transferred to concentration camps in Pristina and Mitrovica or expelled to Serbia proper, in order to Albanianize
2184-609: The Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, speaking of Albanian claims to Kosovo as valuable to Italy's objectives. In spite of Albania's long-standing alliance with Italy, on 7 April 1939 Italian troops invaded Albania , five months before the start of the Second World War. The Albanian armed resistance proved ineffective against the Italians and, after a short defense, the country was occupied. On 9 April 1939
2262-462: The Italian merchant navy in the 1920s. Costanzo Ciano was not above extracting private profit from his public office. He would use his influence to depress the stock of a company, after which he would buy a controlling interest, then increase his wealth after its value rebounded. Among other holdings, Costanzo Ciano owned a newspaper, farmland in Tuscany and other properties worth huge sums of money. As
2340-673: The Italian prototype. The Albanian Fascist Party was a branch of the National Fascist Party of Italy, members of the Albanian Fascist Party took an oath to obey the orders of the Duce of Fascism, Mussolini. Italian citizens began to settle in Albania as colonists and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil. The italianization of Albania was one of Mussolini's plans. While Victor Emmanuel ruled as king, Shefqet Vërlaci served as
2418-409: The Italian tariff system was put in place in Albania. Due to the expected economic losses in Albania from the alteration in tariff policy, the Italian government provided Albania 15 million Albanian leks each year in compensation. Italian customs laws were to apply in Albania and only Italy alone could conclude treaties with third parties. Italian capital was allowed to dominate the Albanian economy. As
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-589: The Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders. After the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly. Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organisations of the Eastern Bloc . After Stalin's death and a period of de-Stalinization by Nikita Khrushchev , peace was restored, but the relationship between the two countries
2574-529: The Soviet economy, military, science, and technology. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of its former satellites moved towards democratisation. Only China, Cuba, Laos , and Vietnam remain one-party communist states. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the constitution of North Korea were dropped by the Supreme People's Assembly and replaced with Juche . In 2009,
2652-521: The Vardar river as some had proposed – citing that Ohrid should be left to the Slavic Macedonians, regardless of whether Vardar Macedonia would become an independent state or be annexed by Bulgaria. However the Italian government changed its positions on the border throughout April, later supporting the annexation of Ohrid while giving the territory lying directly outside of Ohrid (including
2730-542: The Xhosa, Tswana, and Venda peoples, and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights. All four Bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994, under a new constitution . The South African authorities established ten Bantustans in South West Africa (present-day Namibia ), then illegally occupied by South Africa, in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with
2808-528: The Yugoslav government. The Italians also gave the inhabitants Albanian citizenship and allowed them to fly the Albanian Flag. The Albanian armed forces were subsumed into the Italian military, Italian advisers were placed inside all levels of the Albanian administration, and the country was fascisticized with the establishment of an Albanian Fascist Party and its attendant organizations, modelled after
2886-502: The approval of the Italian government; and that Albania sign a commercial convention that would make Italy Albania's "most favoured country" in trade. In 1934 when Albania did not deliver its scheduled payment of one loan to Italy, Italian warships arrived off the coast of Albania to intimidate Albania to submit to Italian goals in the region. However, the British opposed Italy's actions and under pressure, Italy backed down and claimed that
2964-607: The area to give Italy territorial control of most of the Mediterranean Sea coastline, as part of the Fascists' objective of creating the objective of Mare Nostrum ("Our Sea") in which Italy would dominate the Mediterranean. But the Albanian army under the command of colonel (later general) Prenk Pervizi abandoned the Italians in combat, causing a major unraveling of their lines. The Albanian army believed to be
3042-592: The border area of Chameria , inhabited by the Cham Albanian minority. Prior to direct intervention in World War I, the Kingdom of Italy occupied the port of Vlorë in Albania in December 1914. Upon entering the war, Italy spread its occupation to region of southern Albania beginning in the autumn 1916. Italian forces in 1916 recruited Albanian irregulars to serve alongside them. Italy with permission of
3120-687: The cause of the betrayal was removed from the front. The Colonel Pervizi and his staff of officials was isolated in the mountains of Puka and Shkodra to the North. This was the first action of revolt against the Italian occupation. But, soon after the Italian invasion, the Greeks counter-attacked and a sizable portion of Albania was in Greek hands (including the cities of Gjirokastër and Korçë ). In April 1941, Greece capitulated after an overwhelming German invasion . All of Albania returned to Italian control, which
