54-605: (Redirected from Italian Front ) Italian campaign can refer to: Italian campaign of 1524–1525 , a campaign during the Italian Wars Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars , 1796–1800 campaigns led by Napoleon Bonaparte Second Italian War of Independence , an 1859 campaign fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria Italian campaign (World War I) ,
108-544: A Spanish force commanded by Hugo of Moncada landed near Genoa , intending to interfere in a conflict between pro-Valois and pro-Habsburg factions in the city. Francis dispatched a larger force under the Marquis of Saluzzo to intercept them. Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by the arrival of a pro-Valois fleet commanded by Andrea Doria , the Spanish troops surrendered. Francis then signed
162-478: A campaign fought primarily by Italy against Austria-Hungary Italian campaign (World War II) , a campaign begun after the Allied invasion of Sicily See also [ edit ] Italian War (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Italian campaign . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
216-459: A more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy) advanced on Pavia , where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable Imperial garrison. The main mass of French troops arrived at Pavia in the last days of October. By 2 November, Montmorency had crossed the Ticino and invested the city from the south, completing its encirclement. Inside were about 9,000 men, mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva
270-719: A personal audience with Charles, pressed d'Avalos and Lannoy, who had intended to transport the king to the Castelnuovo in Naples, to send him to Spain instead. Concerned by Bourbon's scheming, they agreed and Francis arrived in Barcelona on 12 June. Avignon Avignon ( / ˈ æ v ɪ n j ɒ̃ / , US also / ˌ æ v ɪ n ˈ j oʊ n / , French: [aviɲɔ̃] ; Provençal : Avinhon (Classical norm) or Avignoun ( Mistralian norm ) , IPA: [aviˈɲun] ; Latin : Avenio )
324-402: A result of this earthquake. Avignon has a hot-summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ), though the dry-summer effect is not as strong as coastal locations like Marseille due to its more sheltered inland location. The city experiences mild-cool winters and hot summers, with moderate rainfall year-round. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind
378-526: A secret agreement with Pope Clement VII , who pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with the conquest of Naples. Against the advice of his senior commanders, Francis detached a portion of his forces under the Duke of Albany and sent them south to aid the Pope. Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near Fiorenzuola , but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by
432-461: A series of protracted infantry engagements resulted in the rout of the Swiss and French infantry. The French suffered massive casualties, losing the majority of their army. Bonnivet, Jacques de la Palice , La Trémoille , and Richard de la Pole were killed, while Anne de Montmorency , Robert de la Marck , and Francis himself were taken prisoner along with a host of lesser nobles. The night following
486-576: Is a limestone elevation of Urgonian type, 35 metres high (and therefore safe from flooding of the Rhone which it overlooks) and is the original core of the city. Several limestone massifs are present around the commune (the Massif des Angles , Villeneuve-lès-Avignon , Alpilles ...) and they are partly the result of the oceanisation of the Ligurian-Provençal basin following the migration of
540-508: Is contiguous and both have a little less than a hundred establishments. Finally, the areas of Castelette, Croix de Noves, Realpanier, and the airport each have fewer than 25 establishments spread between service activities and shops. The area of the Castelette alone represents more than 600 jobs—i.e. 100 more than Cristole. Four million visitors come annually to visit the city and the region and also for its Festival d'Avignon . In 2011
594-626: Is for exceptional seismicity resulting in the destruction of buildings." The presence of faults in the limestone substrate shows that significant tectonic shift has caused earthquakes in different geological ages. The last major earthquake of significant magnitude was on 11 June 1909. It left a visible trace in the centre of the city since the bell tower of the Augustinians, which is surmounted by an ancient campanile of wrought iron, located in Rue Carreterie, remained slightly leaning as
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#1732758428634648-507: Is one of the largest in Europe. The tertiary sector is the most dynamic in the department by far on the basis of the significant production of early fruit and vegetables in Vaucluse, The MIN (Market of National Importance) has become the pivotal hub of commercial activity in the department, taking precedence over other local markets (including that of Carpentras ). A Sensitive urban zone
702-427: Is the mistral for which the windspeed can be beyond 110 km/h. It blows between 120 and 160 days per year with an average speed of 90 km/h in gusts. The following table shows the different speeds of the mistral recorded by Orange and Carpentras Serres stations in the southern Rhone valley and its frequency in 2006. Normal corresponds to the average of the last 53 years from Orange weather reports and that of
756-402: Is the mistral . A medieval Latin proverb said of the city: Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (Windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is). The record temperature record since the existence of the weather station at Orange is 42.8 °C on 28 June 2019 and the record lowest was −14.5 °C on 2 February 1956. The prevailing wind
