Misplaced Pages

#7992

53-586: Internally JR East refers to the "Yamanote Line" as the quadruple-track 20.6 km (12.8 mi) corridor between Shinagawa and Tabata via Shinjuku. The corridor consists of a pair of tracks used by Yamanote local trains and another parallel pair of tracks called "the Yamanote Freight Line" used by the Saikyō and Shōnan-Shinjuku line trains, some limited express services, and freight trains. In everyday usage, branding on maps and station signage,

106-415: A four-track railway ) is a railway line consisting of four parallel tracks with two tracks used in each direction. Quadruple-track railways can handle large amounts of traffic, and so are used on very busy routes or sections. Such conversion is referred to as "quadruplication". A railway line with six parallel tracks, or a sextuple-track railway, has three tracks in each direction. The corresponding term

159-645: A glossing system to add readings or explanations to Buddhist sutras . Both of these systems were simplified to make writing easier. The shapes of many hiragana resembled the Chinese cursive script , as did those of many katakana the Korean gugyeol , suggesting that the Japanese followed the continental pattern of their neighbors. Kana is traditionally said to have been invented by the Buddhist priest Kūkai in

212-504: A CVV syllable with complex nucleus (i.e. multiple or expressively long vowels), or a CCV syllable with complex onset (i.e. including a glide , C y V, C w V). The limited number of phonemes in Japanese, as well as the relatively rigid syllable structure, makes the kana system a very accurate representation of spoken Japanese . 'Kana' is a compound of kari ( 仮 , 'borrowed; assumed; false') and na ( 名 , 'name') , which eventually collapsed into kanna and ultimately 'kana'. Today it

265-407: A limited set of characters, such as Wabun code for Morse code telegrams and single-byte digital character encodings such as JIS X 0201 or EBCDIK , likewise dispense with kanji, instead using only katakana. This is not necessary in systems supporting double-byte or variable-width encodings such as Shift JIS , EUC-JP , UTF-8 or UTF-16 . Old Japanese was written entirely in kanji, and

318-438: A meaning . Apart from the five vowels, it is always CV (consonant onset with vowel nucleus ), such as ka , ki , sa , shi , etc., with the sole exception of the C grapheme for nasal codas usually romanised as n . The structure has led some scholars to label the system moraic , instead of syllabic , because it requires the combination of two syllabograms to represent a CVC syllable with coda (e.g. CV n , CV m , CV ng ),

371-410: A more modern design and has two 15-inch LCD monitors above each door, one of which is used for displaying silent commercials, news and weather; and another which is used for displaying information on the next stop (in Japanese, English, Korean and more) along with notification of delays on Shinkansen and other railway lines in the greater Tokyo area. The predecessor of the present-day Yamanote Line

424-455: A poem which uses each kana once. However, hiragana and katakana did not quickly supplant man'yōgana . It was only in 1900 that the present set of kana was codified. All the other forms of hiragana and katakana developed before the 1900 codification are known as hentaigana ( 変体仮名 , "variant kana") . Rules for their usage as per the spelling reforms of 1946, the gendai kana-zukai ( 現代仮名遣い , "present-day kana usage") , which abolished

477-413: A poetry anthology assembled sometime after 759 and the eponym of man'yōgana , exemplifies this phenomenon, where as many as almost twenty kanji were used for the mora ka . The consistency of the kana used was thus dependent on the style of the writer. Hiragana developed as a distinct script from cursive man'yōgana , whereas katakana developed from abbreviated parts of regular script man'yōgana as

530-673: A river, can operate as a quadruple track line. Examples of this can be found in Rhone in France and Rhine in Germany. As it can be seen from the pictures below in the Gallery of diagrams, the four tracks can be paired either by direction (slow and fast in each pair) or by purpose (speed or direction in each pair). Pairing by direction allows the railway to interface to a double track more easily. With fast trains in centre, local stations can be on

583-545: A separate pair of tracks. Construction of new double tracks dedicated to high-speed rail alongside existing conventional double track used by regional and local passenger trains and freight trains is a form of quadruple track. It increases the capacity of that route significantly, and allows for significant increases in inter-city high-speed train frequency with reduced travel times. Long-distance inter-city rail and freight trains are separated from short distance commuter rail. This helps to prevent delays on one service affecting

