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64-633: The Joint Security Area ( JSA , often referred to as the Truce Village or Panmunjom ) is the only portion of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where North and South Korean forces stand face-to-face. The JSA is used by the two Koreas for diplomatic engagements and, until March 1991, was also the site of military negotiations between North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC). The JSA has been

128-623: A ROKA unit. KATUSA was not to be used for common labor or cargo-carrying assignments, except for specific duties outlined by Army policies. While KATUSA received pay from ROKA appropriations at ROKA scales, they were provided with equipment, clothing, food, and other supplies on the same basis as other U.N. troops. As a member of the Republic of Korea Army augmented to the Eighth United States Army, I will sacrifice myself to defend my country and her principles. I vow to abide by

192-669: A battalion staff. The three platoons were led by the U.S. officer with the ROK officer as the executive officer, and U.S. Army platoon sergeants. The platoons consisted of three squads, with equal numbers of U.S. and KATUSA soldiers. Sometime after 1979, another (fourth) platoon was added to the JSF to allow time for training during platoon work rotations. In July 1987 the four platoons of the Joint Security Force (JSF) company were reorganized to mix KATUSA and US soldiers at all levels. At

256-417: A bit of the language. It saves the U.S. money and manpower, and symbolizes the two nations' friendship and mutual support. The KATUSA program remains essential for the safety of the Republic of Korea, not only for establishing partnerships with American Armed Forces, but to learn from each other and to assist each other, especially with the threat of North Korea looming over South Korea. The primary objective of

320-524: A close friend and valued partner during difficult circumstances, even when personal relations between U.S. and ROK leaders were at a low ebb" The KATUSA system was established in August 1950 during the Korean War . It was started as a spoken agreement between President Syngman Rhee and U.S. General Douglas MacArthur . At that time, the U.S. Army needed a military force that had the proper knowledge of

384-533: A few months of incubatory period before they can fully perform. One criticism of the KATUSA program arises from the difference in promotion systems; the ROK Army promotes its enlistees on a quota/time basis and not through the merit system. A KATUSA soldier may be senior in rank to an American counterpart with significantly more field experience. However, this criticism is usually rebutted by the counter-argument from

448-460: A further 25,000 KPA soldiers held in ROKA camps (mostly southerners impressed into service for the north) into South Korea in an attempt to wreck the armistice negotiations. The Armistice Agreement provided that a nonbelligerent nation would provide security forces to hold any prisoner of war who refused repatriation. India provided 6,413 soldiers for this purpose. After landing at the port of Inchon ,

512-630: A higher standard of living, and have an overall better quality of life than their ROK counterparts. In 2012, roughly 3,400 KATUSA soldiers served with 25,000 United States Forces Korea (USFK) , versus 4,800 in 2005 and 11,000 in 1968. As the number of U.S. soldiers in South Korea decreases, the number of KATUSA soldiers is decreasing as well. The ratio of KATUSA soldiers to U.S. soldiers is roughly 1:10. While many Republic of Korea Air Force members in Korea work alongside U.S. Air Force members, there

576-635: A new site, the JSA, located approximately one kilometer east of the village. All meetings between North Korea and the United Nations Command or South Korea have taken place here since its completion. The JSA is often referred to as Panmunjom. After the war, all civilians were removed from the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), except for two villages near the JSA on opposite sides of the Military Demarcation Line. After that,

640-742: A small number assigned to each squad, primarily performing basic tasks such as riflemen. While some were promoted to NCO rank within the ROKA while serving as KATUSA, they were not placed in positions of authority over U.S. troops and generally served as privates within U.S. units. U.S. commanding officers had discretion in their deployment, aiming to utilize integrated Korean troops effectively. An Eighth Army directive explicitly stated that KATUSA should be employed comparable to U.S. personnel and could not be formed into all-Korean units. The term "Korean Army Troops, United States Army" referred to KATUSA as an increase in personnel, distinct from integration, implying their attachment to U.S. forces rather than membership in

