The Jaynetts were an American girl group based in the Bronx , New York , who became a one-hit wonder in 1963 with the song " Sally Go 'Round the Roses ", which reached No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 .
84-463: In 1954, Bronx-native Zelma "Zell" Sanders produced "Lonely Nights" by a female R&B vocal group called The Hearts (not to be confused with " Long Lonely Nights " by Lee Andrews & the Hearts ). With no major labels interested in a track by a female R&B group, "Lonely Nights" was eventually released on the small independent label Baton and became one of the earliest girl-group hits when it made
168-658: A U.S. senator from Massachusetts , was elected the 35th president of the United States with Lyndon B. Johnson as his vice presidential running mate. Kennedy's tenure saw the height of the Cold War , and much of his foreign policy was dedicated to countering the Soviet Union and communism . As president, he authorized operations to overthrow Fidel Castro 's communist government in Cuba , which culminated in
252-494: A pulmonary embolism , secondary to cancer. Like Oswald and Kennedy, Ruby was declared dead at Parkland Hospital. My god, I saw the whole thing. I saw the man's brains come out of his head. — Abraham Zapruder Standing on the pergola wall some 65 feet (20 m) from the road, tailor Abraham Zapruder recorded Kennedy's killing on 26 seconds of silent 8 mm film — known as the Zapruder film . Frame 313 captures
336-549: A child. In 1962, he returned to the United States with a repatriation loan from the U.S. Embassy. He settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, where he socialized with Russian émigrés—notably George de Mohrenschildt . In March 1963, a bullet narrowly missed General Edwin Walker at his Dallas residence; a witness observed two conspicuous men. Relying on Marina's testimony, a note left by Oswald, and ballistic evidence,
420-583: A cover of "Long Lonely Nights" in 1970, as a single and on the album Like It Is, Like It Was . It spent four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 74, while reaching No. 27 on Billboard ' s Soul Singles chart, No. 60 on Record World ' s "100 Top Pops", No. 13 on Record World ' s "Top 50 R&B", and No. 70 on the Cash Box Top 100. Assassination of John F. Kennedy On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy ,
504-591: A fifth credited member Mary Sue Wells (aka Mary Sue Wellington/Mary Green Wilson) was recruited through a newspaper advertisement. It was announced that Johnnie Louise Richardson, Sanders' daughter, who had been a member of Johnnie & Joe , was not intended as a group member beyond singing on their first track. Vocalists who sang on "Sally Go 'Round the Roses" besides the five credited personnel include J&S veterans Selena Healey, Marie Hood, Marlene Mack (aka Marlina Mack/Marlina Mars), Louise (Harris) Murray (a member of
588-459: A gun barrel emerge from a sixth floor Depository window. Bonnie Ray Williams, who was on the fifth floor of the Depository, stated that the rifle's report was so loud and near that ceiling plaster fell onto his head. When searching the sixth floor of the Depository, two deputies found an Italian Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle. Oswald had purchased the used rifle the previous March under
672-473: A jacket and revolver. At 1:12 p.m., police officer J. D. Tippit spotted Oswald walking in the residential neighborhood of Oak Cliff and called him to his patrol car. After an exchange of words, Tippit exited his vehicle; Oswald then shot Tippit three times in the chest. As Tippit lay on the ground, Oswald fired a final shot into Tippit's right temple . Oswald then calmly walked away before running as witnesses emerged. As Dallas police officers conducted
756-503: A large, "roughly ovular " [ sic ] hole on the rear, right side of the head, and spraying blood and fragments. His brain and blood spatter landed as far as the following Secret Service car and the motorcycle officers. Secret Service Agent Clint Hill was riding on the running board of the car immediately behind Kennedy's limousine. Hill testified to the Warren Commission that he heard one shot, jumped onto
840-410: A police inspector to report seeing a shooter—a white man in khaki clothing—in the same window. Police broadcast Brennan's description of the man at 12:45 p.m. Brennan testified that, after the second shot, "This man ... was aiming for his last shot ... and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark." Witness James R. Worrell Jr. also reported seeing
924-490: A press conference after midnight on November 23, and, early in the investigation, made many leaks to the media. Their conduct angered Johnson, who instructed the FBI to tell them to "stop talking about the assassination". Dallas Police, after the FBI expressed concerns that someone might try to kill Oswald, assured federal authorities that they would provide him adequate protection. The FBI immediately launched an investigation into
