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87-416: Razihi is spoken on Jabal Razih, a mountain lying west of the town Sa'dah , whose highest summit, Jabal Hurum, is 2,790 m (9,150 ft) high. The population of Jabal Razih was approximately 25,000 in the 1970s and is estimated to be much more now. The number of Razihi speakers is reported by Ethnologue to have been 62,900 in 2004. A comprehensive study of the speakers, including their written tradition,

174-518: A Relativiser like ḏ- , ʾl , mn- ; in free relative clauses this marking is obligatory. Unlike other Semitic languages in Sabaic resumptive pronouns are only rarely found. Although the Sabaic vocabulary is found in relatively diverse types of inscriptions (an example being that the south Semitic tribes derive their word wtb meaning "to sit" from the northwest tribe's word yashab/wtb meaning "to jump"), nevertheless it stands relatively isolated in

261-578: A Saudi-led coalition carried out an airstrike on a prison in Saada , killing at least 87 people. The northwestern mountainous area of Yemen where Saada is located in the Serat (Sarawat) Mountain area , which belongs to the remnants of the Asir Mountains (southern Hijaz Mountains ) extending southward to Yemen, adjacent to Yemen. The plateau area in the northeastern part of Yemen, generally belongs to

348-554: A military offensive in the Saada Governorate which saw 20,000 refugees flee to Saada City, which marked Saudi Arabia's first involvement in the conflict. In February 2010, Houthis accepted the government's ceasefire proposal. In April, a United Nations team was allowed into Saada City. At the beginning of 2011, when the upheaval sweeping the Arab world was ascendant, Yemen protested against President Saleh's attempt to amend

435-477: A number of participles through the grammaticalization of a number of classes of content words, such as /rd͡ʒaʕ/ 'then' which was the result of the semantic bleaching of the imperative /ʔird͡ʒaʕ/ 'return (m.s.)!': The particle /d͡ʒoː/ is a likely result of the semantic bleaching of the reflex of /d͡ʒaː/ and it primarily functions to convey permanent existence or habitude: Razihi similar to neighboring Arabic speech varieties and Sabaic, but dissimilar to Faifi, retains

522-574: A number of prepositions that are reminiscent of Sabaic such as /buː/ 'in' (Sabaic *b- 'in'), /ʔaθar/ 'after' (Sabaic *ʔθr 'after'), /baʕd/ 'after' (Sabaic *bʕd 'after') and /ʕaleː/ 'on' (Sabaic *ʕl 'on, upon') alongside other grammatical features reminiscent of Sabaic such as the usage of /joːm/ as 'when (suborinator)'. This usage of /joːm/ as 'when' can also be found in some Arabic speech varieties such as Tihami Qahtani and various Bedouin varieties in Northeastern Arabia. Razihi has developed

609-498: A reptile found in northwestern Yemen. In 2004, Saada had an estimated population of 51,870 (49,422 according to official statistics), making it the tenth-largest city in Yemen at the time. [1] In 2013, Saada's population was estimated at 70,203 people. There is Saada Airport in the northwest of Saada (IATA code: SYE; ICAO code: OYSH), which has a runway of about 3,000 meters long and has no scheduled passenger flights. Saada Airport

696-412: A trading hub for the export of goods north of Yemen to what is today Saudi Arabia. Caravans on the spice road pass through villages around Saada. The medieval old city of Saada was built in traditional ways, and around the old city there is a bustling new town with typical streets, garage-like workshops and typical Arabian-style shops. After Imam Hadi Yahya died, his sons successively served as Imams, but

783-406: A written language. Since Sabaic is written in an abjad script leaving vowels unmarked, little can be said for certain about the vocalic system. However, based on other Semitic languages, it is generally presumed that it had at least the vowels a , i , and u , which would have occurred both short and long ā , ī , and ū . In Old Sabaic, the long vowels ū and ī are sometimes indicated using

870-467: Is a mosque in the city for women to worship. In 2010, President Saleh announced the construction of Sa'ada University . Today, the tribes around Saada determine the fate of the city. Every Sunday, customers can buy carrots, carpets, silverware, electronic equipment and many other goods at Saada's market (Sunday Market). Saada is one of Yemen's main mass-market cities, with four bazaars. The residents of Saada are mainly Zayids , but historically, it

957-426: Is absent or not. In the proximal demonstratives agreement is restricted to the referent but the distal demonstratives may agree with the addressee. The plural demonstratives have a two-way distinction between human male and non-human male: Razihi is unique amongst Semitic languages for having near identical dependent and independent second person pronouns. The independent pronouns of Razihi are as follows: Razihi uses

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1044-412: Is expressed through the /faː/, /fa/, /haː/ +active participle : A similar construction is found in Sabaic in the form of subject + *f- + predicate . Sa%27dah Saada ( Arabic : صَعْدَة , romanized :  Ṣaʿda ), situated in the northwest of Yemen, is the capital and largest city of the governorate of the same name , and the seat of the eponymous district . The city is located in