704-760: Is a tangible representation of the enduring friendship and mutual support between the Republic of Korea and the United States. (United States Eighth Army, 2024) All U.S. Army and ROKA personnel within the theater must uphold the effectiveness of the KATUSA Soldier Program by adhering to the guidelines outlined in the Army in Korea Regulation 600-2. Regardless of their affiliation with the U.S. Army or ROKA, individuals are strongly encouraged to contribute suggestions and recommendations to enhance

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768-622: Is conducted by the United States Army before they begin their full-time duty with a U.S. Army unit garrisoned in Korea for the duration of their military service. The number of candidates vying for an available opening is extremely high because many soldiers believe that the U.S. Army is less abusive and more professional in its training and treatment of soldiers compared with the ROK Army, and that junior enlisted personnel receive better treatment, have more educational opportunities (especially with regards to learning English), experience

832-467: Is marked by blocks of concrete. South Korean guards in this area were armed with pistols and they stood in a modified taekwondo stance with stolid facial expressions, clenched fists and sunglasses, which was meant to intimidate the North Korean guards. The South Korean guards had to be at least 170 cm (5'7") tall and have a black belt in taekwondo or judo . Since October 25, 2018, guards in

896-482: Is no KATUSA program with the USAF counterpart; ROKAF retains their own unit and command structure separate from their USAF counterparts. Since the KATUSA program started off as a temporary measure during the war and has continued in a like manner, there has been no legal legitimisation of the program under Korean law to date. The oral agreement between General MacArthur and President Rhee on conscripting Korean civilians for

960-768: Is now Checkpoint (CP) #3, while what used to be called CP#3 (and sometimes called "The Loneliest Outpost in the World") was the UNC checkpoint at the southern end of the Bridge of No Return. After the enforcement of the MDL, the North no longer had a road leading into the JSA, and within three days they built what is now known as the "72-Hour Bridge" or "Bridge of 72 Hours". The United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area (UNCSB-JSA) , simply United Nations Command Security Battalion

1024-492: The Military Demarcation Line (MDL) separating South and North Korea, and created as a neutral area, where there was free movement of both sides anywhere within the JSA boundaries. Military Police of both sides provide security for the JSA with guard forces of no more than 35 security personnel on duty at any given time. The administrative facilities for both guard forces are located within the JSA. While

1088-495: The People's Republic of China . A final armistice agreement was reached on 27 July 1953. The United Nations Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, and North Korea People's Army agreed to an armistice ending the fighting. The agreement established a 4-kilometer-wide demilitarized zone along the armistice line, effectively dividing Korea into two separate countries. Although most troops and all heavy weapons were to be removed from

1152-746: The 1950–53 Korean War, when the 7th Infantry Division commandeered reinforcements for the landing at Incheon . These so-called " First KATUSA soldiers " included 313 men from Busan . (The South Korean side claims they were taken from refugee camps, but whether they volunteered or were coerced remains a matter of dispute.) 9.Hausrath, Alfred H., David S. Fields, Richard C. Sheldon, and John P. Kishler. 1958. Integration of ROK Soldiers Into US Army Units (KATUSA). Baltimore, MD : The Johns Hopkins University Operations Research Office. 10. United States Eight Army. (2024, April 12). KATUSA SOLDIER PROGRAM. EIGHT ARMY. 11.Hwang, T. (2019). Cold War brotherhood contested: KATUSAs, slicky boys, American G.I.s, and

1216-507: The Joint Security area no longer have pistols. They are also required to maintain a capacity no larger than 35 people and must be unarmed. Freedom of movement across the border must also be enforced for visitors and tourists at some point as well. On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established new rules which called for, among other things, the transfer of guard duty command to both Koreas for each of their respective sides of

1280-507: The KATUSA Soldier Program is to bolster the Army in Korea by integrating ROK Army Soldiers, thus enhancing the collective defense capabilities of ROK/U.S. forces on the Korean peninsula. This program holds immense significance, not solely due to the military workforce and fiscal savings it offers the U.S. Army. It also symbolizes the cooperation between ROK and U.S. forces and their joint commitment to preventing conflict. The KATUSA Soldier Program

1344-605: The KATUSA Soldier Program. According to Richard Weiz (2013), author of "An Enduring Partnership: South Korea and the United States", The North Korean threat continues to provide the fundamental basis for the ROK-U.S. security relationship...The most recent period of tensions flared up after the North's long-range rocket launch in December 2012 and underground nuclear test in February 2013" (Pg. 310). Providing valuable information on

