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46-593: The National Space Defense Center ( NSDC ) is a subordinate center of United States Space Command 's Joint Task Force–Space Defense . It is responsible for coordinating military, intelligence, civil, and commercial space for unified space defense operations. The NSDC is located at Schriever Space Force Base , outside of Colorado Springs . The National Space Defense Center integrates Department of Defense, multiple agencies, and Intelligence Community personnel and authorities to enable unified space defense. The National Space Defense Center executes mission orders received from

92-658: A RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 launched from the USS ; Lake Erie . This construct lasted until 2017, when the commander of Air Force Space Command became the Joint Force Space Component Commander, replacing it. The 2019 National Defense Authorization Act , which was signed into law in 2018, directed the re-establishment of U.S. Space Command as a sub-unified combatant command under U.S. Strategic Command ; however, in December 2018,

138-592: A fighter pilot and air operations officer in the 331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. During this period he attended Squadron Officer School. In July 1958, Hartinger began a four-year tour of duty in the Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters United States Air Force, Washington, D.C. After receiving his master's degree in June 1963, he was assigned to Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii, in the Directorate of Plans, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces. Following graduation from

184-514: A new focus on space. In 1983, General James V. Hartinger , the commander of Aerospace Defense Command and Air Force Space Command , proposed movement towards a unified space command. The Air Force supported a unified command, which would be dominated by the aerospace service, however, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were satisfied with the current arrangement. However, the White House supported

230-560: A smaller number of forces from each of the other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces . U.S. Space Command, working with allies and partners, plans, executes, and integrates military spacepower into multi-domain global operations in order to deter aggression, defend national interests, and when necessary, defeat threats. U.S. Space Command has four "space truths" that provide the foundation for its vision and operations: Early military space activities were predominantly focused on research and development, rather than operations, and split across

276-724: Is a unified combatant command of the United States Department of Defense , responsible for military operations in outer space , specifically all operations 100 kilometers (62 miles) and greater above mean sea level . U.S. Space Command is responsible for the operational employment of space forces that are provided by the uniformed services of the Department of Defense . Space Command was originally created in September 1985 to provide joint command and control for all military forces in outer space and coordinate with

322-556: Is dependent on the selection of the combatant command's permanent headquarters. U.S. Space Command is planning to reorganize its subordinate commands, possibly reactivating the Joint Force Space Component Command (JFSCC), the precursor organization of the combatant command. JFSSC is planned to be the combatant command's "primary warfighting command," formed by combining CFSCC and JTF–SD. Space Force Lieutenant General Stephen Whiting , commander of SpOC,

368-853: Is planned to lead the new organization. In 2023, U.S. Space Command regained its responsibility for missile defense from U.S. Strategic Command and will be taking over the Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense . In January 2021, it was announced that Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama was the preferred final location for U.S. Space Command. The other locations in contention were Kirtland Air Force Base , Offutt Air Force Base , Joint Base San Antonio , its interim location at Peterson Space Force Base , and Patrick Space Force Base . Despite Peterson Space Force Base in Colorado, being both

414-493: Is the unified combatant command for all military space operations, while the United States Space Force is the military service responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the majority of forces for U.S. Space Command. Space Command's Space Force service component is Space Operations Command , providing the majority of space forces. U.S. Space Command also consists of smaller amounts of forces from

460-471: The 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test , destroying its Fengyun spacecraft, which, according to NASA , created 2,841 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space junk than any other space event in history. In 2008, U.S. Strategic Command conducted Operation Burnt Frost to destroy a non-functioning National Reconnaissance Office satellite, before its toxic hydrazine tank could reenter and cause potential harm to human safety, with

506-645: The Air War College . From July 1975 until June 1978, Hartinger was commander of the Tactical Air Command 's 9th Air Force with headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina. He then was commander of Tactical Air Command's 12th Air Force with headquarters at Bergstrom Air Force Base , Texas. He became commander in chief of North American Aerospace Defense Command in January 1980. Hartinger's military decorations and awards include

