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84-583: (Redirected from Jonsdottir ) Jónsdóttir is a surname of Icelandic origin, meaning daughter of Jón . In Icelandic names, the name is not strictly a surname, but a patronymic (see Icelandic name ). The name refers to: Ágústína Jónsdóttir (b. 1949), Icelandic writer, artist and educator Anna G. Jónasdóttir (b. 1942), Icelandic political scientist and academic Áslaug Jónsdóttir (b. 1963), Icelandic children's writer Auður Jónsdóttir (b. 1973), Icelandic author and freelance journalist Birgitta Jónsdóttir

168-599: A constructed language based on English which others have called "Ander-Saxon"; this attempted to create a pure English vocabulary for nuclear physics . For more information, see Linguistic purism in English . Many such words, such as thermometer , dinosaur , rhinoceros , and rhododendron , are thoroughly incorporated into the English lexicon and are the ordinary words for their referents. Some are prone to colloquial shortening; rhinoceros often becomes rhino . The binomial nomenclature of taxonomy and biology

252-433: A classical compound has been created and borrowed , it typically becomes the foundation of a whole series of related words: e.g. astrology , astrological, astrologer/astrologist/astrologian, astrologism . Mainstream medical and ISV pronunciation in English is not the same as Classical Latin pronunciation. Like Ecclesiastical Latin , it has a regularity of its own, and individual sounds can be mapped or compared. Although

336-530: A family name. Someone called "Ramazan Rahim Ali Manji" might call his son "Karim Ramazan Rahim Manji" and his granddaughter might be called "Zahra Karim Ramazan Manji". Indians in Singapore and Malaysia, particularly those of Tamil descent, often continue the patronymic tradition. This entails having a single given name, followed by son/daughter of, followed by their father's name. In Malaysia , Singapore and Brunei , ethnic Malays and Indians generally follow

420-670: A form stands alone as a present-day word, it is usually a telescopic abbreviation: bio biography, chemo chemotherapy, hydro hydroelectricity, metro metropolitan. Some telescoped forms are shorter than the original neoclassical combining form: gynie is shorter than gyneco- and stands for both gynecology and gynecologist ; anthro is shorter than anthropo- and stands for anthropology . Suffixes include: -ectomy cutting out, -graphy writing, description, -kinesis motion, -logy study, -mancy divination, -onym name, -phagy eating, -phony sound, -therapy healing, -tomy cutting. They are generally listed in dictionaries without

504-481: A hyphen ( auto-analysis , bioenergy , hydroelectricity , not * autanalysis , * bienergy , * hydrelectricity ). Its presence helps to distinguish neoclassical compounds like biography and agriculture from vernacular compounds like teapot and blackbird . Generally, English has acquired its neoclassical compounds in three ways: through French from Latin and Greek, directly from Latin and Greek, and by coinage in English on Greek and Latin patterns. An exception

588-420: A life', neurology as 'the study of the nervous system'. Many classical combining forms are designed to take initial or final position: autobiography has the two initial or preposed forms auto- and bio- , and one postposed form -graphy . Although most occupy one position or the other, some can occupy both: -graph- as in graphology and monograph ; -phil- as in philology and Anglophile . Occasionally,

672-412: A man named Adamu Abdulkabiru Jibril — whereby "Adamu" would be his given first name, "Abdulkabiru" would be his father's given name as a patronymic middle name, and "Jibril" would be his hereditary family surname. Other people hyphenate their surname to include a patronymic, in which case the example would be named Adamu Abdulkabiru-Jibril with "Abdulkabiru-Jibril" acting as his surname. Using patronymics as

756-818: A member of parliament in Iceland and a former volunteer with WikiLeaks Gunnfríður Jónsdóttir (1889–1968), Icelandic sculptor Íeda Jónasdóttir Herman , Icelandic author and adventurer Jóhanna Guðrún Jónsdóttir , Icelandic singer Jóhanna Vala Jónsdóttir (b. 1986), Icelandic beauty queen; 2007 Miss Iceland Ragnheiður Jónsdóttir (1646–1715), Icelandic woman whose face is on the 5000 kronur note Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir (b. 1981), Icelandic television personality; former Miss Iceland Sveindís Jane Jónsdóttir (b. 2001), Icelandic footballer Laufey Lín Jónsdóttir (b. 1999), Icelandic singer-songwriter See also [ edit ] Jónsson Jón [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