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1408-568: The Korean War, a total of 43,660 KATUSA soldiers fought for South Korea with U.S. forces. Of these soldiers, 11,365 went missing or were killed in action. This program continued after the Korean War, and KATUSA soldiers would spend 18-months with the U.S. Army learning his occupation and would then return to the ROK Army for training others on the occupation. According to the Eighth Army Wightman NCO Academy, "With

1472-503: The Korean peninsula. KATUSA soldiers are assigned to each Eighth United States Army unit with their Military Occupational Specialty like the United States Army soldiers and do the part of their MOS. Additionally, KATUSA soldiers serve as interpreters between the local populace and the U.S. Army, and help the U.S. maneuver in unfamiliar terrain. Informally, they help U.S. soldiers new to the peninsula understand Korean customs and

1536-721: The Military Demarcation Line. As such, it is considered one of the last vestiges of the Cold War . The site of the former village is 53 kilometers north-northwest of the capital of South Korea , Seoul , and 10 kilometers east of Kaesong . The village, a small cluster of fewer than ten huts, is on the south side of the Kaesong-Seoul road on the west bank of the Sa'cheon stream. Meetings of the Military Armistice Commission took place in several tents set up on

1600-608: The ROKA, this means that they are losing intelligent soldiers to the US Army. To minimize this, the selection process now randomly picks soldiers from the pool of applicants, instead of hiring the most qualified soldiers. The selection process requires applicants to submit their English proficiency test scores as a mandatory document, and driver's license and computer software proficiency test scores such as Microsoft certificates to qualify applicants who are eligible to be drivers or administrators. These measures were introduced to diversify

1664-511: The South Korean side of Panmunjom on October 16, 2018, it was agreed the JSA disarmament is complete, civilian and foreign tourists will be allowed to visit the border area from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. without restrictions about what they can wear. It was agreed that at this point, the MDL which runs through the JSA will be open to local and foreign tourists so they can reenact Kim and Moon's crossing which occurred on April 27, 2018. This withdrawal

1728-523: The U.S. Forces was never documented. A memorandum for assigning operational command of the ROK Army to General MacArthur by President Rhee, known as Pusan Letter , is considered the only justification for the KATUSA program in South Korea. EUSA designates the state of KATUSA program in Army in Korea Regulation 600-2. Since KATUSA soldiers do not undergo special education for their MOS before their deployment and their mission training relies heavily on OJT from senior to junior KATUSAs, new KATUSAs usually take

1792-462: The U.S. enlisted soldiers. The KATUSA program was developed during the Korean War as a temporary measure to cope with a shortage of personnel in the United States Army. This augmentation program is the only one of its kind in the United States Army. The KATUSA program provides the U.S. military with Korean-speaking soldiers, allowing greater military functionality and maneuverability throughout

1856-761: The UNC Commander's desire to minimize the USFK presence near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The commander of the ROKA JSA Battalion serves as the UNCSB-JSA Deputy Commander. The UNCSB-JSA Commander's principal responsibility now lies in his operational control of selected ROKA formations during both Armistice and wartime periods. Both sides placed guards between the blue meeting houses, where the demarcation line

1920-576: The UNC flag only has two tiers, but each of the tiers on the UNC base is taller than any of the tiers on the KPA flag. Being at the center of one of the world's most tense military and political fault lines, the Joint Security Area has been the site of numerous interactions between North and South, including over 750 overt acts of violence. The UNC has documented most of the violent incidents with reports and photographs, which have been reported in

1984-770: The UNCMAC Support Group (Provisional) moved all personnel to the Demilitarized Zone by helicopter in a single day without incident. Approximately 23,000 KPA and CPV soldiers held in UNC prisoner of war camps refused to return to Communist control. Twenty-two UNC soldiers ( 21 Americans, one Briton ) also refused repatriation. Under the provisions of the Armistice, these soldiers were held for a further six months and interviewed by neutral observers to ensure they had not been coerced into refusing repatriation. Most KPA expatriates remained in South Korea, while