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#17327761879771008-483: A profound impact and was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s in the United States , coming two years before the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Kennedy's brother Robert in 1968. Kennedy was the fourth U.S. president to be assassinated and is the most recent to have died in office . In 1960, John F. Kennedy, then
1092-518: A roll call of Depository employees, Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly realized that Oswald was absent and notified the police. Based on a false identification of Oswald, Dallas police raided a library in Oak Cliff before realizing their mistake. At 1:36 p.m., the police were called after a conspicuous Oswald, tired from running, was seen sneaking into the Texas Theatre without paying. With
1176-476: A single in 1957. It reached No. 49 on Billboard ' s "Top 100 Sides" chart, while reaching No. 1 on Billboard ' s chart of "Most Played R&B by Jockeys", and No. 9 on Billboard ' s chart of "R&B Best Sellers in Stores". In 1958, McPhatter released the song on his album Love Ballads . The song also reached No. 33 on the Cash Box Top 60 in 1957, in a tandem ranking of Lee Andrews &
1260-583: A stenographer under then-New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller . Marie Hood went on to work for the Postal Service. From 1963 through 1966, Marlene Mack, as Marlina Mars, had singles released on Capitol , Okeh and MGM Records . Around 1970 she briefly partnered Herb Fame in Peaches and Herb 's live shows, although the original Peaches, Francine Barker, still sang the female part on the duo's records. Louise Murray, who recorded solo for Verve in 1965,
1344-403: Is a song that was originally released by Lee Andrews & the Hearts in 1957. Hit versions were also released by Clyde McPhatter , later in 1957, and Bobby Vinton in 1965. The song was written by Lee Andrews, though Larry Brown (as Abbott), Doug Henderson , and Mimi Uniman were given songwriter credit as well, in a practice that was common at the time. Lee Andrews & the Hearts' version
1428-752: The Billboard Hot 100 chart dated 28 September 1963, and No. 6 in Canada . The single's success led to the release of a Sally Go 'Round the Roses album on Tuff; besides the title cut, in both the vocal and instrumental versions, and the follow-up single "Keep an Eye on Her" " bubbled under the Hot 100 " in November 1963. The album featured "Archie's Melody", "Bongo Bobby", "I Wanna Know", "No Love At All", "One Track Mind", "Pick Up My Marbles", "School Days" and "See Saw"; also featured as "A Special Guest Appearance"
1512-513: The Dallas Times Herald photographed the shooting which was titled, Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald for which he was awarded the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Photography . Drifting in and out of consciousness, Oswald was taken by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital; he was treated by the same surgeons who had tried to save Kennedy. The bullet had entered his lower left chest but had not exited; major heart blood vessels such as
1596-583: The National Archives . Conspiracy theorists often claim that the brain may have shown that the headshot entered from the front. Alternatively, the HSCA concluded that an assistant to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , the president's brother, likely removed the footlocker holding the brain and other materials at his direction, and he "either destroyed these materials or otherwise rendered them inaccessible" to prevent "misuse" of said material or to hide
1680-459: The US R&;B Top 10 hit single in 1955. This success allowed Sanders to found her own doo-wop -oriented label , J&S. The Jaynetts name was conceived by adding the "J" in "J&S" to "Anetta", the middle name of Lezli Valentine, a session vocalist who sang on the group's 1957 debut, "I Wanted To Be Free", as well as on other J&S releases. The lead vocal on "I Wanted to Be Free"
1764-551: The Warren Commission attributed this assassination attempt to Oswald. In April 1963, Oswald returned to his birthplace, New Orleans, and established an independent chapter of the pro-Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee , of which he was the sole member. While passing out pro-Castro literature alongside unknown compatriots, Oswald was arrested after scuffling with anti-Castro Cuban exiles . In late September 1963, Oswald traveled to Mexico City , where, according to