840-1061: A more complex history. Both Greek words had entered Latin, and, from Latin, French. The English form patronymic was borrowed through the mutual influence of French and Latin on English. In many areas around the world, patronyms predate the use of family names . Family names in many Celtic , Germanic , Iberian , Georgian , Armenian and Slavic languages originate from patronyms, e.g. Wilson (son of William ), FitzGerald (son of Gerald ), Powell (from "ap Hywel "), Fernández (son of Fernando ), Rodríguez (son of Rodrigo ), Andersson or Andersen (son of Anders , Scandinavian form of Andrew ), Carlsen (son of Carl ), Ilyin (of Ilya ), Petrov (of Peter ), Grigorovich (son of Grigory , Russian form of Gregory ), Stefanović (son of Stefan , little Stefan), MacAllister (from "mac Alistair", meaning son of Alistair , anglicized Scottish form of Alexander ) and O'Conor (from "Ó Conchobhair", meaning grandson/descendant of Conchobhar ). Other cultures which formerly used patronyms have switched to

924-456: A noun (life), -graphy as a verbal noun (writing). This is why some reference works also call them stems . They are also often loosely called roots because they are ancient and have a basic role in word formation, but functionally and often structurally they are distinct from roots proper: the -graph in autograph is both a root and a classical combining form, while the -graphy in cryptography consists of root -graph- and suffix -y , and

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1008-401: A noun this exists in free variation alongside patronym . The first part of the word patronym comes from Greek πατήρ patēr ' father ' ( GEN πατρός patros whence the combining form πατρο- patro -); the second part comes from Greek ὄνυμα onyma , a variant form of ὄνομα onoma 'name'. In the form patronymic , this stands with the addition of the suffix -ικός ( -ikos ), which

1092-416: A noun-forming suffix that means "process of". In Greek and Latin grammar, combining bases usually require a thematic or stem-forming vowel. In biography , from Greek, the thematic is - o -; in agriculture , from Latin, it is -i- . In English morphology, this vowel can be considered as an interfix : in biology, the interfix -o- ; in miniskirt , the interfix -i- . It is usually regarded as attached to

1176-473: A person is usually two but officially registered with three names. The person's given name comes first, followed by their father's given name and (optionally, for official purposes) their grandfather's name last. For example, a person named Lemlem Mengesha Abraha has Lemlem as her given name, Mengesha (from her father's name) Abraha (grandfather's name). The grandfather's name is usually only added in official documents and not used in everyday life. The father's name

1260-411: A similar role to Latin and Greek has been played by Chinese, with non-Chinese languages both borrowing a significant number of words from Chinese and using morphemes borrowed from Chinese to coin new words, particularly in formal or technical language. See Sino-Japanese vocabulary , Sino-Korean vocabulary , and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for discussion. The coinage of new native terms on Chinese roots

1344-468: A social justice movement aimed at eliminating caste-based discrimination . Traditionally, many Indian states used patronyms or surnames to reflect familial heritage and caste, but Tamil Nadu's system intentionally disrupts this structure. In this system, individuals often use their father's given name as an initial or surname. For example, "R. Karthik" signifies Karthik, son of Rajesh, with "R" representing his father's name. Unlike other Indian states, where

1428-463: A woman takes her husband's given name as her middle name – her new middle name is no longer a patronymic. East Slavic naming customs are similar, except that the suffix -yevich , -yevna , or something similar is used in a Russian language patronymic. Indians of the Muslim Isma'ili sect also have patronymic middle names that use the father's first name and the grandfather's first name plus

1512-479: Is schizophrenia , which came into English through German, and is therefore pronounced 'skitso', not 'skyzo'. Most dictionaries follow the Oxford English Dictionary in using combining form ( comb. form ) to label such classical elements. In appendices to dictionaries and grammar books, classical combining forms are often loosely referred to as roots or affixes: 'a logo …, properly speaking,

1596-520: Is "Mohamed Ibrahim Ahmed", and Mohamed Ibrahim Ahmed's son Ali is "Ali Mohamed Ibrahim". The naming convention used in Eritrea and Ethiopia does not have family names and surnames. A person is referred to by a single name: this is always the person's given name. Ethiopians and Eritreans use a naming pattern very similar to the Arab naming pattern, but with one exception: no suffix or prefix. The full name of

1680-494: Is Ravichandran, prefers to be known as "R. Ashwin" or " Ravichandran Ashwin ." This choice is particularly relevant in sports commentary, where players are often referred to by their surnames. Since it would be incorrect to call him by his father’s name alone, Ashwin uses his given name in conjunction with his father's name. There is also a growing trend in Tamil Nadu to expand initials in ways that align with how names sound in

1764-622: Is a major source for these items of vocabulary; for many unfamiliar species that lack a common English name, the name of the genus becomes the English word for that life form. In the metric system , prefixes that indicate multipliers are typically Greek in origin, such as kilogram , while those that indicate divisors are Latin, as in millimeter : the base roots resemble Greek words, but in truth are neologisms . These metric and other suffixes are added to native English roots as well, resulting in creations such as gigabyte . Words of mixed Latin and Greek lineage, or words that combine elements of

