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43-415: JRC is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below: The hepatitis B and liver cancer awareness campaign Jade Ribbon Campaign The media corporation Journal Register Company Johnson Reprint Corporation , a reprint publisher by Walter J. Johnson aka Walter Jolowicz The Joint Radio Company of the fuel and power industries in

86-485: A Microsoft handbook. The number of possible three-letter abbreviations using the 26 letters of the alphabet from A to Z (AAA, AAB, ... to ZZY, ZZZ) is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Allowing a single digit 0-9 increases this by 26 × 26 × 10 = 6,760 for each position, such as 2FA , P2P , or WW2 , giving a total of 37,856 such three-character strings. Out of the 17,576 possible TLAs that can be created using 3 uppercase letters, at least 94% of them had been used at least once in

129-484: A website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors ) to an authentication mechanism. MFA protects personal data —which may include personal identification or financial assets —from being accessed by an unauthorized third party that may have been able to discover, for example, a single password. Usage of MFA has increased in recent years, however, there are numerous threats that consistently makes it hard to ensure MFA

172-768: A "true" multi-factor authentication system must use distinct instances of the three factors of authentication it had defined, and not just use multiple instances of a single factor. According to proponents, multi-factor authentication could drastically reduce the incidence of online identity theft and other online fraud , because the victim's password would no longer be enough to give a thief permanent access to their information. However, many multi-factor authentication approaches remain vulnerable to phishing , man-in-the-browser , and man-in-the-middle attacks . Two-factor authentication in web applications are especially susceptible to phishing attacks, particularly in SMS and e-mails, and, as

215-479: A built-in screen to display the generated authentication data, which is manually typed in by the user. This type of token mostly uses a OTP that can only be used for that specific session. Connected tokens are devices that are physically connected to the computer to be used. Those devices transmit data automatically. There are a number of different types, including USB tokens, smart cards and wireless tags . Increasingly, FIDO2 capable tokens, supported by

258-440: A customer-owned smartphone. Despite the variations that exist among available systems that organizations may have to choose from, once a multi-factor authentication system is deployed within an organization, it tends to remain in place, as users invariably acclimate to the presence and use of the system and embrace it over time as a normalized element of their daily process of interaction with their relevant information system. While

301-450: A dataset of 18 million scientific article abstracts. Three-letter acronyms are the most common type of acronym in scientific research papers, with acronyms of length 3 being twice as common as those of length 2 or 4. In standard English , WWW is the TLA whose pronunciation requires the most syllables —typically nine. The usefulness of a TLA typically comes from its being quicker to say than

344-421: A debit or credit card using either a password or a one-time password sent over SMS . This requirement was removed in 2016 for transactions up to ₹2,000 after opting-in with the issuing bank. Vendors such as Uber have been mandated by the bank to amend their payment processing systems in compliance with this two-factor authentication rollout. Details for authentication for federal employees and contractors in

387-405: A different way, usually by showing a randomly generated and constantly refreshing code which the user can use, rather than sending an SMS or using another method. Knowledge factors are a form of authentication. In this form, the user is required to prove knowledge of a secret in order to authenticate. A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for user authentication. This

430-734: A hardware token or USB plug. Many users do not have the technical skills needed to install a client-side software certificate by themselves. Generally, multi-factor solutions require additional investment for implementation and costs for maintenance. Most hardware token-based systems are proprietary, and some vendors charge an annual fee per user. Deployment of hardware tokens is logistically challenging. Hardware tokens may get damaged or lost, and issuance of tokens in large industries such as banking or even within large enterprises needs to be managed. In addition to deployment costs, multi-factor authentication often carries significant additional support costs. A 2008 survey of over 120 U.S. credit unions by

473-443: A password. For additional security, the resource may require more than one factor—multi-factor authentication, or two-factor authentication in cases where exactly two pieces of evidence are to be supplied. The use of multiple authentication factors to prove one's identity is based on the premise that an unauthorized actor is unlikely to be able to supply the factors required for access. If, in an authentication attempt, at least one of

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516-568: A response, many experts advise users not to share their verification codes with anyone, and many web application providers will place an advisory in an e-mail or SMS containing a code. Multi-factor authentication may be ineffective against modern threats, like ATM skimming, phishing, and malware. In May 2017, O2 Telefónica , a German mobile service provider, confirmed that cybercriminals had exploited SS7 vulnerabilities to bypass SMS based two-step authentication to do unauthorized withdrawals from users' bank accounts. The criminals first infected

559-476: A user knows, has, and is) to determine the user's identity. In response to the publication, numerous authentication vendors began improperly promoting challenge-questions, secret images, and other knowledge-based methods as "multi-factor" authentication. Due to the resulting confusion and widespread adoption of such methods, on August 15, 2006, the FFIEC published supplemental guidelines—which state that by definition,