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#17327761879771848-434: The aorta and inferior vena cava were severed, and the spleen, kidney, and liver were hit. Despite surgical intervention and defibrillation , Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. Arrested immediately after the shooting, Ruby testified to the Warren Commission that he had been distraught by Kennedy's death and that killing Oswald would spare "Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial". He also stated he shot Oswald on
1932-504: The 35th president of the United States , was assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas , Texas. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife Jacqueline , Texas governor John Connally , and Connally's wife Nellie , when he was fatally shot from the nearby Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald , a former U.S. Marine . The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital , where Kennedy
2016-615: The First Lady boarded a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible limousine to travel to a luncheon at the Dallas Trade Mart . Other occupants of this vehicle—the second in the motorcade—were Secret Service Agent Bill Greer , who drove; Special Agent Roy Kellerman in the front passenger seat; and Governor Connally and his wife Nellie, who sat just forward of the Kennedys. Four Dallas police motorcycle officers accompanied
2100-421: The Hearts, Clyde McPhatter, Kitty Kallen , and The Kings' versions, with Lee Andrews & the Hearts and Clyde McPhatter's versions marked as bestsellers, while reaching No. 27 on Cash Box ' s chart of "The Records Disc Jockeys Played Most". It also reached No. 3 on Cash Box ' s R&B Top 20, in a tandem ranking of Lee Andrews & the Hearts and Clyde McPhatter's versions. Bobby Vinton released
2184-828: The Jaynetts with a new core line-up, retaining Johnnie Louise Richardson and adding Evangeline Jenkins, Linda Jenkins and Georgette Malone. This group had further J&S releases into 1965 with "Chicken, Chicken, Crane or Crow" b/w "Winky Dinky", "Peepin' In and Out the Window" b/w "Extra Extra, Read All About It", "Who Stole the Cookie" b/w "That's My Baby", "Looking for Wonderland, My Lover" b/w "Make It an Extra" and "Vangie Don't You Cry" b/w "My Guy Is As Sweet As Can Be". The group ceased their recording activities in 1965. Tuff Records released singles in 1964 credited to Vernell Hill (Ethel Davis) and Mary Sue Wellington (Mary Sue Wells: her name
2268-573: The Kennedy limousine. Vice President Johnson, his wife Lady Bird , and Senator Yarborough rode in another convertible. The motorcade's meandering 10-mile (16 km) route through Dallas was designed to give Kennedy maximum exposure to crowds by passing through a suburban section of Dallas, and Main Street in Downtown Dallas , before turning right on Houston Street. After another block,
2352-754: The Poppies who recorded for Epic in 1966) and the Patty Cakes (whose release "I Understand Them" was subtitled "A Love Song to the Beatles "). In 1964, the Roulette single "Changing My Life for You" b/w "I Would If I Could", credited to the Z-Debs, was sung by members of the Jaynetts who had recorded "Sally Go 'Round the Roses". The 1964 J&S single, "Cry Behind the Daisies", was the first release credited to
2436-410: The Warren Commission and the HSCA, Kennedy was waving to the crowds on his right when a shot entered his upper back and exited his throat just beneath his larynx . He raised his elbows and clenched his fists in front of his face and neck, then leaned forward and leftward. Mrs. Kennedy, facing him, put her arms around him. Although a serious wound, it likely would have been survivable. According to
2520-537: The Warren Commission's single-bullet theory —derided as the "magic bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists—Governor Connally was injured by the same bullet that exited Kennedy's neck. The bullet created an oval-shaped entry wound near Connally's shoulder, struck and destroyed several inches of his right fifth rib, and exited his chest just below his right nipple, puncturing and collapsing his lung . That same bullet then entered his arm just above his right wrist and shattered his right radius bone . The bullet exited just below
2604-729: The Warren Commission, he visited the Soviet and Cuban embassies. On October 3, Oswald returned to Dallas and found work at the Texas School Book Depository on Dealey Plaza . During the workweek he lived separately from Marina at a Dallas rooming house . On the morning of the assassination, he carried a long package (which he told coworkers contained curtain rods) into the Depository; the Warren Commission concluded that this package contained Oswald's disassembled rifle. On November 22, Air Force One arrived at Dallas Love Field at 11:40 a.m. President Kennedy and