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1848-429: Is a substantial component of the technical and scientific lexicon of English and other languages, via international scientific vocabulary (ISV). For example, Greek bio- combines with -graphy to form biography ("life" + "writing/recording"). Neoclassical compounds represent a significant source of Neo-Latin vocabulary. Moreover, since these words are composed from classical languages whose prestige

1932-736: Is alternatively written as Hisham b. al-Kalbi . However, the pronunciation bin is dialectal and has nothing to do with either the spelling or pronunciation in Classical Arabic. The word Abu ( Aba or Abi in different grammatical cases) means "father of", so Abu ʿAli is another name for ʿAmr . In Northwest Africa , the patronymic is romanized as ben , reflecting local pronunciation . See for example Ahmed Ben Bella ( أحمد بن بلّة ) and Ben Ali ( بن علي ). In medieval times, an illegitimate child of unknown parentage would sometimes be termed ibn Abihi , "son of his father" (notably Ziyad ibn Abihi .) In

2016-478: Is common in parts of India . For example, if a father is named Ramprasad Sachin Pandey (a masculine name), he might name his son Sunil Ramprasad Pandey, who in turn might name his son Sanjeev Sunil Pandey. As a result, unlike surnames, patronymics will not pass down through many generations. In Tamil Nadu and some parts of Kerala and South Karnataka , patronymy is predominant. This is a significant departure from

2100-419: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Patronymic Patronymics are used, by custom or official policy, in many countries worldwide, although elsewhere their use has been replaced by or transformed into patronymic surnames . Examples of such transformations include common English surnames such as Johnson (son of John). The usual noun and adjective in English is patronymic , but as

2184-508: Is given from the father's family. For example, if the father's name is Boggi Sinaga who married Moetia Siregar then all children will be given the family's name of Sinaga. In Sunda, a similar cultural rule is used to that of the Batak. The family's name for Sunda is -Wijaya, but that is not true for all Sundanese families. The use of patronymics was introduced in Armenia by Russians during

2268-582: Is most notable in Japanese, where it is referred to as wasei kango ( 和製漢語 , Japanese-made Chinese-words) . Many of these have been subsequently borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese, with the same (or corresponding) characters being pronounced differently according to language, just as happens in European languages – compare English biology and French biologie . For example, 自動車 (Japanese jidōsha, Korean jadongcha, Mandarin zìdòngchē )

2352-587: Is named Hayder, the son of Karrar, the grandson of Hussein, and from the family of Mousawi (This is the surname given to the offspring of the Imam Musa al-Kazim ). In Saudi Arabia, naming conventions are similar to Iraq's but family names are used much more often. Combining form Neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms (which act as affixes or stems ) derived from classical languages ( classical Latin or ancient Greek ) roots . Neo-Latin comprises many such words and

2436-490: Is not a word at all but a prefix meaning word and short for logogram, a symbol, much as telly is short for television' (Montreal Gazette , 13 Apr. 1981). They are often referred to as affixes because some come first and some come last. But if they were affixes proper, a word like biography would have no base whatever. While affixes are grammatical (like prepositions), classical combining forms are lexical (like nouns, adjectives, and verbs): for example, bio- translates as

2520-453: Is not considered a middle name but a last name, without it being a family name or surname. Women do not take their husband's last name. They continue to go independently by their given name, followed by their father's name, and then their grandfather's name, even after marriage. In both Ethiopia and Eritrea, a person is always addressed by their first name; for example Mrs. Lemlem or Dr. Lemlem. Some Kenyan communities used patronyms. As of 2010,

2604-483: Is only a classical combining form. From the Renaissance until the mid-20th century, the concept of derivational purity has often regulated the use of classical compounds, with a philological goal of like with like (Greek with Greek, Latin with Latin) and a minimum of hybridization . For example, biography is Greek, agriculture Latin; but this ideal has seen only limited realization in practice, as for example

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2688-618: Is or was respected throughout the Western European culture, these words typically appear in many different languages. Their widespread use makes technical writing generally accessible to readers who may only have a smattering of the language in which it appears. Not all European languages have been equally receptive to neoclassical technical compounds. German and Russian , for instance, have historically attempted to create their own technical vocabularies from native elements. Usually, these creations are German and Russian calques on

2772-562: Is referred to by his given name, Annadurai, underscoring the unique flexibility and personalization that Tamil Nadu's naming conventions allow. This evolution in Tamil naming practices highlights both the influence of social justice reforms and the cultural adaptability within the state. While Tamil Nadu has largely moved away from caste-based surnames, the naming system retains a focus on individual identity, free from rigid lineage-based structures, distinguishing it from other Indian states. While