810-684: Is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône , the commune had a population of 93,671 as of the census results of 2017, with about 16,000 (estimate from Avignon's municipal services) living in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval walls . It is France's 35th-largest metropolitan area according to INSEE with 337,039 inhabitants (2020), and France's 13th-largest urban unit with 459,533 inhabitants (2020). Its urban area
864-707: Is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse which manages the Avignon–Caumont Airport and the Avignon-Le Pontet Docks. Avignon has 7,000 businesses, 1,550 associations, 1,764 shops, and 1,305 service providers. The urban area has one of the largest catchment areas in Europe with more than 300,000 square metres of retail space and 469 m per thousand population against 270 on average in France. The commercial area of Avignon Nord
918-736: The Durançole . The Durançole fed the western moats of the city and was also used to irrigate crops at Montfavet. In the city, these streams are often hidden beneath the streets and houses and are currently used to collect sewerage. The Hospital Canal (joining the Durançole) and the Crillon Canal (1775) were dug to irrigate the territories of Montfavet, Pontet, and Vedène. They were divided into numerous "fioles" or "filioles" (in Provençal filhòlas or fiolo ). Similarly, to irrigate
972-636: The French Revolution it became part of France. The city is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its city walls. This is why Avignon is also known as ' La Cité des Papes ' (The City-State of Popes). The historic centre, which includes the Palais des Papes , the cathedral and the Pont d'Avignon , became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its architecture and importance during
1026-557: The Grand Rhône , or "live arm", for the western channel which passes Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard department. The two branches are separated by an island, the Île de la Barthelasse. The southernmost tip of the Île de la Barthelasse once formed of a separated island, the L'Île de Piot. The banks of the Rhone and the Île de la Barthelasse are often subject to flooding during autumn and March. The publication Floods in France since
1080-632: The House of Tudor which he had promised Henry VIII and sought instead to marry Isabella of Portugal , who would bring with her a more substantial dowry. Bourbon, meanwhile, plotted with Henry to invade and partition France, and at the same time encouraged d'Avalos to seize Naples and declare himself King of Italy. Louise of Savoy , who had remained as regent in France during her son's absence, attempted to gather troops and funds to defend against an expected invasion of Artois by English troops. Francis, convinced that he would regain his freedom if he could obtain
1134-715: The Siege of Marseille and was forced to withdraw back to Italy by the arrival of Francis and the main French army at Avignon . In mid-October, Francis himself crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40,000. Bourbon and d'Avalos, their troops not yet recovered from the campaign in Provence, were in no position to offer serious resistance. The French army moved in several columns, brushing aside Imperial attempts to hold its advance, but failed to bring
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#17327584286341188-530: The Siege of Pavia , the French were driven out of Italy and Francis was taken prisoner. The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521 , had been forced to abandon it after their defeat at the Battle of Bicocca in 1522. Determined to regain it, Francis ordered an invasion of the region in late 1523, under the command of Guillaume Gouffier, Seigneur de Bonnivet ; but Bonnivet
1242-567: The Sorgue or Sorguette . It is visible in the city in the Rue des teinturiers (street of dyers). It fed the moat around the first defensive walls then fed the moat on the newer eastern city walls (14th century). In the 13th century (under an Act signed in 1229) part of the waters of the Durance were diverted to increase the water available for the moats starting from Bonpas. This river was later called
1296-586: The 14th and 15th centuries. The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon – one of the world's largest festivals for performing arts – have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism. The earliest forms of the name were reported by the Greeks: Аὐενιὼν Aueniṑn (Stephen of Byzantium, Strabo, IV, 1, 11) and Άουεννίων Aouenníōn (Ptolemy II, x). The Roman name Avennĭo Cavărum (Mela, II, 575, Pliny III, 36), i.e. "Avignon of Cavares", accurately shows that Avignon
1350-666: The 1st century and is written Avinhon in classic Occitan spelling or Avignoun in Mistralian spelling . The inhabitants of the commune are called avinhonencs or avignounen in both standard Occitan and Provençal dialect . Avignon is on the left bank of the Rhône river, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Durance , about 580 km (360 mi) south-east of Paris, 229 km (142 mi) south of Lyon and 85 km (53 mi) north-north-west of Marseille . On
1404-443: The 6th century until today – research and documentation by Maurice Champion tells about a number of them (until 1862, the flood of 1856 was one of the largest, which destroyed part of the walls). They have never really stopped as shown by the floods in 1943–1944 and again on 23 January 1955 and remain important today—such as the floods of 2 December 2003. As a result, a new risk mapping has been developed. The Durance flows along