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2688-489: The alias "A. Hidell" and had it delivered to his Dallas P.O. box . The FBI found Oswald's partial palm print on the barrel, and fibers on the rifle were consistent with those of Oswald's shirt. A bullet found on Governor Connally's hospital gurney and two fragments found in the limousine were ballistically matched to the Carcano. Oswald left the Depository and traveled by bus to his boarding house, where he retrieved
2772-402: The assassination, but at farther distances than Zapruder. Of the three, only Nix — who filmed the assassination from the opposite side of Elm Street from Zapruder, capturing the grassy knoll — actually recorded the fatal shot. In 1966, Nix claimed that, after he gave the film to the FBI, the duplicate that they returned had frames "missing" or "ruined". Although lower-quality duplicates exist,
2856-506: The assassination; researchers have nicknamed her the Babushka Lady due to the shawl around her head. In 1978, Gordon Arnold came forward and claimed that he had filmed the assassination from the grassy knoll and that a police officer had confiscated his film. Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which Vincent Bugliosi —author of Reclaiming History —called "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story
2940-671: The autopsy was "like sending a seven-year-old boy who has taken three lessons on the violin over to the New York Philharmonic and expecting him to perform a Tchaikovsky symphony". Following the autopsy, Kennedy lay in repose in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. President Johnson issued Presidential Proclamation 3561 , declaring November 25 to be a national day of mourning , and that only essential emergency workers be at their posts. The coffin
3024-556: The complete film at $ 16 million (equivalent to $ 27.5 million in 2022). Zapruder was one of at least 32 people in Dealey Plaza known to have made film or still photographs at or around the time of the shooting. Most notably among the photographers, Mary Moorman took several photos of Kennedy with her Polaroid , including one of Kennedy less than one-sixth of a second after the headshot. In addition to Zapruder, Charles Bronson, Marie Muchmore , and Orville Nix filmed
3108-463: The exact moment at which Kennedy's head explodes. Life magazine published frame enlargements from the Zapruder film shortly after the assassination. The footage itself was first publicly shown at the 1969 trial of Clay Shaw , and on television in 1975 by Geraldo Rivera . In 1999, an arbitration panel ordered the federal government to pay $ 615,384 per second of film to Zapruder's heirs, valuing
3192-430: The extent of the president's chronic illnesses and consequent medication. Some autopsy X-rays and photographs have also been lost. Most historians regard the autopsy as the "most botched" segment of the government's investigation. The HSCA forensic pathology panel concluded that the autopsy had "extensive failings", including failure to take sufficient photographs, failure to determine the exact exit or entry point of
3276-543: The failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, during which he declined to directly involve American troops. The following year, Kennedy deescalated the Cuban Missile Crisis , an incident widely regarded as the closest that humanity has come to nuclear holocaust . In 1963, Kennedy decided to travel to Texas to smooth over frictions in the state's Democratic Party between liberal U.S. Senator Ralph Yarborough and conservative Governor John Connally . The visit
3360-534: The film War Is Hell still playing, Dallas policemen arrested Oswald after a brief struggle in which Oswald drew his fully loaded gun. He denied shooting anyone and claimed he was being made a " patsy " because he had lived in the Soviet Union. At 12:38 p.m., Kennedy arrived in the emergency room of Parkland Memorial Hospital . Although Kennedy was still breathing after the shooting, his personal physician, George Burkley , immediately saw that survival
3444-421: The grassy knoll. No witness ever reported seeing anyone—with or without a gun—immediately behind the knoll's picket fence at the time of the shooting. Lee Bowers was in a two-story railroad switch tower 120 yards (110 m) behind the grassy knoll's picket fence; he was watching the motorcade and had an unobstructed view of the only route by which a shooter could flee the grassy knoll; he saw no one leaving
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3528-405: The head bullet, not dissecting the back and neck, and neglecting to determine the angles of gunshot injuries relative to body axis . The panel further concluded that the two doctors were not qualified to have conducted a forensic autopsy. Panel member Milton Helpern— Chief Medical Examiner for New York City —said that selecting Humes (who had only taken a single course on forensic pathology) to lead