2856-684: Is secondary to compactness and vividness of expression. In recent years, the orthography of many word forms has changed, usually without affecting pronunciation and stress. The same spoken usage may be written micro-missile , micro missile , micromissile , reflecting the same uncertainty or flexibility as in businessman , business-man , business man . When used in such ways, classical compounds are often telescopic: Hydro substation Hydro-Electricity Board substation, Metro highways Metropolitan highways, porno cult pornography cult. The mix of late 20th century techno-commercial coinages includes three groups of post- and non-classical forms: In East Asia,

2940-621: Is to treat the unfamiliar cluster as containing one or more silent letters and suppress their pronunciation, more modern speakers tend to try and pronounce the unusual cluster. This adds to the irregularities of English spelling ; moreover, since many of these words are encountered in writing more often than they are heard spoken, it introduces uncertainty as to how to pronounce them when encountered. Neoclassical compounds frequently vary their stressed syllable when suffixes are added: á griculture , agric ú ltural. This also gives rise to uncertainty when these words are encountered in print. Once

3024-530: Is very common in parts of Mozambique. Although the practice is not universal, patronymic naming has been documented in the Zambezia province. Although not as prominent as during the pre-colonial period, some Nigerians (particularly in the North) continue using patronymics — either as a middle name, as the first part of a hyphenated surname, or as a surname. An example of the use of patronymic middle names would be

3108-700: The Qur'an , Jesus ( Isa in Arabic) is consistently termed Isa ibn Maryam – a matronymic (in the Qur'an, Jesus has no father ; see Jesus in Islam ). An Arabic patronymic can be extended as far back as family tree records will allow: thus, for example, Ibn Khaldun gave his own full name as Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn ʿAbd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun . Patronymics are still standard in parts of

3192-536: The Seediqs often get to choose which parent's name goes after their own. Mongol people 's names are preceded by the name of their father and possessive marker; both son and daughter are patronymics. Many indigenous ethnic groups in Yunnan , such as Yi , Hani , Jingpo , Jino , Derung , Nu , Wa , Hmong and Yao , use a son-father patronymic naming system ( 亲子连名制 ). Historically, Naxi and Bai have also used

3276-495: The grammatical case of the noun) is the equivalent of the "-son" suffix discussed above, and bint ( بنت ) means "daughter of". Thus, for example, Ali ibn ʿAmr means "Ali son of ʿAmr". In Classical Arabic, the word ibn is written as bn between two names, since the case ending of the first name then supplies a vowel. Ibn is often written as b. , and bint as bt. , in name formulas rendered from Arabic into Roman characters . Thus Hisham ibn al-Kalbi

3360-461: The surname Jónsdóttir . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jónsdóttir&oldid=1174090830 " Categories : Surnames Icelandic-language feminine surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

3444-733: The 1540s, and androgyne , from the 1550s. The use of these technical terms predates the scientific method ; the several varieties of divination all take their names from neoclassical compounds, such as alectryomancy , divination by the pecking of chickens . Not all English writers have been friendly to the inflow of classical vocabulary. The Tudor period writer Sir John Cheke wrote: I am of this opinion that our own tung should be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borrowing of other tunges; wherein if we take not heed by tiim, ever borowing and never paying, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt. and therefore rejected what he called " inkhorn terms ". Similar sentiments moved

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3528-444: The Arab world, notably Saudi Arabia and Iraq (in the case of Iraq, with ibn or bint omitted.) However, some of the Arab world has switched to a family name system. As in English, the new family names are sometimes based on what was formerly a patronymic. The form most used in the Arab world is the usage of both the patronymic and a family name, often using both the father's and paternal grandfathers given name in sequence after

3612-822: The Arabic patronymic naming system of given name + bin/binti or son of/daughter of (often abbreviated SO/DO) + father's name . Non-Muslim indigenous Malaysians in Sarawak use the "anak" in place of bin/binti or SO/DO, "anak" being the Malay word for "child", while non-muslim indigenous Malaysians in Sabah may use "bin" or "binti". However, not all Malays use patronymics, in Thailand they have adopted surnames, while in Indonesia they do not usually have either. Singaporean Indians use

3696-478: The Classical Latin pronunciation of venae cavae would be approximately / ˈ w ɛ n aɪ ˈ k ɑː w aɪ / , the standard English medical pronunciation is / ˈ v iː n iː ˈ k eɪ v iː / . English began incorporating many of these words in the sixteenth century; geography first appeared in an English text in 1535. Other early adopted words that still survive include mystagogue , from

3780-514: The Madras High Court recently directed the removal of community and caste names from government school names across the state. This move aligns with the state's long-standing policies to reduce caste-based distinctions in public life, including naming practices. The court’s decision reflects the state’s dedication to social justice by eliminating caste markers, particularly in institutions that shape young minds. This legal step ensures that