1458-518: The French forces, aside from a small garrison left to hold the Castel Sforzesco in Milan, retreated across the Alps under the nominal command of Charles IV of Alençon , reaching Lyon by March. After Pavia, the fate of the French king, and of France herself, became the subject of furious diplomatic maneuvering. Charles V, lacking funds to pay for the war, decided to forgo the marriage into
1512-589: The Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band; but the fighting had little overall effect. On 21 February, the Imperial commanders, running low on supplies and mistakenly believing that the French forces were more numerous than their own, decided to launch an attack on Mirabello Castle in order to save face and demoralize the French sufficiently to ensure a safe withdrawal. In the early morning of 24 February 1525, Imperial engineers opened breaches in
1566-533: The Sardo-Corsican block. The other significant elevation in the commune is the Montfavet Hill—a wooded hill in the east of the commune. The Rhone Valley is an old alluvial zone: loose deposits cover much of the ground. It consists of sandy alluvium more or less coloured with pebbles consisting mainly of siliceous rocks. The islands in the Rhone, such as the Île de la Barthelasse , were created by
1620-466: The accumulation of alluvial deposits and also by the work of man. The relief is quite low despite the creation of mounds allowing local protection from flooding. In the land around the city there are clay, silt, sand, and limestone present. The Rhone passes the western edge of the city, but is divided into two branches: the Petit Rhône , or "dead arm", for the part that passes next to Avignon and
1674-559: The battle, Francis gave Lannoy a letter to be delivered to his mother in Paris, in which he related what had befallen him: "To inform you of how the rest of my ill-fortune is proceeding, all is lost to me save honour and life, which is safe." Soon afterwards, he finally learned that the Duke of Albany had lost the larger part of his army to attrition and desertion, and had returned to France without ever having reached Naples. The broken remnants of
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1728-544: The commune such as the Lake of Saint-Chamand east of the city. There have been many diversions throughout the course of history, such as feeding the moat surrounding Avignon or irrigating crops. In the 10th century part of the waters from the Sorgue d'Entraigues were diverted and today pass under the walls to enter the city. (See Sorgue ). This watercourse is called the Vaucluse Canal but Avignon people still call it
1782-418: The delimitation of the seismicity of the French territory and which entered into force on 1 May 2011, Avignon is located in an area of moderate seismicity. The previous zoning is shown below for reference. "The cantons of Bonnieux, Apt, Cadenet, Cavaillon, and Pertuis are classified in zone Ib (low risk). All other cantons the Vaucluse department, including Avignon, are classified Ia (very low risk). This zoning
1836-469: The east and north are the communes of Caumont-sur-Durance , Morières-lès-Avignon , Le Pontet , and Sorgues . The region around Avignon is very rich in limestone which is used for building material. For example, the current city walls , measuring 4,330 metres long, were built with the soft limestone abundant in the region called mollasse burdigalienne . Enclosed by the city walls, the Rocher des Doms
1890-523: The gardens of the wealthy south of Avignon, the Puy Canal was dug (1808). All of these canals took their water from the Durance. These canals were initially used to flood the land, which was very stony, to fertilize them by deposition of silt. All of these canals have been used to operate many mills. Under the new seismic zoning of France defined in Decree No. 2010-1255 of 22 October 2010 concerning
1944-451: The intervention of the infamous Black Bands of Giovanni de' Medici , which had just entered French service. Medici then returned to Pavia with a supply train of gunpowder and shot gathered by the Duke of Ferrara ; but the French position was simultaneously weakened by the departure of nearly 5,000 Grisons Swiss mercenaries , who returned to their cantons in order to defend them against marauding landsknechts . In January 1525, Lannoy
1998-541: The last 42 at Carpentras. Legend: "=" same as normal; "+" higher than normal; "-" lower than normal In 2017, the commune had 91,921 inhabitants. Avignon is the prefecture (capital) of Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area ( communauté d'agglomération ), which comprises 15 communes on both sides of
2052-430: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_campaign&oldid=1230017564 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Italian campaign of 1524%E2%80%931525 The Italian campaign of 1524–1525
2106-430: The main body of Imperial troops to battle. Nevertheless, Charles de Lannoy, who had concentrated some 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops closing on Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on 26 October. Having entered Milan and installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the governor, Francis (at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favored
2160-455: The most visited tourist attraction was the Palais des Papes with 572,972 paying visitors. The annual Festival d'Avignon is the most important cultural event in the city. The official festival attracted 135,800 people in 2012. River tourism began in 1994 with three river boat-hotels. In 2011 there is a fleet of 21 river boat-hotel vessels, including six sight-seeing boats which are anchored on
2214-806: The quay along the Oulle walkways. In addition, a free shuttle boat connects Avignon to the Île de la Barthelasse and, as of 1987, a harbor master has managed all river traffic. The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom . The city is the headquarters of the International Association of the Mediterranean Tomato ,