3612-404: The interrogation. On the evening of November 22, Dallas Police performed paraffin tests on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an effort to establish whether or not he had recently fired a weapon. The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek. Such tests were unreliable, and the Warren Commission did not rely on these results. The Dallas police forced Oswald to host
3696-413: The limousine's bumper, and he clung to the car as it exited Dealey Plaza and sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital . After Mrs. Kennedy crawled back into her seat, both Governor and Mrs. Connally heard her repeatedly saying: "They have killed my husband. I have his brains in my hand." Bystander James Tague received a minor wound to the cheek—either from bullet or concrete curb fragments—while standing by
3780-476: The memory of President Kennedy". Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at St. Matthew's Cathedral , with the Requiem Mass led by Cardinal Richard Cushing . About 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries, attended. Although there was no formal eulogy, Auxiliary Bishop Philip M. Hannan read excerpts from Kennedy's speeches and writings. After the service, Kennedy
3864-458: The most widely successful version of "Long Lonely Nights" in 1965 as a single and on the album Bobby Vinton Sings for Lonely Nights . Vinton's version spent 7 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 17, while reaching No. 12 on Record World ' s "100 Top Pops", No. 14 on the Cash Box Top 100, No. 5 on Billboard ' s Middle-Road Singles chart, and No. 5 on Canada's " RPM Play Sheet". The Dells released
3948-703: The motorcade was to turn left onto Elm Street, pass through Dealey Plaza, and travel a short segment of the Stemmons Freeway to the Trade Mart. The planned route had been reported in newspapers several days in advance. Despite concerns about hostile protestors—Kennedy's UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson had been spat on in Dallas a month earlier—Kennedy was greeted warmly by enthusiastic crowds. Kennedy's limousine entered Dealey Plaza at 12:30 p.m. CST. Nellie Connally turned and commented to Kennedy, who
4032-435: The night of November 22. Jacqueline Kennedy had selected a naval hospital as the postmortem site as President Kennedy had been a naval officer during World War II . The autopsy was conducted by three physicians: naval commanders James Humes and J. Thornton Boswell, with assistance from ballistics wound expert Pierre A. Finck; Humes led the procedure. Under pressure from the Kennedy family and White House staffers to expedite
4116-433: The original Hearts), Lezli Valentine and Iggy Williams. According to Richardson, "Anybody that came in the studio that week, [Spector] would put them on [the track]. Originally, I think he had about 20 voices on 'Sally.'" The sessions produced only the one song, "Sally Go 'Round the Roses" being released with the song's instrumental track as its B-side, credited to 'Sing Along Without the Jaynetts'. The single reached No. 2 on
4200-402: The original film has been missing since 1978. Previously unknown footage filmed by George Jefferies was released in 2007. Recorded a few blocks before the shooting, the film captures Kennedy's bunched suit jacket, explaining the discrepancies between the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's back and his jacket . Some films and photographs captured an unidentified woman apparently filming
4284-617: The original versions of The Moments' hits "Love on a Two Way Street", "I'm So Lost", "I Gotta Keep on Loving You" and "I Won't Do Anything". She also sang background on Eddie Kendricks ' version of "Not on the Outside". In a 2000 interview for John Clemente's book Girl Groups: Fabulous Females That Rocked the World , Valentine revealed she had retired from the music industry , worked in Alcohol Beverage Control and had become
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#17327761879774368-431: The procedure, the physicians conducted a "rushed" and incomplete autopsy. Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley, signed a death certificate on November 23 and recorded that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the skull. Three years after the autopsy, Kennedy's brain—which had been removed and preserved for later analysis—was found to be missing when the Kennedy family transferred material to
4452-485: The questioning and kept only rudimentary notes. Days later, Fritz wrote a report of the interrogation from notes he made afterwards. There were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the Secret Service, and occasionally participated in the questioning. Several of the FBI agents who were present wrote contemporaneous reports of