3864-741: The Soviet Union in 1991 there was a massive decline in the use of Russified patronymics; nowadays few Armenians use patronymics outside of official contexts. Many Armenian surnames were once patronymics first used by distant ancestors or clan founders. These are characterized by the suffix "-ian" in Western Armenian, often transliterated as "-yan" in Eastern Armenian. These are appended to the given name, i.e. Kardash ian , Asdvadzadour ian , Tank ian , Hagop ian , Khachadour ian , Mardiros ian , Bedros ian , Sarkiss ian , etc. Note that

3948-441: The Tamil language. For example, some choose to expand names phonetically, such as " Pala. Karuppiah " instead of "P. Karuppiah," or " Pa. Ranjith " rather than "P. Ranjith," to reflect a closer approximation of the name in Tamil. In the academic and professional world, scientists like M. Annadurai expand their names to "Mayilsami Annadurai," though it would be inappropriate to address him by his father's name, Mayilsami. Instead, he

4032-677: The abbreviations s/o (son of) or d/o (daughter of), while Malaysian Indians typically use the respective Malay variations "anak lelaki" (abbreviated a/l ) or "anak perempuan" (abbreviated a/p ). In some cases, individuals may opt to omit the patronymic indicator and abbreviate the patronymic for ease of usage. For example, a former deputy minister of Malaysia Pathmanaban a/l Kunjamboo was more commonly referred to as K. Pathmanaban and veteran Singaporean politicians Shanmugam Kasiviswanathan and Suppiah Dhanabalan went by K. Shanmugam and S. Dhanabalan respectively. The individual may opt not to include "son of" or "daughter of" in their legal name, as in

4116-490: The case of Shanmugam and Dhanabalan. In Brunei , the ruling family of the monarch uses given name + ibni + father's name instead of using bin/binti. In Indonesia, there are a number of ethnic groups with different naming systems. The Batak of North Sumatra (Sumatra Utara) give every child the family's name. Sometimes the family's name is prefixed by Huta-, Batu-, etc., but most use Si-, such as Sitanggang, Sihombing, Sibutar-butar, Sinaga, or Sitohang. The family's name

4200-486: The caste system is not perpetuated through the education system, aligning with the larger movement that has shaped Tamil Nadu's approach to names and identity over the past century. This final ruling serves as an important reminder of the state's commitment to dismantling caste-based identity and promoting a more egalitarian social structure, further cementing Tamil Nadu's unique position in its approach to names, identity, and social justice. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana,

4284-450: The classical languages with English – so-called hybrid words – were formerly castigated as " barbarisms " by prescriptionist usage commentators; this disapproval has mostly abated. Indeed, in scientific nomenclature, even more exotic hybrids have appeared, such as for example the dinosaur Yangchuanosaurus . Personal names appear in some scientific names such as Fuchsia . Neoclassical compounds are sometimes used to lend grandeur or

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4368-732: The exception of the upper and some middle-class families). After surnames were commonly adopted in Azerbaijan in the 1920s, patronymics still remained parts of full names, i.e. Sardar Ilyas oğlu Aliyev ("Sardar Aliyev, son of Ilyas"). Nowadays in Azerbaijan, patronymics sometimes replace surnames in unofficial use. Normally in such case, they are spelled as one word (i.e. Eldar Mammadoğlu , Sabina Yusifqızı ). Many Azeri surnames are also derived from Persian-style patronymics ending in -zadeh ( Kazimzadeh , Mehdizadeh , etc.). They are found among both Caucasian and Iranian Azeris. However, unlike

4452-482: The former, Azeris in Iran do not generally use patronymics in oglu / qizi . Azeri patronymics are not to be confused with Turkish surnames in -oğlu and Greek surnames in -ογλού ( -oglou ), which do not have specific female versions and do not reflect names of fathers. A common feature of historical Semitic names is use of a patronymic system. Since ancient times, men and women have been named using this system. This

4536-404: The full name is R. Nikhilesh and is seldom expanded, even in official records. Only if absolutely necessary, such as when applying for an Indian passport, which does not usually allow initials, is the initial expanded and the name rendered in reverse order as "Nikhilesh Rajaraman" or sometime in the original order as "Rajaraman Nikhilesh". Some families follow the tradition of retaining the name of

4620-429: The hometown, the grandfather's name, or both as initials. The celebrated Indian English novelist R. K. Narayan 's name at birth was Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami, which was shortened at the behest of his writer friend Graham Greene . Rasipuram is a toponym , and Krishnaswami Ayyar is a patronym. In Tamil Nadu, the patronymic naming convention diverges significantly from other regions of India, influenced by