3198-713: The concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil-rich Middle East for a solution, caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and the invasion of Iran by the UK and the Soviet Union. Pro-Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied-dominated governments. As Soviet forces prevailed over the German Army on the Eastern Front during World War II, the Soviet Union supported
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-485: The constitution was quietly amended to not only remove all Marxist–Leninist references from the first draft, but also drop all references to communism . In some cases, the process of decolonisation has been managed by the decolonising power to create a neo-colony , that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination. Neo-colonies are not normally considered puppet states. The Netherlands formed several puppet states in
3354-531: The creation of communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. Specifically, the People's Republics in Poland , Romania , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Albania were dominated by the Soviet Union . While all of these People's Republics did not "officially" take power until after WWII ended, they all have roots in pro-communist wartime governments. Yugoslavia was a communist state closely linked to
3432-420: The existing Albanian system of prefectures ( Italian : prefetture ). In line with the administrative structure of the rest of Italy these were also called provinces (Italian: provincia ). However, unlike Italy the Albanian sub-prefecture (Italian: sotto prefetture ) was retained. There were initially 10 prefectures. Under this was 30 sub-prefectures and 23 municipalities (Italian: municipalità ). Each Prefecture
3510-549: The former Dutch East Indies as part of its effort to quell the Indonesian National Revolution . Following the Belgian Congo 's independence as Congo-Leopoldville in 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived breakaway State of Katanga (1960–1963). Indonesia established a Provisional Government of East Timor following its invasion of East Timor in December 1975. During
3588-554: The government of his father-in-law, Benito Mussolini , from 1936 until 1943. During this period, he was widely seen as Mussolini's most probable successor as head of government. He was the son of Admiral Costanzo Ciano , a founding member of the National Fascist Party ; father and son both took part in Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922. Ciano saw action in the Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–36) and
3666-655: The idea of a Union with their Homeland. Apparently, the Serbians are terrified of them. Today one must ... chloroform the Yugoslavians. But later on one must adopt a politics of deep interest in Kosovo. This will help to keep alive in the Balkans an irredentist problem which will polarize the attention of the Albanians themselves and be a knife at the back of Yugoslavia..." Galeazzo Ciano , Mussolini's son-in-law,
3744-426: The idea of a Union with their Homeland. Apparently, the Serbians are terrified of them. Today one must…chloroform the Yugoslavians. But later on one must adopt a politics of deep interest in Kosovo. This will help to keep alive in the Balkans an irredentist problem which will polarize the attention of the Albanians themselves and be a knife at the back of Yugoslavia. The Corporative Council of the Albanian Fascist Party,
3822-432: The lines of the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . Victor Emmanuel III was proclaimed king of Albania, creating a personal union with Italy; he was represented in Tirana by a viceroy . A customs union was created, and Rome took over Albanian foreign policy. Although officially under Italian rule, the Albanians controlled the region and were encouraged to open Albanian language schools, which had been banned by
3900-532: The local government they tolerate. Puppet states differ from allies , who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with treaties they have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into legally endorsing actions already taken by a foreign power. Puppet states are "endowed with the outward symbols of authority", such as a name, flag , anthem , constitution , law codes , motto , and government, but in reality are appendages of another state which creates, sponsors or otherwise controls
3978-485: The major influence exerted by the Roman and Venetian empires over Albania gave Italy the right to possess it. In addition, several hundred thousand ethnic Albanians had already been absorbed into southern Italy, which was used to justify annexation as a measure that would unite all Albanians into one state. Italy supported Albanian irredentism , directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo in Yugoslavia , but also against Epirus in Greece , particularly
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#17327829921974056-487: The nationalist aims of the Italian Fascists, as the territory of Albania had long been part of the Roman Empire , even prior to the annexation of northern Italy by the Romans. Later, during the High Middle Ages some coastal areas (like Durazzo ) had been influenced and owned by Italian powers, chiefly the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice for many years (cf. Albania Veneta ). The Italian Fascist regime legitimized its claim to Albania through studies proclaiming
4134-415: The naval exercise was merely a "friendly visit". On 25 August 1937, Italian foreign minister Count Ciano wrote in his diary of Italy's relations with Albania in the following: "We must create stable centres of Italian influence there. Who knows what the future may have in store? We must be ready to seize opportunities which will present themselves. We are not going to withdraw this time, as we did in 1920. In