4536-539: The release of The Corsairs ' hit " Smoky Places " which reached #12 in March 1962. In 1963 Spector had Zell Sanders assemble the line-up to cut a girl group record, and Spector's wife Lona Stevens wrote "Sally Go 'Round the Roses" with Sanders for this purpose. The credited members of the Jaynetts who recorded "Sally Go 'Round the Roses" were Yvonne Bushnell, Ethel Davis (aka Vernell Hill), Ada Ray Kelly and Johnnie Louise Richardson, who had all previously recorded for J&S;
4620-440: The scene. Bowers testified to the Warren Commission that "one or two" men were between him and the fence during the assassination: one was a familiar parking lot attendant and the other wore a uniform like a county courthouse custodian. He testified seeing "some commotion" on the grassy knoll at the time of the assassination: "something out of the ordinary, a sort of milling around, but something occurred in this particular spot which
4704-428: The sound as that of a rifle and turned his head and torso rightward, noting nothing unusual behind him. He testified that he could not see Kennedy, so he started to turn forward again (turning from his right to his left), and that when his head was facing about 20 degrees left of center, he was struck in his upper right back by a shot he did not hear, then shouted, "My God. They're going to kill us all!" According to
4788-597: The spoken part on "Dear Abby". In 1963, American Bandstand signed the Jaynetts to Dick Clark 's Caravan of Stars national U.S. tour, which was scheduled to perform its 15th show on the night of November 22, 1963 at the Memorial Auditorium in Dallas , Texas , until suddenly the Friday evening event had to be cancelled, moments after U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated that afternoon while touring Dallas in an open car caravan. The Jaynetts name
4872-469: The spur of the moment when the opportunity presented itself, without considering any reason for doing so. Initially, Ruby wished to represent himself in his trial until his lawyer Melvin Belli dissuaded him: Belli argued that Ruby had an episode of psychomotor epilepsy and was thus not responsible. Ruby was convicted, but the decision was overturned on appeal . While awaiting retrial in 1967, Ruby died of
4956-477: The street, and ran forward to board the limousine and protect Kennedy. Hill stated that he heard the fatal headshot as he reached the Lincoln, "approximately five seconds" after the first shot that he heard. After the headshot, Mrs. Kennedy began climbing onto the limousine's trunk, but she later had no recollection of doing so. Hill believed she may have been reaching for a piece of Kennedy's skull. He jumped onto
5040-524: The time of Kennedy's assassination, the murder of a president was not under federal jurisdiction . Accordingly, Dallas County medical examiner Earl Rose insisted that Texas law required him to perform an autopsy. A heated exchange between Kennedy's aides and Dallas officials nearly erupted into a fistfight before the Texans yielded and allowed Kennedy's body to be transported to Air Force One. At 2:38 p.m., with Jacqueline Kennedy at his side, Johnson
5124-532: The triple underpass. Nine months later, the FBI removed the curb, and spectrographic analysis revealed metallic residue consistent with the lead core in Oswald's ammunition. Tague testified before the Warren Commission and initially stated that he was wounded by either the second or third shot of the three shots that he remembered hearing. When the commission counsel pressed him to be more specific, Tague testified that he
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#17327761879775208-554: The witnesses recalled hearing three shots. The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired and noted that most witnesses recalled that the second and third shots were bunched together. Shortly after Kennedy began waving, some witnesses heard the first gunshot, but few in the crowd or motorcade reacted, many interpreting the sound as a firecracker or backfire . Within one second of each other, Governor Connally and Mrs. Kennedy turned abruptly from their left to their right. Connally—an experienced hunter—immediately recognized
5292-499: The wrist at the inner side of his right palm and finally lodged in his left thigh. As the limousine passed the grassy knoll , Kennedy was struck a second time, by a fatal shot to the head. The Warren Commission made no finding as to whether this was the second or third bullet fired, and concluded—as did the HSCA—that the second shot to strike Kennedy entered the rear of his head. It then passed in fragments through his skull, creating
5376-493: Was "Dear Abby" credited to the Hearts, a minor hit (#94) recorded by at least some of the same personnel as "Sally Go 'Round the Roses", and with the same "Sing Along without the..." instrumental-only version on the B-side. Despite the Jaynetts having been promoted as a quintet, their album cover image was of a trio, only two of whom—Ethel Davis and Lezli Valentine—are identifiable. Lezli is the lead voice on "Sally" and she performed