4704-778: The impression of scientific rigour to humble pursuits: the study of cosmetology will not help anyone become an astronaut . Compounds along these models are also sometimes coined for humorous effect, such as odontopodology , the science of putting your foot into your mouth. These humorous coinages sometimes take on a life of their own, such as garbology , the study of garbage . Some neoclassical compounds form classical plurals , and are therefore irregular in English. Others do not, while some vacillate between classical and regular plurals. There are hundreds of neoclassical compounds in English and other European languages. As traditionally defined, combining forms cannot stand alone as free words, but there are many exceptions to this rule, and in

4788-433: The initial base ( bio- , mini- ) rather than the final base ( -graphy , -skirt ), but in forms where it is conventionally stressed , it is sometimes considered as part of the final base ( -ography , -ology ). If the final element begins with a vowel (for example, -archy as in monarchy ), the mediating vowel has traditionally been avoided (not * monoarchy ), but in recent coinages it is often kept, sometimes accompanied by

4872-405: The interfixed vowel, which appears however in such casual phrases as 'ologies and isms'. Some classical combining forms are variants of one base. Some are also free words, such as mania in dipsomania and phobia in claustrophobia . Some are composites of other elements, such as encephalo- brain, from en- in, -cephal- head; and -ectomy cutting out, from ec- out, -tom- cut, -y ,

4956-753: The international vocabulary, such as Wasserstoff and "водород" ( vodoród ) for hydrogen . Like any exercise in language prescription , this endeavour has been only partially successful, so while official German may still speak of a Fernsprecher , public telephones will be labelled with the internationally recognized Telefon . These words are compounds formed from Latin and Ancient Greek root words. Ancient Greek words are almost invariably romanized (see transliteration of Ancient Greek into English ). In English: Thus, for example, Ancient Greek σφιγξ becomes English (and Latin) sphinx . Exceptions to these romanizing rules occur, such as leukemia (leukaemia) ; compare leukocyte , also leucocyte . In Latin, and in

5040-562: The introduction of the European-style surname system but still remains part of traditional cultural practices, particularly in the case of chieftains and royalty where reciting lineages forms a part of many ceremonial occasions. Atayal people 's given names are followed by the name of their father; both son and daughter use patronymics. Amis people 's sons’ given names are also followed by their father's name, while daughters’ given names are followed by their mother's name. By contrast,

5124-483: The late 20th century such forms are increasingly used independently: bio as a clipping of biography , telly as a respelt clipping of television . Most neoclassical combining forms translate readily into everyday language, especially nouns: bio- as 'life' -graphy as 'writing, description'. Because of this, the compounds of which they are part (usually classical or learned compounds ) can be more or less straightforwardly paraphrased: biography as 'writing about

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5208-618: The later 20th century, many forms have cut loose from ancient moorings: crypto- as in preposed Crypto-Fascist and pseudo- as in pseudoradical ; postposed -meter in speedometer , clapometer . Processes of analogy have created coinages like petrodollar , psycho-warfare , microwave on such models as petrochemical , psychology , microscope . Such stunt usages as eco-doom , eco-fears , eco-freaks , common in journalism, often employ classical combining forms telescopically: eco- standing for ecology and ecological and not as used in economics . In such matters, precision of meaning

5292-502: The more widespread style of passing the father's last name to the children (and wife) as their own. In Iceland , family names are unusual; Icelandic law favours the use of patronyms (and more recently, matronyms) over family names. Traditionally Muslim and non-Arabic speaking African people, such as Hausa and Fulani people, usually (with some exceptions) follow the Arab naming pattern. The word or phrase meaning "son of" is, however, omitted. As such, Mohamed son of Ibrahim son of Ahmed

5376-576: The name-in-religion of their father. For example, the son of Ter (Reverend) Bartev would change his last name to Ter Bartevian. In Azeri , patronymics are formed through -oğlu (sometimes transliterated as ogly ) for males and qızı (often transliterated as gizi or kizi ) for females. Before the late 19th–early 20th century, patronymics were used as an essential part of a person's full name, i.e. Sərdar İlyas oğlu ("Sardar, son of Ilyas") and Mina Nebi qızı ("Mina, daughter of Nabi"), since surnames were mostly non-existent before Sovietization (with

5460-433: The naming pattern is a family name, given name and caste name in that order, but sometimes the caste name is omitted. If a name appears like Alugupally Sudhir Reddy, Alugupally is the family name, Sudhir is the given name and Reddy is the caste name. If you find a name like Gorle Sunil Kumar, Gorle is the family name, and Sunil Kumar the given name. Here, the caste name is omitted. Of late, some people are writing their names in

5544-442: The nineteenth century author William Barnes to write "pure English," in which he avoided Greco-Latin words and found Anglo-Saxon equivalents for them: for Barnes, the newly invented art of the photograph became a sun-print . Unlike this one, some of Barnes's coinages caught on, such as foreword , Barnes's replacement for the preface of a book. Later, Poul Anderson wrote a jocular piece called Uncleftish Beholding in