SECTION 10

#1732787852008

636-453: A set of kanji called man'yōgana were first used to represent the phonetic values of grammatical particles and morphemes. As there was no consistent method of sound representation, a phoneme could be represented by multiple kanji, and even those kana's pronunciations differed in whether they were to be read as kungana ( 訓仮名 , "meaning kana") or ongana ( 音仮名 , "sound kana") , making decipherment problematic. The man'yōshū ,

689-560: A tool for children), there can be no word-by-word collation; all collation is kana-by-kana. The hiragana range in Unicode is U+3040 ... U+309F, and the katakana range is U+30A0 ... U+30FF. The obsolete and rare characters ( wi and we ) also have their proper code points. Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are hiragana small ka and small ke , respectively. U+30F5 and U+30F6 are their katakana equivalents. Characters U+3099 and U+309A are combining dakuten and handakuten , which correspond to

742-407: Is "sextuplication". There are also instances of railway lines or sections with eight tracks, and cases with three or five tracks. All experience similar upsides and downsides. In quadruple track, trains are sorted in various ways in order to make maximum use of track capacity. These can include one or a combination of: A faster express line and a stopping local line are separated, with each having

795-533: Is a ligature of koto ( コト ), also found in vertical writing. Additionally, there are halfwidth equivalents to the standard fullwidth katakana. These are encoded within the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block (U+FF00–U+FFEF), starting at U+FF65 and ending at U+FF9F (characters U+FF61–U+FF64 are halfwidth punctuation marks): There is also a small "Katakana Phonetic Extensions" range (U+31F0 ... U+31FF), which includes some additional small kana characters for writing

848-482: Is about 158%. The ridership intensity of the Yamanote Line in 2018 was 1,134,963 passengers - km / km of route. The daily ridership of the Yamanote Line estimated in a 2015 MLIT National Transit census was about 4 million people per day. However, in both cases "Yamanote Line" refers to JR East's internal definition of the entire rail corridor between Shinagawa and Tabata stations via Shinjuku which includes

901-604: Is also used to represent onomatopoeia and interjections, emphasis, technical and scientific terms, transcriptions of the Sino-Japanese readings of kanji, and some corporate branding. Kana can be written in small form above or next to lesser-known kanji in order to show pronunciation; this is called furigana . Furigana is used most widely in children's or learners' books. Literature for young children who do not yet know kanji may dispense with it altogether and instead use hiragana combined with spaces. Systems supporting only

954-426: Is generally assumed that 'kana' were considered "false" kanji due to their purely phonetic nature, as opposed to mana ( 真名 ) which were "true" kanji used for their meanings. Yet originally, mana and kana were purely calligraphic terms with mana referring to Chinese characters written in the regular script ( kaisho ) and kana referring to those written in the cursive ( sōsho ) style (see hiragana ). It

1007-480: Is stylistic. Usually, hiragana is the default syllabary, and katakana is used in certain special cases. Hiragana is used to write native Japanese words with no kanji representation (or whose kanji is thought obscure or difficult), as well as grammatical elements such as particles and inflections ( okurigana ). Today katakana is most commonly used to write words of foreign origin that do not have kanji representations, as well as foreign personal and place names. Katakana

1060-564: Is the line's start and terminus) and sometimes Ikebukuro . Certain trains also start from Tamachi in the mornings and end at Shinagawa in the evenings. Trains which run clockwise are known as sotomawari ( 外回り , "outer circle") and those counter-clockwise as uchi-mawari ( 内回り , "inner circle") . (Trains travel on the left in Japan, as with road traffic.) The line also acts as a fare zone destination for JR tickets from locations outside Tokyo, permitting travel to any JR station on or within

1113-667: The Narita Express and some liner services. Likewise, from 14 March 2015 onwards, the Ueno-Tokyo Line starts services, which connects the Tōhoku Main Line and Jōban Line to the Tōkaidō Main Line , to provide further relief on the busiest portion of the Yamanote Line today, the segment between Ueno and Tokyo stations. Automatic train control (ATC) was introduced from 6 December 1981, and digital ATC (D-ATC)

SECTION 20

#1732787852008

1166-1128: The Ghent - Ostend line as far as Essene-Lombeek. Further quadrupling has recently been carried out as part of the development of the Brussels Regional Express Network . The building of high-speed lines has also led to quadrupling - for instance the HSL 2 high-speed line between Brussels and Cologne runs inside the local lines as far as Leuven . Meanwhile since 1934 Brussels and Antwerp have been connected by two separate pairs of double track. Fast trains normally use line 25 , while line 27 serves slow trains. In places they run parallel, but at times diverge and cross over each other. There are two places in Denmark with four tracks: By definition German railway lines have one or two tracks. Where more tracks are running parallel to each other, they are considered two or more separate lines. Such routes include: There are some quadruple-track railways in