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552-694: The Defense Distinguished Service Medal , Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster , Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross , Air Medal with eight oak leaf clusters, Air Force Commendation Medal , Combat Readiness Medal and the Republic of Korea Order of National Security Merit Tung II. Hartinger also received an honorary doctor of military science from Norwich University in Vermont in 1982, and an honorary doctor of laws from

598-912: The Industrial College of the Armed Forces at Fort Lesley J. McNair , Washington, D.C., in 1966. Hartinger was drafted into the United States Army in July 1943 and attained the grade of sergeant while serving in the infantry. Following World War II he entered West Point and, upon graduation in 1949, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force . Hartinger attended pilot training at Randolph Air Force Base , Texas, and Williams Air Force Base , Arizona, where he graduated in August 1950. He then

644-610: The Joint Functional Component Command for Space and Global Strike , led by the commander of the Air Force's Eighth Air Force . However, in 2006, space regained its own functional component under U.S. Strategic Command, under the command of the Fourteenth Air Force commanded. Following the inactivation of U.S. Space Command in 2002, Russia and China began developing sophisticated on-orbit capabilities and an array of counter-space weapons. In particular, China conducted

690-582: The National Security Council and did not occur. However, there was growing discussion about giving U.S. Space Command the mission for information support and renaming it to United States Space and Information Command. While U.S. Space Command was not renamed, it did assume responsibility for information, or cyberspace, operations. Following the September 11 attacks , there was a growing focus on homeland defense and counter-terrorism at

736-610: The Persian Gulf War prevented its absorption into U.S. Strategic Command, providing tactical missile warning, GPS, and other space data to forces in theater. In 1997, General Howell M. Estes III proposed designating space as a geographic area of responsibility, transitioning U.S. Space Command from a functional to a geographic command. This effort was opposed by the Joint Staff , the State Department , and

782-459: The Trump administration directed that U.S. Space Command instead be a newly established, full unified combatant command, with full responsibilities for space. On March 26, 2019, U.S. Air Force General John Raymond was nominated to be the commander of the second establishment of USSPACECOM, pending Senate approval. In 2019 the Department of the Air Force released the list of finalists for

828-493: The United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Navy , and United States Air Force . This mirrors the relationship between the Space Force's predecessor, Air Force Space Command , and U.S. Space Command (and between 2002 and 2019, United States Strategic Command ). Shield: The bald eagle , a traditional symbol of American strength and vigilance, carries an olive branch in his right talon, symbolizing

874-788: The University of Akron in 1983. In 1975, he was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame . The National Defense Industrial Association named the Hartinger Medal after him, which is presented annually to an individual who made a significant contribution to the military space mission of the United States. In 2016, Hartinger was inducted posthumously into the Colorado Space Hall of Fame. During World War II, Hartinger became friends with

920-418: The Air Force's position that a unified command should be created, and on 20 November 1984, President Ronald Reagan approved its establishment. U.S. Space Command's missions would include integrating tactical warning and space operations, including control of space, direction of space support activities, and planning for ballistic missile defense. U.S. Space Command would also replace Aerospace Defense Command as

966-570: The Air Force, Army, and Navy. In 1959, Admiral Arleigh Burke proposed the creation of the Defense Astronautical Agency to control all military space programs. This proposal was supported by the Army and Navy, but opposed by the Air Force. Arguing that space defense was an extension of air defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff ultimately agreed with the Air Force, putting operational control of space defense forces under

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1012-793: The Biden administration of acting out of spite due to a partisan standoff over the Pentagon's abortion access policies at the time. Previous, now-deactivated functional components included the Combined Force Space Component Command at Vandenberg Space Force Base , California, and the Joint Task Force–Space Defense at Schriever Space Force Base , Colorado. Both were disestablished with the creation of U.S. Space Forces – Space to take on SpOC's Space Force responsibilities. United States Space Command

1058-672: The Department of the Air Force's decision process which resulted in the selection of Redstone Arsenal. In May 2022, the review found that the selection of Redstone Arsenal as the permanent site was reasonable and justified. In July 2023, the move to Huntsville was cancelled. Gen. James Dickinson, Commander of the Space Command, argued that moving the headquarters to Alabama from its current location in Colorado Springs would hurt military readiness. Republicans have accused