5628-496: The order of given name, caste name, and family name. Sometimes, the caste name is omitted here too. It can be seen in names like Satyanarayana Bandi, where Satyanarayana is the given name, and Bandi the family name. In Maharashtra , Karnataka, and Gujarat , a very common convention among the Hindu communities is to have the patronymic as the middle name. Examples: This system works for both boys and girls, except that after marriage,

5712-410: The own given name, and then the family name. In Iraq, for example, full names are formed by combining the given name of an individual with the given name of their father (sometimes the father is skipped and the paternal grandfather's given name is used instead, sometimes both father and paternal grandfather are used), along with the town, village, or clan name. For instance, Hayder Karar Hussein al-Mousawi

5796-455: The patronym serves as a marker of lineage or social status , Tamil Nadu's system allows for the patronym to change with each generation, ensuring that no permanent surname is passed down. This shift reflects the state's broader efforts to dismantle caste markers in society, a key initiative of the Dravidian movement led by figures like Periyar E.V. Ramasamy in the 20th century. However,

5880-1336: The patronymic system. The last one or two syllables of the father's name transfers to become the first one or two syllables of the son's name. The last one or two syllables of the son's name is then used as the first one or two syllables of the grandson's name. The naming tradition is closely tied to Tibeto-Burman traditions. This system can be seen in the names of Nanzhao, Dali and Lijiang rulers. Nanzhao kings: Xinuluo (細奴邏)－ Luo sheng (邏盛)－ Sheng luopi (盛邏皮)－ Pi luoge (皮邏閣)－ Ge luofeng (閣邏鳳)－ Feng jiayi (鳳迦異)－ Yi mouxun (異牟尋)－ Xun gequan (尋閣勸)－ Quan longsheng (勸龍晟) Dali kings: Duan Zhixiang (段智祥)－Duan Xiang xing (段祥興)－Duan Xing zhi (段興智) Regents of Dali Kingdom : Gao Shengtai (高升泰)－Gao Tai ming (高泰明)－Gao Ming shun (高明順)－Gao Shun zhen (高順貞)－Gao Zhen shou (高貞壽)－Gao Shou chang (高壽昌) Lijiang chiefs : A-ts'ung A-liang (阿琮阿良)－ A-liang A-hu (阿良阿胡)－ A-hu A-lieh (阿胡阿烈)－ A-lieh A-chia (阿烈阿甲)－ A-chia A-te (阿甲阿得)－ A-te A-ch'u (阿得阿初)－ A-ch'u A-t'u (阿初阿土)－ A-t'u A-ti (阿土阿地)－ A-ti A-hsi (阿地阿習)－ A-hsi A-ya (阿習阿牙)－ A-ya A-ch'iu (阿牙阿秋)－ A-ch'iu A-kung (阿秋阿公)－ A-kung A-mu (阿公阿目)－ A-mu A-tu (阿目阿都)－ A-tu A-sheng (阿都阿勝)－ A-sheng A-chai (阿勝阿宅)－ A-chai A-ssu (阿宅阿寺)－ A-ssu A-ch'un (阿寺阿春)－ A-ch'un A-su (阿春阿俗)－ A-su A-wei (阿俗阿胃)－ A-wei A-hui (阿胃阿揮)－ A-hui A-chu (阿揮阿住) A patronymic

5964-429: The practice has largely dropped off with the use of just the father's last name as a surname. Kalenjin use 'arap' meaning 'son of'; Kikuyu used 'wa' meaning 'of'. Because of polygamy, matronyms were also used and 'wa' used to identify which wife the child was born of; Maasai use 'ole' meaning 'son of'; Meru use 'mto' abbreviated M' thus son of Mkindia would be M'Mkindia, pronounced Mto Mkindia. Patronymic naming

6048-502: The rest of the country where caste names are mostly employed as surnames. This came into common use during the 1950s and 1960s when the Dravidian movement campaigned against the use of one's caste as part of the name. However, rather than using the father's full name, only the first letter, popularly known as the initial, is prefixed to the given name. For example, if a person's given name is Nikhilesh and his father's Rajaraman , then

6132-560: The same base is repeated in one word: logology the study of words, phobophobia the fear of fear. Prefixes include: aero- air, crypto- hidden, demo- people, geo- earth, odonto- tooth, ornitho- bird, thalasso- sea. Many have both a traditional simple meaning and a modern telescopic meaning: in biology , bio- means 'life', but in bio-degradable it telescopes 'biologically'; although hypno- basically means 'sleep' ( hypnopaedia learning through sleep), it also stands for 'hypnosis' ( hypnotherapy cure through hypnosis). When