1219-604: The Keihin-Tohoku Line tracks were moved slightly to the east to be aligned closer to the Tokaido Shinkansen tracks. The area on the west side of the yard made available will be redeveloped with high-rise office buildings, creating an international business center with good connections to the Shinkansen and Haneda Airport . In October 2022 JR East began performing trial runs for driverless trains on

1272-651: The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism : b. ^ Ridership of the section between Shinagawa-Tabata (via Shinjuku) including ridership from the Saikyō and Shōnan-Shinjuku services operating through this section. Ridership in the report estimated from OD surveys and commuter pass data. ^ 「平均通過人員」or average passenger intensity is defined by JR East as Annual passenger-kilometre / route length / number of workdays per year. Quadruple-track railway A quadruple-track railway (also known as

1325-805: The "Yamanote Line" refers to the local service (also called "system") running the entire 34.5 km (21.4 mi) line looping between the Yamanote corridor via Shinjuku Station and the central portions of the Tōhoku and Tōkaidō Main Lines Via Tokyo Station. (This article uses the same definition unless noted otherwise.) Trains run from 04:26 to 01:04 the next day at intervals as short as 2 minutes during peak periods and four minutes at other times. A complete loop takes 59 to 65 minutes. All trains stop at each station. Trains are put into and taken out of service at Ōsaki (which for timetabling purposes

1378-650: The Keihin-Tōhoku tracks, particularly on holidays and during off-peak hours, until rapid service trains were introduced on the Keihin-Tōhoku Line in 1988. A major explosion on the Yamanote Freight Line in Shinjuku in 1967 led to the diversion of freight traffic to the more distant Musashino Line . To address severe undercapacity, the freight line was repurposed for use by Saikyō Line and Shōnan-Shinjuku Line trains, as well as certain limited express trains such as

1431-461: The Osaki – Shinagawa section was double-tracked on November 30. The loop was completed in 1925 with the opening of the double track, electrified section between Kanda and Ueno on 1 November, providing a north–south link via Tokyo Station through the city's business centre. A parallel freight line, also completed in 1925, ran along the inner side of the loop between Shinagawa and Tabata. During

1484-953: The Oslo region. They are mostly two double tracks with slightly different routes, one older for local trains, and one newer mostly in tunnels for high-speed and regional trains. The country never implemented a quadruple-track line throughout its history, but there are plans for sections of the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) to be quadruplicated. Kana Kana ( 仮名 , Japanese pronunciation: [kana] ) are syllabaries used to write Japanese phonological units, morae . In current usage, kana most commonly refers to hiragana and katakana . It can also refer to their ancestor magana ( 真仮名 , lit. 'true kana') , which were Chinese characters used phonetically to transcribe Japanese (e.g. man'yōgana ); and hentaigana , which are historical variants of

1537-412: The Yamanote Line, most notably at Shinjuku and Ikebukuro (which are now the two busiest passenger railway stations in the world). The contemporary Yamanote Line came into being on 19 November 1956 when it was separated from the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and given its own set of tracks along the eastern side of the loop between Shinagawa and Tabata . However, Yamanote Line trains continued to periodically use

1590-459: The corresponding unvoiced columns ( k , s , t and h ) and the voicing mark, dakuten . Syllables beginning with [p] are spelled with kana from the h column and the half-voicing mark, handakuten . Syllables beginning with palatalized consonants are spelled with one of the seven consonantal kana from the i row followed by small ya , yu or yo . These digraphs are called yōon . The difference in usage between hiragana and katakana

1643-492: The kana for wi (ゐ・ヰ), we (ゑ・ヱ), and wo (を・ヲ) (except that the last was reserved as the accusative particle). Kana are the basis for collation in Japanese. They are taken in the order given by the gojūon (あ い う え お ... わ を ん), though iroha (い ろ は に ほ へ と ... せ す (ん)) ordering is used for enumeration in some circumstances. Dictionaries differ in the sequence order for long/short vowel distinction, small tsu and diacritics. As Japanese does not use word spaces (except as