4212-428: The predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Epirus in Greece , particularly the border area of Chameria , inhabited by the Cham Albanian minority. Thus an author the Fascist Italian publication named Geopolitica claimed that the population of the Epirus- Acarnania region of Greece belonged to Albania due to it being racially Dinaric , and formed a 'single geographic system' with
4290-586: The presence of some foreign (mainly Italian) investment, Albania had made little move towards industrial development at the onset of World War II. Agriculture, which employed over 87% of the workforce, was the main sector of the economy and contributed 92.4% of the national income, with main outputs being wheat, maize and rye. Agriculture used primitive tools such as wood ploughs, whilst fertilisers were hardly known at all, and drainage poor. The level of productivity and level of organization and mechanization of agriculture in this period were very low. The Italians adopted
4368-405: The prime minister. Vërlaci controlled the day-to-day activities of the Italian protectorate. On 3 December 1941, Shefqet Vërlaci was replaced as prime minister by Mustafa Merlika-Kruja . The country's natural resources too came under direct control of Italy. All petroleum resources in Albania went through Agip , Italy's state petroleum company. Albania was important culturally and historically to
4446-415: The province. During the occupation, the population was subject to forced labour, torture, destruction of private property, destruction and damaging of cultural and historical buildings and graveyards. The expulsion of Serbs proved problematic, as they had performed important functions in the region, and been running most of the businesses, mills, tanneries, and public utilities, and been responsible for most of
4524-455: The puppet government. International law does not recognise occupied puppet states as legitimate . Puppet states can cease to be puppets through: The term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to a puppet controlled by a puppeteer with strings. The first recorded use of the term "puppet government" was in 1884, in reference to the Khedivate of Egypt . In the Middle Ages , vassal states existed based on delegation of
4602-462: The racial affinity of Albanians and Italians, especially as opposed to the Slavic Yugoslavs. Italian Fascists claimed that Albanians were linked through ethnic heritage to Italians , not to Slavs, and that the major influence exhibited by the Roman and Venetian empires over Albania justified Italy's right to possess it. Italy also attempted to legitimize and win public support for its rule over Albania by supporting Albanian irredentism, directed against
4680-414: The rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank. Since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the concept of a nation came into existence where sovereignty was connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land. An earlier similar concept is suzerainty , the control of the external affairs of one state by another. The Batavian Republic was established in
4758-649: The sacred birthplace of Saint Clement ) to the Slavic Macedonians. After a period of negotiations Italy's new Balkan borders – including Albania's new borders, were declared by royal decree on 7 June 1941. After the Italian capitulation in September 1943, the country was occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Around 200 Albanian Jews and 400 Jewish refugees resided in Albania proper prior to World War II. Albanian Jews were generally protected but faced some restrictions. Foreign Jews were placed into concentration camps. The Jewish population of Kosovo fared comparatively worse as Italian authorities turned them over to
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#17327829921974836-435: The south [of Italy] we have absorbed several hundred thousand Albanians. Why shouldn't the same thing happen on the other side of the entrance to the Adriatic.". On 26 March 1938, Ciano wrote in his diary of annexing Albania like Germany did with Austria shortly prior: "A report from Jacomoni on the situation in Albania. Our penetration is becoming steadily more intense and more organic. The programme which I traced after my visit
4914-495: The start of the war in 1939, Ciano did not agree with Mussolini's plans and knew that Italy's armed forces were ill-prepared for a major war. When Mussolini formally declared war on France in 1940, he wrote in his diary, "I am sad, very sad. The adventure begins. May God help Italy!" Ciano became increasingly disenchanted with Nazi Germany and the course of World War II, although when the Italian regime embarked on an ill-advised "parallel war" alongside Germany, he went along, despite
4992-758: The terribly-executed Italian invasion of Greece and its subsequent setbacks. Prior to the German campaign in France in 1940, Ciano leaked a warning of imminent invasion to neutral Belgium . Throughout 1941 and thereafter, Ciano made derogatory and sarcastic comments about Mussolini behind his back and was surprised that these comments were reported to the Duce, who did not take them lightly; for his part, Ciano ignored well-meaning friends who advised moderation. On top of that, friends and acquaintances sought his protection and aid on various matters not having to do with his official position, which in turn resulted in further caustic remarks. In addition, two relatively minor incidents wounded his overblown self-importance and vanity. One
5070-413: The useful agricultural production. According to Serbian sources, it is estimated that the Vulnetari and other paramilitaries murdered up to 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins in Kosovo. Upon the occupation of Albania and installation of a new government, the economies of Albania and Italy were connected through a customs union that resulted in the removal of most trade restrictions. Through a tariff union,