6216-549: The sole surname is also possible, with the example being named Adamu Abdulkabiru with "Abdulkabiru" acting as his surname. Somalis use their paternal grandfather's given name as their legal surname for documentation purposes. They also use the term "ina" or "iña" meaning "the son of" or "the daughter of," which is similar to other African and Arab naming patterns. For example, the name "Ahmed Mohamed Ali Farah" means "Ahmed son of Mohamed son of Ali son of Farah." When stating one's lineage, one will say "Ahmed ina Mohamed" (meaning Ahmed,

6300-497: The son of Mohamed). To identify themselves and the sub-clan they belong to, Somalis memorize their long lineage back to a common ancestor. Women never adopt their husband's patronym but keep their own for life. Among the Zulu , patronymics were used in the pre-colonial era. The prefix "ka" was attached to the father's name, for example Shaka kaSenzangakhona means Shaka son of Senzangakhona. The practice disappeared from everyday use with

6384-467: The suffix "-ian" was also appended to trades, as in Adakhtsakordz ian (issued from the carpenter), Chal ian (issued from the candlemaker), Darbin ian (issued from the smith). Of particular note are the surnames of the children of married priests, or kahanas . Though not as common nowadays, it was customary for a long time for these children (particularly the sons) to change their last names to

6468-454: The target languages, the Greek vowels are given their neoclassical values rather than their contemporary values in demotic Greek . Ancient Greek words often contain consonant clusters which are foreign to the phonology of contemporary English and other languages that incorporate these words into their lexicon: diphthong ; pneumatology , phthisis . The traditional response in English

6552-529: The times of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Before that period, the use of patronymics was very limited. Patronymics are usually formed by the addition of "i" ("of", pronounced as ee ) to the father's name, e.g. if the father's name is "Armen", the corresponding patronymic would be "Armeni" (of Armen). The Russified version of the same patronymic would be "Armenovich" for males and "Armenovna" for females. After Armenia regained its independence from

6636-564: The usage of caste names as surnames/last names is discouraged (but not banned) in Tamil Nadu, such usage by out-of-state people is greeted with indifference. So, Lakshmi Menon, Shilpa Shetty, etc. are referred by their preferred names which include their caste names. Likewise, old Tamil names with the caste in them are also fully used while referring to them such as Pasumpoan Muthuramalinga Thevar , U.Ve. Swaminatha Iyer , V.O Chidambaram Pillai etc. To further reinforce Tamil Nadu's efforts in promoting social equality through its naming conventions,

6720-579: The use of initials and surnames in Tamil Nadu remains flexible, leaving it to the individual's discretion. For instance, the late Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi preferred to be addressed as M. Karunanidhi, where "M" stood for his father, Muthuvel's, name. His son, M. K. Stalin , incorporates both his father's and grandfather's names, while Stalin's son chooses to go by Udhayanidhi Stalin , using his father’s name as his surname rather than as an initial. This flexibility extends beyond political figures. In sports, cricketer Ravichandran Ashwin , whose father's name

6804-456: The word television is a hybrid of Greek tele- and Latin -vision (probably so coined because the 'pure' form telescope had already been adopted for another purpose). Generally, classical compounds were a closed system from the 16th century to the earlier 20th century: the people who used them were classically educated , their teachers and exemplars generally took a purist's view on their use, contexts of use were mainly technical, and there

6888-538: Was not limited to any certain region or religion. It was only in the 17th and 18th centuries when laws were put in place in European nations demanded that those of Semitic descent abandoned the patronymic naming scheme in favor of consistent legal surnames. It was only after these laws were ratified that most of the Jews and Muslims in these nations received surnames. In Arabic, the word ibn ( ابن or بن : bin , ben and sometimes ibni and ibnu to show

6972-511: Was originally used to form adjectives with the sense 'pertaining to' (thus 'pertaining to the father's name'). These forms are attested in Hellenistic Greek as πατρώνυμος ( patrōnymos ) and πατρωνυμικός ( patrōnymikos ). The form patronym , first attested in English in 1834, was borrowed into English from French patronyme , which had previously borrowed the word directly from Greek. Patronymic , first attested in English in 1612, has

7056-879: Was relatively little seepage into the language at large. However, with the decline of classical education and the spread of technical and quasitechnical jargon in the media, a continuum has evolved, with at least five stages: In the older sciences, classical combining forms are generally used to form such strictly classical and usually Greek compounds as anthocyanin , astrobleme , chemotherapy , chronobiology , cytokinesis , glossolalia , lalophobia , narcolepsy , osteoporosis , Pliohippus , sympathomimetic . In technical, semitechnical, and quasitechnical usage at large, coiners of compounds increasingly treat Latin and Greek as one resource to produce such forms as accelerometer , aero-generator , bioprospector , communicology , electroconductive , futurology , mammography , micro-gravity , neoliberal , Scientology , servomechanism . In

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