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2048-549: The United States Forces Korea that such promotion of KATUSA soldiers is sufficiently warranted given the fact that KATUSA soldiers usually possess at least two years of college experience, which would translate to an advanced enlisted rank for US soldiers. Another criticism arising from the Korean Army side is based on the fact that most of the KATUSA soldiers are from the top universities in Korea. For

2112-488: The United States overall. A follow-up study in 1958 reaffirms these positive sentiments, reflecting high ratings from South Koreans serving in American units. Moreover, the passage delves into the attitudes of both American and Korean soldiers toward integrated units, shedding light on preferences and satisfaction levels. Lastly, it underscores the U.S. Army's ongoing recognition of the benefits of integrated units, emphasizing

2176-588: The area, it has been heavily armed by both sides since the end of the fighting. KATUSA Korean Augmentation to the United States Army ( KATUSA ; Korean : 카투사 ) is a branch of the Republic of Korea Army that consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are seconded to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit. Instead, small numbers of KATUSA members are assigned to positions in most of

2240-455: The area. During one of the initial negotiations of the armistice, agents of the KPA/CPV side went into the truce tents one night and sawed down the chair legs of the UNC delegation. The next day, when the UNC delegates arrived, they were forced to sit lower than their KPA/CPV counterparts and lost face, so they quickly left the meeting. At a later meeting, the UNC delegation brought a flag into

2304-405: The boundary has remained the same over the years, the buildings themselves have changed. Some have been removed, including all of the KPA checkpoints on the southern half of the JSA. New buildings have been constructed, whilst some existing buildings have been expanded or simply renovated. The only boundary change of the Joint Security Area was the enforcement of the dividing line within the JSA after

2368-472: The course of MAC meetings. Countless fistfights, shouting matches, exchanges of rude gestures, and other provocations have occurred since 1953. There have also been several prisoner exchanges and other interactions. This operation was a test case for prisoner repatriation, one of the four main issues of contention during two years of negotiation. 605 sick, wounded, and/or injured UNC prisoners were exchanged for 6,030 sick or injured Communist prisoners. Based on

2432-447: The departments of the Eighth United States Army, filling in for United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers . KATUSAs are selected from a pool of qualified volunteers who are subject to mandatory military service for male Korean citizens. While the ROK Army retains responsibility for personnel management of KATUSAs, KATUSA members are equipped with standard United States Army issues, and live and work with

2496-510: The empty village of Panmunjom fell into disrepair and eventually disappeared from the landscape. There is no evidence of it today. However, the building constructed for the signing of the armistice has since been renamed by North Korea as the Peace Museum . United Nations forces met with North Korean and Chinese officials at Panmunjom from 1951 to 1953 for truce talks. The talks dragged on for many months. The main point of contention during

2560-503: The establishment of the ROKA Training Center in 1963...KATUSA soldiers began to spend their whole military tour in the U.S. Army" At various points, statistics on the size of the KATUSA program highlighted its growth to 27,000 soldiers by 1952 and subsequent decline to 15,000 by 1959. Additionally, it discusses a 1954 study examining KATUSA soldiers' wartime experiences and their positive perceptions of American treatment and

2624-400: The flags within the meeting building have stayed about the same since then, with only minor changes. The KPA flag is wider than the UNC flag, but the UNC flag is longer. The KPA flag has thicker fringe around the edges of the flag, but the UNC's trim is longer. The truck at the top of the KPA flagpole is taller than the UNC truck, but the UNC's is wider. The KPA flag has a three tiered base while

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2688-435: The following Code of Conduct for unification and honour of my country: To become a KATUSA, eligible Korean draftees must demonstrate a minimum level of English-language proficiency by achieving minimum passing scores on standardized English tests. There are eight different exams, and people can choose one from them. The eight exams are: TOEFL, TOEIC, TEPS, G-TEP LEVEL 2, FLEX, OPIC, TOEIC SPEAKING and TEPS SPEAKING. Typically,

2752-450: The geography of Korea, and the abilities to distinguish allied troops (South Korea) from enemy troops (North Korea) and communicate better between U.S. soldiers and Korean soldiers. Therefore, some were drafted to KATUSA by force, and others joined voluntarily. After training, they were divided into the U.S. military, such as 2nd Division , 7th Division , 24th Division , 25th division , 1st Cavalry Division , 1st Marine Divisions . During