5148-430: The war as a fashion designer. When Hitler vetoed the plan, she hid the bulk of the papers at a clinic in Ramiola , near Medesano and on 9 January 1944, Pucci helped Edda escape to Switzerland with five diaries covering the war years which were then buried beneath a rose garden. The diary was first published in English in London in 1946, edited by Malcolm Muggeridge , covering 1939 to 1943. The complete English version
5226-414: Was Pietro Badoglio , an Italian general in both World Wars. Mussolini did not expect the vote to have substantive effect, and showed up for work the next morning as usual. That afternoon, the king summoned him to Villa Savoia and dismissed him from office. Upon leaving the villa, Mussolini was arrested. Ciano was dismissed from his post by the new government of Italy put in place after his father-in-law
5304-419: Was allegedly involved in planning the murder of the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli , two exiled anti-fascist activists killed in the French spa town of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne on 9 June. Also in 1937, prior to the Italian annexation in 1939, Gian Galeazzo Ciano was named an Honorary Citizen of Tirana, Albania . Before World War II , Mussolini may have been preparing Ciano to succeed him as Duce . At
5382-434: Was also extended to most of Greece, which was jointly occupied by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria. Italian plans however to annex Chameria to Albania were shelved because the Italians found the region to have been almost completely Greek and also due to the strong opposition of the region's Greek population. The Germans also opposed such a move for the same reasons, and also because they were opposed to any territorial reduction of
5460-412: Was appointed Foreign Minister on his return. Following a series of Axis defeats in the Second World War , Ciano began pushing for Italy's exit, and he was dismissed from his post as a result. He then served as ambassador to the Vatican . In July 1943, Ciano was among the members of the Grand Council of Fascism that forced Mussolini's ousting and subsequent arrest. Ciano proceeded to flee to Germany but
5538-459: Was arrested and handed over to Mussolini's new regime based in Salò, the Italian Social Republic . Mussolini ordered Ciano's death, and in January 1944 he was executed by firing squad. Ciano wrote and left behind a diary that has been used as a source by several historians, including William Shirer in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960) and in the four-hour HBO documentary-drama Mussolini and I (1985). Gian Galeazzo Ciano
5616-522: Was born in Livorno , Italy, in 1903. He was the son of Costanzo Ciano and his wife Carolina Pini; his father was an Admiral and World War I hero in the Royal Italian Navy (for which service he was given the aristocratic title of Count by Victor Emmanuel III ). The elder Ciano, nicknamed Ganascia ("The Jaw"), was a founding member of the National Fascist Party and re-organizer of
5694-411: Was executed by a firing squad along with 4 others ( Emilio De Bono , Luciano Gottardi , Giovanni Marinelli and Carlo Pareschi ) who had voted for Mussolini's ousting. As a further humiliation, the condemned men were tied to chairs and shot in the back, though Ciano managed to twist his chair around at the last minute to face the firing squad before uttering his final words, "Long live Italy!" Ciano
5772-495: Was his being excluded from a projected meeting between Mussolini and Franco. The other involved him being reprimanded for a rowdy celebration of an aviator in Bari; he wrote a letter to Mussolini stating that the Duce had "opened a wound in him which can never be closed." His own self-worth seemed to cloud his judgement, forgetting that he had acquired his position by marrying Mussolini's daughter. In late 1942 and early 1943, following
5850-464: Was known to have had several affairs while married. Soon after their marriage, Ciano left for Shanghai to serve as Italian consul, where his wife had an affair with the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang . On his return to Italy in 1935, Ciano became the minister of press and propaganda in the government of his father-in-law. He volunteered for action in the Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935–36) as
5928-599: Was never completely mended. Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement . The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over the People's Republic of China before the Sino-Soviet split in 1961. Some other countries which once were Soviet puppet governments included Mongolia , North Korea , North Vietnam , the reunified Vietnam and Cuba , all of which had substantial dependence on
6006-583: Was overthrown. Ciano, Edda and their three children fled to Germany on 28 August 1943 in fear of being arrested by the new Italian government. The Germans turned him over to Mussolini's new government, the Italian Social Republic . He was then formally arrested on charges of treason. Under German and Fascist pressure, Mussolini had Ciano imprisoned before he was tried and found guilty. After the Verona trial and sentence, on 11 January 1944, Ciano
6084-515: Was run by a Prefect located in the city of the same name. In 1941, following the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, three new Prefectures were added. Kossovo , Metohija and Debar , with 5 sub-prefectures. Also Ulcinj was added to Scutari prefecture as sub-prefecture. 41°32′06″N 19°49′12″E / 41.5350°N 19.8200°E / 41.5350; 19.8200 Puppet state List of forms of government A puppet state , puppet régime , puppet government or dummy government
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