Yamanote Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-528: The line aimed to begin sometime in 2028. Two sets, 17 and 18, were fitted with the new system and re-entered service on the line as train crew conduct ongoing tests on their performance. Furthermore, the two sets are easy to distinguish with an “ATO” (Automatic Train Operation) sticker located on the front and sides of each set. Once ATO is fully installed, this will be the first line of JR East to feature driverless trains. a. ^ Crowding levels defined by

1749-410: The line as the "Yamate Line". Legend Line Rapid Shōnan–Shinjuku and Saikyo Services As of January 2020, the line's services are operated exclusively by a fleet of 50 11-car E235 series EMUs, the first of which was introduced on the line on 30 November 2015. However, a number of technical faults, including problems with door close indicators, resulted in the train being taken out of service

1802-507: The line is very heavily used. Sections of the line were running over 250% capacity in the 1990s, remained above 200% for most of the 2000s with most sections dropping below 150% in 2018. This is due to larger and more frequent trains being introduced to the Yamanote Line and the opening of parallel relief lines such as the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line and Ueno–Tokyo Line . The maximum overcrowding during rush hour

1855-540: The loop. This refers to stations on the Yamanote Line as well as the Chūō-Sōbu and Chūō Rapid Lines and between Sendagaya and Ochanomizu . The Yamanote Line colour used on all rolling stock, station signs and diagrams is JNR Yellow Green No.6 ( ■ , Munsell code 7.5GY 6.5/7.8), known in Japanese as " Japanese bush warbler green" ( ウグイス色 , uguisu-iro ) . Due to the Yamanote Line's central location connecting most of Tokyo's major commuter hubs and commercial areas,

1908-523: The morning peak until 10 a.m. From February 22, 2010, the seats were no longer folded up during the morning peak, and all trains were standardized with newly built four-door cars by 31 August 2011. This was due to reduced congestion on the line as well as preparation for the installation of platform doors on all stations by 2017. The E231 series supported a new type of traffic control system, called digital Automatic Train Control (D-ATC). The series also had

1961-480: The ninth century. Kūkai certainly brought the Siddhaṃ script of India home on his return from China in 806; his interest in the sacred aspects of speech and writing led him to the conclusion that Japanese would be better represented by a phonetic alphabet than by the kanji which had been used up to that point. The modern arrangement of kana reflects that of Siddhaṃ, but the traditional iroha arrangement follows

2014-643: The now-standard hiragana. Katakana, with a few additions, are also used to write Ainu . A number of systems exist to write the Ryūkyūan languages , in particular Okinawan , in hiragana. Taiwanese kana were used in Taiwanese Hokkien as ruby text for Chinese characters in Taiwan when it was under Japanese rule . Each kana character corresponds to one sound or whole syllable in the Japanese language, unlike kanji regular script , which corresponds to

2067-623: The other, and is commonly seen in metropolitan areas. Quadrupling may be necessary when a new commuter rail service begins to operate on an existing line. Sometimes the local trains have separate technology, such as electrical system or signalling, which requires strict separation, for example in Berlin or Copenhagen . When a quadruple-track line divides to different destinations part way along, trains need to be sorted by their destination. Passenger trains and freight trains can be separated with each different track. A variation of this can be found on

2120-477: The outside, eliminating staircases for half the passengers. With slow trains in centre or when pairing by speed there can be a common platform for local trains with one staircase and one ticket booth. Sometimes two of the tracks go more straight and with a little distance from the two other. This is a design decision when widening a double track section, and allows higher speed on the faster tracks. Several lines radiating from Brussels are quadrupled, for instance

2173-407: The prewar era, the Ministry of Railways did not issue permits to private suburban railway companies for new lines to cross the Yamanote Line from their terminal stations to the central districts of Tokyo, forcing the companies to terminate services at stations on the line. This policy led to the development of new urban centers ( 新都心、副都心 , shintoshin, fukutoshin ) around major transfer points on

Yamanote Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-691: The quadruple track section of the Main Northern line in New South Wales between Waratah and Maitland where one pair of tracks are used exclusively for coal trains and the other pair are used for passenger trains and general freight. A similar process, but with all intercity and commuter passenger trains on the outer tracks and thru-freight trains on the inner tracks, was done by the Pennsylvania Railroad on its New York–Washington and Philadelphia–Pittsburgh mainlines prior to

2279-476: The ridership of the Saikyō and Shōnan–Shinjuku Lines on the parallel Yamanote freight line. Meanwhile, the ridership of the Yamanote Line services between Tabata and Shinagawa Station via Tokyo are excluded and counted as part of the Tōhoku and Tōkaidō Main Lines. " Yamanote " literally refers to inland, hillier districts or foothills (as distinct from areas close to the sea). In Tokyo, "Yamanote" lies along