602-778: A user to move between offices and dynamically receive the same level of network access in each. Two-factor authentication over text message was developed as early as 1996, when AT&T described a system for authorizing transactions based on an exchange of codes over two-way pagers. Many multi-factor authentication vendors offer mobile phone-based authentication. Some methods include push-based authentication, QR code-based authentication, one-time password authentication (event-based and time-based), and SMS-based verification. SMS-based verification suffers from some security concerns. Phones can be cloned, apps can run on several phones and cell-phone maintenance personnel can read SMS texts. Not least, cell phones can be compromised in general, meaning

645-463: A word) such as CAT (as in CAT scan) which is pronounced as the animal . The exact phrase three-letter acronym appeared in the sociology literature in 1975. Three-letter acronyms were used as mnemonics in biological sciences, from 1977 and their practical advantage was promoted by Weber in 1982. They are used in many other fields, but the term TLA is particularly associated with computing. In 1980,

688-483: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Three-letter abbreviation TLA is autological . Most TLAs are initialisms (the initial letter of each word of a phrase), but most are not acronyms in the strict sense since they are pronounced by saying each letter, as in APA / ˌ eɪ p iː ˈ eɪ / AY -pee- AY . Some are true acronyms (pronounced as

731-417: Is entirely secure. Authentication takes place when someone tries to log into a computer resource (such as a computer network , device, or application). The resource requires the user to supply the identity by which the user is known to the resource, along with evidence of the authenticity of the user's claim to that identity. Simple authentication requires only one such piece of evidence (factor), typically

774-455: Is the most commonly used mechanism of authentication. Many multi-factor authentication techniques rely on passwords as one factor of authentication. Variations include both longer ones formed from multiple words (a passphrase ) and the shorter, purely numeric, PIN commonly used for ATM access. Traditionally, passwords are expected to be memorized , but can also be written down on a hidden paper or text file. Possession factors ("something only

817-444: Is typically deployed in access control systems through the use, firstly, of a physical possession (such as a fob, keycard , or QR-code displayed on a device) which acts as the identification credential, and secondly, a validation of one's identity such as facial biometrics or retinal scan. This form of multi-factor authentication is commonly referred to as facial verification or facial authentication. These are factors associated with

860-472: The Credit Union Journal reported on the support costs associated with two-factor authentication. In their report, software certificates and software toolbar approaches were reported to have the highest support costs. Research into deployments of multi-factor authentication schemes has shown that one of the elements that tend to impact the adoption of such systems is the line of business of

903-620: The FIDO Alliance and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), have become popular with mainstream browser support beginning in 2015. A software token (a.k.a. soft token ) is a type of two-factor authentication security device that may be used to authorize the use of computer services. Software tokens are stored on a general-purpose electronic device such as a desktop computer , laptop , PDA , or mobile phone and can be duplicated. (Contrast hardware tokens , where

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946-566: The United Kingdom . The European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Japanese Red Cross Radio communication equipment manufacturer Japan Radio Co., Ltd. Radio control devices manufacturer Japan Remote Control Jose Rizal College, now Jose Rizal University of Mandaluyong, Philippines The Judge Rotenberg Educational Center Royal Court of Jersey Junior Rally Championship , formerly known as Junior World Rally Championship prior to 2007 Topics referred to by

989-639: The client PC in order to make use of the token or smart card . This translates to four or five packages on which version control has to be performed, and four or five packages to check for conflicts with business applications. If access can be operated using web pages , it is possible to limit the overheads outlined above to a single application. With other multi-factor authentication technology such as hardware token products, no software must be installed by end-users. There are drawbacks to multi-factor authentication that are keeping many approaches from becoming widespread. Some users have difficulty keeping track of

1032-667: The U.S. are defined in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12). IT regulatory standards for access to federal government systems require the use of multi-factor authentication to access sensitive IT resources, for example when logging on to network devices to perform administrative tasks and when accessing any computer using a privileged login. NIST Special Publication 800-63-3 discusses various forms of two-factor authentication and provides guidance on using them in business processes requiring different levels of assurance. In 2005,

1075-510: The United States' Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council issued guidance for financial institutions recommending financial institutions conduct risk-based assessments, evaluate customer awareness programs, and develop security measures to reliably authenticate customers remotely accessing online financial services , officially recommending the use of authentication methods that depend on more than one factor (specifically, what

1118-469: The account holder's computers in an attempt to steal their bank account credentials and phone numbers. Then the attackers purchased access to a fake telecom provider and set up a redirect for the victim's phone number to a handset controlled by them. Finally, the attackers logged into victims' online bank accounts and requested for the money on the accounts to be withdrawn to accounts owned by the criminals. SMS passcodes were routed to phone numbers controlled by

1161-624: The attackers and the criminals transferred the money out. An increasingly common approach to defeating MFA is to bombard the user with many requests to accept a log-in, until the user eventually succumbs to the volume of requests and accepts one. Many multi-factor authentication products require users to deploy client software to make multi-factor authentication systems work. Some vendors have created separate installation packages for network login, Web access credentials , and VPN connection credentials . For such products, there may be four or five different software packages to push down to