1104-508: The Industrial College of the Armed Forces in June 1966, Hartinger completed F-4C Phantom II replacement training with the 43rd Tactical Fighter Squadron at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida. From December 1966 to December 1967, he was assigned to Headquarters 7th Air Force at Tan Son Nhut Air Base , Republic of Vietnam. He completed more than 100 aerial combat missions while assigned in the Republic of Vietnam. In 1968, Hartinger

1150-588: The Joint Force, and the Nation. JTF-SD conducts, in unified action with mission partners, space superiority operations to deter aggression, defend U.S. and allied interests, and defeat adversaries throughout the continuum of conflict . In August 2020, In the meeting of the National Space Council, acting Director of National Intelligence announced ''in case of an attack on the U.S. satellites

1196-601: The Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC). On 9 July 2019, the NSDC dedicated its operations floor and a warfighter library to Senior Master Sergeant Harold Robert Mosley II. Mosley was the NSDC's Senior Enlisted Leader in 2018. He died on 23 November 2018 in a rock climbing accident. United States Space Command 29 August 2019 – present (5 years, 2 months) (Second incarnation) United States Space Command ( USSPACECOM or SPACECOM )

1242-610: The Strategic Defense Initiative. However, the end of the Cold War significantly reduced the investment in SDI. In 1991, the Joint Chiefs of Staff debated establishing U.S. Strategic Command assume responsibility for nuclear deterrence, missile defense, and space. U.S. Space Command would have been made a sub-unified command under the U.S. Strategic Command. However, the decisive role played by U.S. Space Command in

1288-468: The United States Army. Black signifies the vast infinity of space and gold denotes high standards for excellence. The demi-globe represents the earth as seen from space and symbolizes the global operations of the command. The crossed orbital rings denote the unity of United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) with joint and combined partners. The rings intersect over the United States, identifying

1334-454: The United States, the terrestrial heart of the command. An arc of four silver stars above the eagle symbolizes the four-star combatant commander of U.S. Space Command. The black background represents the infinity of space. Seal: The coat of arms as blazoned in full color on a black disk, bearing the night sky, enclosed by a silver border, and inscribed “UNITED STATES” above and “SPACE COMMAND” below, all silver. Black and gold together symbolize

1380-411: The earth as seen from space and symbolizes the global operations of the command. The crossed orbital rings denote the unity of United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) with joint and combined partners. The gold pheon represents the combat power of Army Space. Four stars represent the four-star combatant commander of USSPACECOM. The Polaris star signifies constant presence and vigilance in space now and into

1426-508: The expense of space. The Defense Department was intent on establishing United States Northern Command , merging U.S. Space Command and U.S. Strategic Command in 2002. On 1 October 2002, the first U.S. Space Command was shut down. On 1 October 2002, as U.S. Space Command inactivated, a new U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska, stood up. Within STRATCOM, the responsibilities for space operations were initially managed by

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1472-408: The future. The motto translates to, “MUD TO SPACE.” Locations in the contiguous United States . [REDACTED] U.S. Space Force Base [REDACTED] U.S. Air Force Base [REDACTED] U.S. Army Base Note: The numeric order of the commanders were reset due to the second establishment being considered a different command than the first. James V. Hartinger Hartinger

1518-721: The joint space tasking order (JSTO) and NRO space tasking order. Initially established as the Joint Interagency Combined Space Operations Center (JICSpOC) on 1 October 2015, it was intended to improve processes and procedures, ensuring data fusion among DoD, intelligence community, interagency, allied and commercial space entities. On 1 April 2017, the JICSpOC was renamed the National Space Defense Center, to better clarify its role and eliminate confusion with

1564-538: The location of Headquarters Space Command: Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station , Schriever Air Force Base , Peterson Air Force Base , Buckley Air Force Base , Vandenberg Air Force Base , and Redstone Arsenal . U.S. Space Command was officially reestablished as a geographic combatant command on August 29, 2019, during a ceremony at the White House . The former Joint Force Space Component Commander

1610-597: The operational control of intelligence community assets will be in the ambit of the military'', resulting in the National Reconnaissance Office being operationally subordinated to the commander of U.S. Space Command in matters of space defense. On 24 August 2021, two years after its establishment, U.S. Space Command announced that it had reached initial operating capability . Achieving full operating capability , according to Lieutenant General John E. Shaw , deputy commander of U.S. Space Command,