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2268-642: The rest related to industry) and more than 3,600 jobs. The site covers an area of 300 hectares and is located south-west of the city at the TGV railway station. Then comes the Fontcouverte area with a hundred establishments representing a thousand jobs. It is, however, more oriented towards shops than the Courtine area. The MIN area of Avignon is the Agroparc area (or "Technopole Agroparc"). The Cristole area
2322-413: The river: List of successive mayors Avignon is twinned with: Avignon absorbed Montfavet between 1790 and 1794 then ceded Morières-lès-Avignon in 1870 and Le Pontet in 1925. On 16 May 2007 the commune of Les Angles in Gard ceded 13 hectares to Avignon. The city of Avignon has an area of 64.78 km and a population of 92,078 inhabitants in 2010 and is ranked as follows: Avignon
2376-401: The southern boundary of the commune into the Rhone and marks the departmental boundary with Bouches-du-Rhône . It is a river that is considered "capricious" and once feared for its floods (it was once called the "3rd scourge of Provence" as well as for its low water: the Durance has both Alpine and Mediterranean morphology which is unusual. There are many natural and artificial water lakes in
2430-435: The walls of Mirabello, allowing Lannoy's forces to enter the park. At the same time, Leyva sortied from Pavia with what remained of the garrison. In the ensuing four-hour battle , the French heavy cavalry, which had proven so effective against the Swiss at Marignano ten years prior, masked its own artillery by a rapid advance and was surrounded and cut apart by landsknechts and d'Avalos's massed Spanish arquebusiers. Meanwhile,
2484-446: The west it shares a border with the department of Gard and the communes of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Les Angles and to the south it borders the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and the communes of Barbentane , Rognonas , Châteaurenard , and Noves . The city is in the vicinity of Orange (north), Nîmes , Montpellier (south-west), Arles (to the south), Salon-de-Provence , and Marseille (south-east). Directly contiguous to
2538-434: Was able to pay only by melting the church plate. A period of skirmishing and artillery bombardments followed, and several breaches had been made in the walls by mid-November. On 21 November, Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches, but was beaten back with heavy casualties; hampered by rainy weather and a lack of gunpowder, the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve. In early December,
2592-496: Was created for companies wanting to relocate with exemptions from tax and social issues. It is located south of Avignon between the city walls and the Durance located in the districts of Croix Rouge, Monclar, Saint-Chamand, and La Rocade. There are nine main areas of economic activity in Avignon. The Courtine area is the largest with nearly 300 businesses (of which roughly half are service establishments, one third are shops, and
2646-510: Was defeated by Imperial troops at the Battle of the Sesia and forced to withdraw to France. Charles de Lannoy now launched an invasion of Provence under the command of Fernando d'Avalos, Marquess of Pescara , and Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (who had recently betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor). While initially successful, the Imperial offensive lost valuable time during
2700-507: Was one of the three cities of the Celtic-Ligurian tribe of Cavares , along with Cavaillon and Orange . The current name dates to a pre-Indo-European or pre-Latin theme ab-ên with the suffix -i-ōn(e) . This theme would be a hydronym —i.e. a name linked to the river (Rhône), but perhaps also an oronym of terrain (the Rocher des Doms ). The Auenion of the 1st century BC was Latinized to Avennĭo (or Avēnĭo ), -ōnis in
2754-402: Was only a few miles from Pavia. Francis had encamped the majority of his forces in the great walled park of Mirabello outside the city walls, placing them between Leyva's garrison and the approaching relief army. Skirmishing and sallies by the garrison continued through the month of February. Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to Piacenza to recuperate, forcing Francis to recall much of
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#17327584286342808-418: Was reinforced by the arrival of Georg Frundsberg with 15,000 fresh landsknechts and renewed the offensive. D'Avalos captured the French outpost at Sant'Angelo Lomellina , cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan, while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on Belgiojoso and, despite being briefly pushed back by a raid led by Medici and Bonnivet, occupied the town. By 2 February, Lannoy
2862-533: Was the fastest-growing in France from 1999 until 2010 with an increase of 76% of its population and an area increase of 136%. The Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon , a cooperation structure of 16 communes, had 197,102 inhabitants in 2022. Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy , seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples . Papal control persisted until 1791 when during
2916-472: Was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521–1526 launched by the French into Northern Italy. Led by Francis I of France , the French attempted to dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy in an attempt to control Italy for themselves. After the French invaded Lombardy , the campaign would then primarily consist of the French attempt to capture the city of Milan . However, after Francis's defeat at
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