2816-468: The murders of two American officers in 1976 . Prior to this, the entire area was neutral, where members of either side possessed the freedom of movement within the JSA. Since the enforcement of the MDL within the JSA, several UNC checkpoint buildings have also been rebuilt and/or renamed as well. Examples of this are what was called Observation Post (OP) No. 5 on the hill overlooking the Bridge of No Return ,

2880-571: The north side. The eighteen copies of Volume I and II of the armistice were signed by the senior delegates of each side in a building constructed by both sides over a 48-hour period. (North Korea provided labour and some supplies, while the United Nations Command provided some supplies, generators and lighting to allow the work to continue at night.) After the Armistice Agreement was signed, construction began in September 1953 on

2944-553: The number of soldiers assigned to the unit declined as well. For the next 50 years, the unit underwent several organizational and name changes, although the original mission to secure the Joint Security Area remains the same today as it was in 1952. On June 11, 1979, the name was changed from US Army Support Group (Joint Security Area) to United Nations Command Support Group—Joint Security Area, and further changed to United Nations Command Security Force—Joint Security Area on December 23, 1985. On October 15, 1994, UNC Commander directed that

3008-575: The overwhelming majority of CPV expatriates traveled to Taiwan to join the Nationalists . During this operation the UNCMACSG(P) oversaw the repatriation of displaced persons, expellees, and refugees from North Korea to South Korea across the Military Demarcation Line at Panmunjom. The JSA currently has around 100,000 tourists visit each year through several tourism companies and the USO (through

3072-517: The peninsula as well as translations, KATUSA soldiers carry out their MOS effectively, allowing for a future of more foreign cooperation with America. Nirav Patel and Lindsey Ford (2009), authors of "The future of the U.S.-ROK alliance: global perspectives" go on to state that "The alliance between the United States and the Republic of Korea (ROK) has been a key component of America’s bilateral alliance system in Asia for almost 60 years. South Korea has been

3136-536: The platoon level, two platoons were led by U.S. Army lieutenants and ROKA platoon sergeants, and two were led by ROKA lieutenants and US Army platoon sergeants. In November 1987 the unit received a ROK Army major as its first deputy commander. On April 25, 1992, the JSF company became a KATUSA-pure formation. Captain Yin Sung-hwan became the first ROK commander assisted by a U.S. Army lieutenant as his executive officer. The number of U.S. Army personnel assigned to

3200-451: The pool of applicants throughout Korean Army soldiers, but a lot of intelligent soldiers still enlist as a KATUSA for the superior facilities and treatment. A holistic and random approach is used to quality candidates into different units, and this variety of exam results seems to affect significantly into which positions each applicant is placed. Some of the recent criticisms from the South Korean side include alleged forced-recruitment during

3264-637: The provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement signed July 27, 1953, to bring a cease-fire in the Korean War, was establishment of the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), an agency to supervise implementation of the truce terms. Meetings of MAC representatives from the United Nations Command (UNC) and the Korean People's Army / Chinese People's Volunteers (KPA/CPV) were held at the Joint Security Area, an 800-meter (2600 ft) wide enclave, roughly circular in shape, bisected by

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3328-504: The reciprocal advantages of personal interactions between American and KATUSA soldiers during off-duty hours. Upon assignment to this program, ROKA soldiers had undergone only basic training at the ROKA Replacement Training Centers and had limited or no active service. Initially, they were often sent directly to U.S. units with minimal military training. Typically, they were integrated into infantry units, with

3392-433: The site of numerous events and incidents since its establishment in 1953, the first of which was the repatriation of prisoners of war (POWs) after the cessation of hostilities, across the Bridge of No Return . In 2018, North and South Korean officials agreed to clear the JSA of all landmines, weapons and guard posts. This withdrawal was complete on October 25, 2018, and the JSA now just contains 35 unarmed security guards. It