1204-407: The components is missing or supplied incorrectly, the user's identity is not established with sufficient certainty and access to the asset (e.g., a building, or data) being protected by multi-factor authentication then remains blocked. The authentication factors of a multi-factor authentication scheme may include: An example of two-factor authentication is the withdrawing of money from an ATM ; only

1247-441: The correct combination of a bank card (something the user possesses) and a PIN (something the user knows) allows the transaction to be carried out. Two other examples are to supplement a user-controlled password with a one-time password (OTP) or code generated or received by an authenticator (e.g. a security token or smartphone) that only the user possesses. A third-party authenticator app enables two-factor authentication in

1290-492: The credentials are stored on a dedicated hardware device and therefore cannot be duplicated, absent physical invasion of the device). A soft token may not be a device the user interacts with. Typically an X.509v3 certificate is loaded onto the device and stored securely to serve this purpose. Multi-factor authentication can also be applied in physical security systems. These physical security systems are known and commonly referred to as access control. Multi-factor authentication

1333-457: The device (i.e. something that only the individual user knows) plus a one-time-valid, dynamic passcode, typically consisting of 4 to 6 digits. The passcode can be sent to their mobile device by SMS or can be generated by a one-time passcode-generator app. In both cases, the advantage of using a mobile phone is that there is no need for an additional dedicated token, as users tend to carry their mobile devices around at all times. Notwithstanding

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1376-522: The manual for the Sinclair ZX81 home computer used and explained TLA. The specific generation of three-letter acronyms in computing was mentioned in a JPL report of 1982. In 1988, in a paper titled "On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computing Science", eminent computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra wrote (disparagingly), "No endeavour is respectable these days without a TLA" By 1992 it was in

1419-411: The mobile operator's operational security and can be easily breached by wiretapping or SIM cloning by national security agencies. Advantages: Disadvantages: The Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard, requirement 8.3, requires the use of MFA for all remote network access that originates from outside the network to a Card Data Environment (CDE). Beginning with PCI-DSS version 3.2,

1462-471: The network or working remotely, a more secure MFA method such as entering a code from a soft token as well could be required. Adapting the type of MFA method and frequency to a users' location will enable you to avoid risks common to remote working. Systems for network admission control work in similar ways where the level of network access can be contingent on the specific network a device is connected to, such as Wi-Fi vs wired connectivity. This also allows

1505-445: The organization that deploys the multi-factor authentication system. Examples cited include the U.S. government, which employs an elaborate system of physical tokens (which themselves are backed by robust Public Key Infrastructure ), as well as private banks, which tend to prefer multi-factor authentication schemes for their customers that involve more accessible, less expensive means of identity verification, such as an app installed onto

1548-515: The phone is no longer something only the user has. The major drawback of authentication including something the user possesses is that the user must carry around the physical token (the USB stick, the bank card, the key or similar), practically at all times. Loss and theft are risks. Many organizations forbid carrying USB and electronic devices in or out of premises owing to malware and data theft risks, and most important machines do not have USB ports for

1591-464: The phrase it represents; however saying 'WWW' in English requires three times as many syllables as the phrase it is meant to abbreviate (World Wide Web). "WWW" is sometimes abbreviated to "dubdubdub" in speech. 2FA Multi-factor authentication ( MFA ; two-factor authentication , or 2FA , along with similar terms) is an electronic authentication method in which a user is granted access to

1634-589: The popularity of SMS verification, security advocates have publicly criticized SMS verification, and in July 2016, a United States NIST draft guideline proposed deprecating it as a form of authentication. A year later NIST reinstated SMS verification as a valid authentication channel in the finalized guideline. In 2016 and 2017 respectively, both Google and Apple started offering user two-step authentication with push notifications as an alternative method. Security of mobile-delivered security tokens fully depends on

1677-482: The same reason. Physical tokens usually do not scale, typically requiring a new token for each new account and system. Procuring and subsequently replacing tokens of this kind involves costs. In addition, there are inherent conflicts and unavoidable trade-offs between usability and security. Two-step authentication involving mobile phones and smartphones provides an alternative to dedicated physical devices. To authenticate, people can use their personal access codes to

1720-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title JRC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JRC&oldid=1069704519 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1763-584: The use of MFA is required for all administrative access to the CDE, even if the user is within a trusted network. The second Payment Services Directive requires " strong customer authentication " on most electronic payments in the European Economic Area since September 14, 2019. In India, the Reserve Bank of India mandated two-factor authentication for all online transactions made using

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1806-425: The user has") have been used for authentication for centuries, in the form of a key to a lock. The basic principle is that the key embodies a secret that is shared between the lock and the key, and the same principle underlies possession factor authentication in computer systems. A security token is an example of a possession factor. Disconnected tokens have no connections to the client computer. They typically use

1849-405: The user, and are usually biometric methods, including fingerprint , face , voice , or iris recognition. Behavioral biometrics such as keystroke dynamics can also be used. Increasingly, a fourth factor is coming into play involving the physical location of the user. While hard wired to the corporate network, a user could be allowed to login using only a pin code. Whereas if the user was off

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