2332-592: The same day. The E235 series returned to service on the Yamanote Line on 7 March 2016. All Yamanote Line rolling stock are stored and maintained at Tokyo General Rolling Stock Centre  [ ja ] near Ōsaki Station . Prior to the E235 series, the line's services were operated by E231-500 series EMUs, which were in use from April 21, 2002 to January 20, 2020. These trains originally each included two "six-door cars" with six pairs of doors per side and bench seats that were folded up to provide standing room only during

2385-411: The spacing characters U+309B and U+309C. U+309D is the hiragana iteration mark , used to repeat a previous hiragana. U+309E is the voiced hiragana iteration mark, which stands in for the previous hiragana but with the consonant voiced ( k becomes g , h becomes b , etc.). U+30FD and U+30FE are the katakana iteration marks. U+309F is a ligature of yori ( より ) sometimes used in vertical writing. U+30FF

2438-647: The takeover of operations by Amtrak and Conrail (and later Norfolk Southern ). This is somewhat still done to this day by NS, CSX , and Conrail Shared Assets trains on Amtrak-owned trackage in the Philadelphia area. Future passenger and freight-separated track pairs are planned by the state of Virginia on the corridor between Washington, D.C. and Richmond, Virginia , and by California High-Speed Rail between Los Angeles and Fullerton, California . Two separate double-track lines in proximity to each other, e.g., two double-track lines along opposite sides of

2491-454: The term 'kana' is now commonly understood as hiragana and katakana, it actually has broader application as listed below: The following table reads, in gojūon order, as a , i , u , e , o (down first column), then ka , ki , ku , ke , ko (down second column), and so on. n appears on its own at the end. Asterisks mark unused combinations. Syllables beginning with the voiced consonants [g], [z], [d] and [b] are spelled with kana from

2544-634: The west side of the Yamanote Line. The Seishin-Yamate Line in Kobe and the Yamate area of Yokohama also use this pronunciation. After World War II , SCAP ordered all train placards to be romanized, and the Yamanote Line was romanized as "Yamate Line". It was thus alternatively known as "Yamanote" and "Yamate" until 1971, when the Japanese National Railways changed the pronunciation back to "Yamanote". Some older people still refer to

2597-625: The western side of the Yamanote Line loop. The word consists of the Japanese morphemes yama , meaning 'mountain', the genitive suffix no , and te , meaning 'hand', thus literally translating as "mountain's hand", analogous to the English term "foothills". Yamanote-sen is officially written in Japanese without the kana no ( の、ノ ) , which makes its pronunciation ambiguous in print. The characters 山手 may also be pronounced yamate , as in Yamate-dōri (Yamate Street), which runs parallel to

2650-507: Was built in 1971. The distance between Shinagawa and Tamachi stations was 2.2 km (1.4 mi), making it the longest stretch of track between stations on the Yamanote Line. The new station was constructed on top of the 20-hectare former railyard, which is undergoing rationalization and redevelopment by JR East; it is roughly parallel to the existing Sengakuji Station on the Toei Asakusa and Keikyu Main lines. The Yamanote Line and

2703-480: Was introduced from 30 July 2006. Station numbering was introduced on JR East stations in the Tokyo area from 20 August 2016, with Yamanote Line stations numbered using the prefix "JY". A new station, Takanawa Gateway Station , opened on 14 March 2020. This station was built on the Yamanote Line and Keihin-Tohoku Line between Shinagawa and Tamachi stations, becoming the first new station on the line since Nishi-Nippori

SECTION 50

#1732787852008

2756-429: Was not until the 18th century that the early-nationalist kokugaku movement which wanted to move away from Sinocentric academia began to reanalyze the script from a phonological point of view. In the following centuries, contrary to the traditional Sinocentric view, kana began to be considered a national Japanese writing system that was distinct from Chinese characters, which is the dominant view today. Although

2809-478: Was opened on 1 March 1885 by the Nippon Railway Company, operating between Shinagawa Station in the south and Akabane Station in the north. The top part of the loop between Ikebukuro and Tabata (a distance of 3.3 km (2.1 mi)) opened on 1 April 1903, and both lines were merged to become the Yamanote Line on 12 October 1909. The line was electrified on December 16, 1909, soon after

#7992