3456-666: The success of the repatriations undertaken earlier, a general exchange of prisoners began in late April. During Operation Big Switch, prisoners were brought to Panmunjom, on the banks of the Sachong River . Each prisoner was then asked if he wished to cross the river and return to his countrymen or remain with his captors. Once the choice was made there was no turning back—hence the name Bridge of No Return . During this time 13,444 UNC prisoners returned to UNC countries, and 89,493 KPA and CPV prisoners returned to their Communist countries. In June 1953, ROK president Syngman Rhee released

3520-583: The talks was the question surrounding the prisoners of war. Moreover, South Korea was uncompromising in its demand for a unified state. On 8 June 1953, an agreement to the POW problem was reached. Those prisoners who refused to return to their countries were allowed to live under a neutral supervising commission for three months. At the end of this period, those who still refused repatriation would be released. Among those who refused repatriation were 21 American and one British POWs , all but two of whom chose to defect to

3584-587: The terms JSA and Panmunjom are often used interchangeably. The village encompassed a larger area than the current complex of the JSA, and consisted mostly of farms. It was destroyed during the war, and all that now remains on the site of the village is the building constructed for the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement , now the North Korea Peace Museum . The JSA is administered by the United Nations Command . Among

3648-692: The three most popular exams people take are TOEFL, TOEIC, TEPS, and the minimum scores for getting into the lottery are 83 for TOEFL, 780 for TOEIC, and 690 for TEPS. KATUSA candidates may apply through the Military Manpower Administration (MMA), upon which their name is entered into a lottery system. Conscripts with qualifying test scores are selected on a random basis by the Korean government, with all eligible candidates having an equal chance of winning. Applicants may only apply once. Once selected, KATUSAs must complete six weeks of ROK Army basic training. A brief orientation and OJT

3712-410: The truce tent and set it up on the meeting table. The KPA/CPV delegation left after losing face, but showed up at the next meeting with a flag that was larger than the UNC flag. At the following meeting, the UNC delegation brought in a slightly larger flag. This kept up until a special meeting was called just to discuss the size of the flags, as they had grown too large to fit within the tents. The size of

3776-514: The unit be known by its present designation, the United Nations Command Security Battalion - Joint Security Area. Originally a purely U.S. Army organization, the unit also included ROK soldiers ( KATUSAs ). In addition, ROK Army officers served as liaison officers. In the mid-1970s the JSA consisted of the JSF company with three platoons of one U.S. and one ROKA officer, and thirty enlisted men, supported by

3840-463: The unit fell below 200 for the first time since 1952. American forces assigned to the JSA assumed mainly administrative and support roles. On October 31, 2004, a ROK Army battalion assumed sole responsibility for the Joint Security Area. This modified light infantry battalion consisted of a battalion headquarters, a headquarters company, two security companies, and a civil affairs company. The number of U.S. personnel assigned decreased further, reflecting

3904-663: The various U.S. military commands in Korea). Before being allowed to enter the DMZ, if visiting from the South, tourists are given a briefing during which they must sign a document which states, in part, "The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail entry into a hostile area and possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action." During a meeting held between the UN command and military officers from North and South Korea on

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3968-530: Was complete on October 25, though tourism has been delayed. No date was set for the resumption of JSA tourism when rules were established for the transfer of guard duty command on November 6, 2018, as well. 37°57′21″N 126°40′36″E  /  37.95583°N 126.67667°E  / 37.95583; 126.67667 Panmunjom Its name is often used as a metonym for the nearby Joint Security Area (JSA), where discussions between North Korea and South Korea still take place in blue buildings that straddle

4032-427: Was constituted on May 5, 1952, as Army Unit 8020, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission Support Group (Provisional). Originally authorized five officers and ten enlisted soldiers, the unit grew to over 1,400 officers and men supporting almost 32,000 soldiers, civilians, and diplomats involved in negotiating and then enforcing the Armistice Agreement. By the end of February 1954 the scope of work declined and

4096-410: Was further agreed that henceforth, the area will serve mainly as a tourist attraction. On November 6, 2018, it was announced that the UNC would transfer primary guard duties of the now demilitarized Joint Security Area to both North and South Korea. The Joint Security Area is located about 800 meters ( 1 ⁄ 2 mile) south of the original village of Panmunjom . It is because of this proximity that

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