5460-429: Was "a high probability that two gunmen fired at [the] President". The HSCA's conclusions were largely based on a police Dictabelt recording later debunked by the U.S. Justice Department . Kennedy's assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has spawned many conspiracy theories and alternative scenarios; polls found that a vast majority of Americans believed there was a conspiracy. The assassination left
5544-570: Was acquitted. Subsequent federal investigations—such as the Rockefeller Commission and Church Committee —agreed with the Warren Commission's general findings. In its 1979 report, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) concluded that Kennedy was likely " assassinated as a result of a conspiracy ". The HSCA did not identify possible conspirators, but concluded that there
5628-560: Was adjusted to prevent confusion with Mary Wells ). J&S also released solo tracks by Ada Ray Kelly – billed as Ada "Cry Baby" Ray on the Zell's label in 1963 and 1964. Vernell Hill's Tuff single, "Long Haired Daddy", with songwriting credit by Abner Spector, was also released on Roulette in 1964. In 1968, Lezli Valentine recorded for All Platinum, a label formed the previous year in Englewood, New Jersey , by Sylvia Robinson , and recorded
5712-581: Was administered the oath of office by federal judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes aboard Air Force One, shortly before departing for Washington with Kennedy's coffin. Where bungled autopsies are concerned, President Kennedy's is the exemplar. — Dr. Michael Baden , chairman of the forensic pathology panel of the House Select Committee on Assassinations President Kennedy's autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland on
5796-515: Was apprehended by the Dallas Police Department and charged under Texas state law with the murders of Kennedy and Tippit. Two days later, at 11:21 a.m. on November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered Oswald's being moved through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters , he was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby . Like Kennedy, Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he soon died. Ruby
5880-477: Was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. An eternal flame was lit at his burial site in 1967. On Sunday, November 24, at 11:21 a.m., as Oswald was being escorted to a car in the basement of Dallas Police headquarters for the transfer from the city jail to the county jail, he was shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby . The shooting was broadcast live on television. Robert H. Jackson of
5964-553: Was by Justine "Baby" Washington , who regularly performed on the Hearts' releases in 1956–57; Washington also began recording solo in 1957 with the B-side of her second release, "Hard Way to Go" (1958), being a track credited to the Jaynetts entitled "Be My Boyfriend." J&S Records had its first national success in 1961 when Abner Spector, an A&R man for the Chicago -based Chess Records , utilized J&S's Tuff subsidiary for
6048-464: Was convicted of Oswald's murder, though the decision was overturned on appeal, and Ruby died in prison in 1967 while awaiting a new trial. After a 10-month investigation, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald assassinated Kennedy, and that there was no evidence that either Oswald or Ruby was part of a conspiracy. In 1967, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison brought the only trial for Kennedy's murder , against businessman Clay Shaw ; Shaw
6132-565: Was court-martialed twice and demoted. In September 1959, he received a dependency discharge after claiming his mother was disabled. A 19-year-old Oswald sailed on a freighter from New Orleans to France and then traveled to Finland, where he was issued a Soviet visa. Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, and in January 1960 he was sent to work at a factory in Minsk , Belarus. In 1961, he met and married Marina Prusakova , with whom he had
6216-556: Was fabricated". At the Dallas Police headquarters, officers interrogated Oswald about the shootings of Kennedy and Tippit; these intermittent interviews lasted for approximately 12 hours between 2:30 p.m. on November 22 and 11 a.m. on November 24. Throughout, Oswald denied any involvement and resorted to statements that were found to be false. Captain J. W. Fritz of the Homicide and Robbery Bureau did most of