1656-458: The origin and control point for all space assets and represents the global operations of the command in mission areas such as surveillance, navigation, communications and missile warning. The silver and white Polaris signifies our constant presence and vigilance in space now and in the future. Encompassing the globe are two white elliptical orbits representing the unity of U.S. Space Command with our joint and combined partners, and which intersect over

1702-472: The original and interim location of Space Command headquarters, Redstone Arsenal was selected, reportedly due to political pressure directly from then-president Donald Trump. A formal review from the DoD IG was initiated to ensure the process that selected Huntsville as the preferred location was impartial and factually sound. Current Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin came out with his public support and backed

1748-423: The other combatant commands. SPACECOM was disestablished in 2002, and its responsibilities and forces were merged into United States Strategic Command . It was reestablished on 29 August 2019, with a reemphasized focus on space as a warfighting domain. The U.S. Space Force is the military service responsible for organizing, training, and equipping the majority of forces for U.S. Space Command, which also includes

1794-445: The supporting U.S. command to North American Aerospace Defense Command, sharing the same commander. On 23 September 1985, U.S. Space Command was activated as a functional combatant command at Peterson Air Force Base , Colorado Springs and Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated on 19 December 1986. In February 1988, U.S. Space Command was assigned the ballistic missile defense mission in preparation for assuming operational command of

1840-436: The terrestrial heart of the command. The gold pheon represents the combat power of Army Space. Four stars represent the four-star combatant commander of USSPACECOM. The Polaris star signifies constant presence and vigilance in space now and into the future. Black and gold together symbolize the United States Army. Black signifies the vast infinity of space and gold denotes high standards for excellence. The demi-globe represents

1886-496: The unified Continental Air Defense Command and multinational North American Air Defense Command in 1960. In 1975, Continental Air Defense Command was inactivated and replaced with Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM), a specified command led by the Air Force. In 1981, North American Air Defense Command changed its name to North American Aerospace Defense Command to better reflect its role in both air and space defense. The Reagan Administration's Strategic Defense Initiative brought

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1932-514: The worldwide goal of peaceful operations in space. In his left talon is a cluster of thirteen arrows with the silver delta as arrowheads, indicative of the strength and power necessary to protect our citizens and allies. The delta symbol is historically associated with space and represents change and innovation, and the cluster of deltoids thrusting upward into space signifies our ever growing aspirations in space beyond earth’s orbit. The blue globe with silver land masses, as viewed from space, signifies

1978-561: Was assigned as a jet fighter pilot with the 36th Fighter-Bomber Wing at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , Germany. In December 1952, he joined the 474th Fighter-Bomber Wing at Kunsan Air Base , South Korea. While there he flew his first combat missions in F-84 Thunderjets . Returning to Williams Air Force Base in July 1953, Hartinger served as a gunnery instructor with the 3526th Pilot Training Squadron. Hartinger then transferred to Stewart Air Force Base , New York, in August 1954 as

2024-629: Was born on April 17, 1925, in Middleport, Ohio , where he graduated from high school in 1943. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Military Academy in 1949, and a master's degree in business administration from the George Washington University , Washington, D.C., in 1963. He is also a graduate of Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama, in 1955 and

2070-541: Was dissolved and folded into Space Command. Following the creation of the United States Space Force in December 2019, the Department of the Air Force widened its search for a location of Space Command's permanent headquarters. USSPACECOM has two subordinate commands: Combined Force Space Component Command (CFSCC), and Joint Task Force Space Defense (JTF-SD). CFSCC plans, integrates, conducts, and assesses global space operations in order to deliver combat relevant space capabilities to Combatant Commanders, Coalition partners,

2116-537: Was the F-111 test director at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, and then took command of the famed "Flying Tigers," the 23rd Tactical Fighter Wing , flying F-105 Thunderchiefs at McConnell Air Force Base , Kansas. He became deputy chief of staff for plans at North American Air Defense Command headquarters, Ent Air Force Base , Colorado, in June 1970. He then moved to Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama in May 1973 as commandant of

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