6300-815: Was first agreed upon by Kennedy, Johnson, and Connally during a meeting in El Paso in June. The motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced soon thereafter. Kennedy also viewed the Texas trip as an informal launch of his 1964 reelection campaign . Lee Harvey Oswald (born 1939) was a former U.S. Marine who had served in Japan and the Philippines and had espoused communist beliefs since reading Karl Marx aged 14. After accidentally shooting his elbow with an unauthorized handgun and fighting an officer, Oswald
6384-946: Was impossible. After Parkland surgeons performed futile cardiac massage , Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m., 30 minutes after the shooting. CBS host Walter Cronkite broke the news on live television. The Secret Service was concerned about the possibility of a larger plot and urged Johnson to leave Dallas and return to the White House , but Johnson refused to do so without any proof of Kennedy's death. Johnson returned to Air Force One around 1:30 p.m., and shortly thereafter, he received telephone calls from advisors McGeorge Bundy and Walter Jenkins advising him to depart for Washington, D.C., immediately. He replied that he would not leave Dallas without Jacqueline Kennedy and that she would not leave without Kennedy's body. According to Esquire , Johnson did "not want to be remembered as an abandoner of beautiful widows". At
6468-444: Was out of the ordinary, which attracted my eye for some reason which I could not identify". At 12:36 p.m., teenager Amos Euins approached Dallas police Sergeant D.V. Harkness to report having seen a " colored man ... leaning out of the window [with] a rifle" on the sixth floor of the Depository during the assassination; in response, Harkness radioed that he was sealing off the Depository. Witness Howard Brennan then approached
6552-472: Was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally was also wounded in the attack but recovered. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was hastily sworn in as president two hours and eight minutes later aboard Air Force One at Dallas Love Field . After the assassination, Oswald returned home to retrieve a pistol; he shot and killed lone Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit shortly afterwards. Around 70 minutes after Kennedy and Connally were shot, Oswald
6636-572: Was released as a single in 1957. It was originally released on the Philadelphia based Main Line Records label, before being released on the Chess label, which was able to give it wider distribution. It reached No. 45 on Billboard ' s " Top 100 Sides " chart, and No. 11 on Billboard ' s chart of " Most Played R&B by Jockeys ". Clyde McPhatter's version was released as
6720-798: Was reported to be performing in a duo with her husband Donald Gatling: they bill themselves as the Two Hearts, referencing the group with whom Murray had recorded "Lonely Nights" in 1954. At the Detroit Breakdown concert held 31 July 2010 at the Guggenheim Band Shell , Murray came onstage during the set by ? and the Mysterians to duet on "Sally Go 'Round the Roses". Johnnie Louise Richardson died on October 25, 1988. Lezli Valentine, later Lezli Green, died on March 9, 2021. Long Lonely Nights " Long Lonely Nights "
6804-512: Was sitting behind her, "Mr. President, they can't make you believe now that there are not some in Dallas who love and appreciate you, can they?" Kennedy's reply – "No, they sure can't" – were his last words. From Houston Street, the limousine made the planned left turn onto Elm, passing the Texas School Book Depository. As it continued down Elm Street, multiple shots were fired: about 80% of
6888-547: Was then carried on a horse -drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. Hundreds of thousands of mourners lined up to view the guarded casket, with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state. Even in the Soviet Union—according to a memo by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover —news of the assassination "was greeted by great shock and consternation and church bells were tolled in
6972-478: Was used for the release of two further singles on Tuff: "Snowman, Snowman Sweet Potato Nose" and "There's No Love at All" b/w "Tonight You Belong to Me". Throughout 1964 Tuff also released recordings featuring at least some of the personnel from "Sally Go 'Round the Roses"; these releases were credited to the Clickettes (who were Lezli Valentine, Marlina Mars and Iggy Williams), the Poppies (not to be confused with
7056-417: Was wounded by the second shot. As the motorcade left Dealey Plaza, some witnesses sought cover, and others joined police officers to run up the grassy knoll in search of a shooter. No shooter was found behind the knoll's picket fence. Among the 178 witnesses who testified to the Warren Commission, 78 were unsure of the shots' origin, 49 believed they came from the Depository, and 21 thought they came from
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