1131-650: Is later mentioned again in Behnstedt (2017:17) not as being slightly retroflex but instead being described as such because the tip of the tongue lies just behind the ridge of the teeth when the sound is pronounced. Before mentioning this phonetic quality the discussion begins by questioning how in previous efforts to document the speech variety of Jabal Razih the author was unable to attest the supposed lateral quality of this sound as suggested by Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razih, & Weir (2006), but that it may have been an older realization at some point. Weir (2007:21) notes that

1218-469: Is linguistic evidence that Semitic languages were concurrently in use, being spoken in Eritrea and Ethiopia as early as 2000 BC. Sabaic is attested in some 1,040 dedicatory inscriptions, 850 building inscriptions, 200 legal texts, and 1300 short graffiti (containing only personal names). No literary texts of any length have yet been brought to light. This paucity of source material and the limited forms of

1305-522: Is marked with a final /-ah/; and in other non-adjective participles by final /-iːt/ in all three states. The future particle /meːd/ in Razihit functions similarly to that of the speech variety of Rijāl Almaʿ and various Modern South Arabian languages, but unlike either it takes the definitive article /ʔan-/ and is followed by either a verb, noun, or adjective: The continuous aspect is expressed in Razihi

1392-546: Is not consistent in Sabaic. The first clause in an inscription always has the order (particle - ) subject – predicate (SV), the other main clauses of an inscription are introduced by w - "and" and always have – like subordinate clauses – the order predicate – subject (VS). At the same time the Predicate may be introduced by f . Examples: Sabaic is equipped with a number of means to form subordinate clauses using various conjunctions: In Sabaic, relative clauses are marked by

1479-540: Is one of Yemen's main airports operating domestic routes. Saada has a road leading to the capital Sanaa through Amran Governate . During the civil war in North Yemen , The monarchist armed forces repeatedly blocked this road between Sanaa and Saada to prevent republican control. There are also cross-border highways in Saada to Dhahran in Asir Province , Saudi Arabia , and cross-border highways to Najran ,

1566-416: Is referred to. The last known inscription in Sabaic dates from 554 or 559 AD. The language's eventual extinction was brought about by the later rapid expansion of Islam, bringing with it Northern Arabic or Muḍarī , which became the language of culture and writing, totally supplanting Sabaic. The dialect used in the western Yemeni highlands, known as Central Sabaic, is very homogeneous and generally used as

1653-538: Is still uncertain. In the early days of Sabaic studies, Old South Arabian was transcribed using Hebrew letters. The transcriptions of the alveolars or postvelar fricatives remained controversial; after a great deal of uncertainty in the initial period the lead was taken by the transcription chosen by Nikolaus Rhodokanakis and others for the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum ( s , š , and ś ), until A. F. L. Beeston proposed replacing this with

1740-523: Is the norm. The minuscule Zabūr script does not seem to have a letter that represents the sound ẓ , and replaces it with ḍ instead; for example: mfḍr ("a measure of capacity"), written in the Musnad script as: mfẓr . As in other Semitic languages Sabaic had both independent pronouns and pronominal suffixes. The attested pronouns, along with suffixes from Qatabanian and Hadramautic are as follows: No independent pronouns have been identified in any of

1827-481: Is usually indicated in the singular by the ending – t  : bʿl "husband" (m.), bʿlt "wife" (f.), hgr "city" (m.), fnwt "canal" (f.). Sabaic nouns have forms for singular, dual and plural. The singular is formed without changing the stem, the plural can however be formed in a number of ways even in the very same word: The dual is already beginning to disappear in Old Sabaic; its endings vary according to

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1914-682: The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , and put his respect No. is included in the country name. In September 1962, the "Freedom Officers" organization headed by Abdullah al-Sallal launched a military coup in the capital, Sana, to overthrow the Qasem dynasty and establish the Yemen Arab Republic . The Qassem royal family and the monarchist forces first fled from Sana to the northern mountainous area centered on Saada, and then to neighboring Saudi Arabia, where they fought against

2001-525: The Sabean colonization of Africa . Sabaic was written in the South Arabian alphabet , and like Hebrew and Arabic marked only consonants, the only indication of vowels being with matres lectionis . For many years the only texts discovered were inscriptions in the formal Masnad script (Sabaic ms 3 nd ), but in 1973 documents in another minuscule and cursive script were discovered, dating back to

2088-554: The mountains of Serat (Sarawat) at an altitude of about 1,800 meters. In 2004, it was the tenth-largest city in Yemen and had an estimated population of 51,870. The map of Yemen included Saada since the reign of the Ma'in Kingdom , the earliest country in the history of Yemen. Saada is one of the earliest medieval cities in Yemen, the birthplace of the Shiite sect of Islam in Yemen, and

2175-604: The Arab Republic of Yemen in the north and the Democratic People's Republic of Yemen in the south announced their unification and established the Yemen Republic, and Sada has been under the rule of the Yemen Republic since then. The northwestern mountainous area with Saada and its surrounding areas as the core was neglected economically, even though it was the base camp of the former royal family and

2262-757: The Arabian Empire. Less than 4 years after the establishment of the second dynasty of the Arab Empire, the Abbasid dynasty , due to the dissatisfaction of the Yemenis with the tyranny of the governor of the empire, the Saada region in the north of Yemen and the Hadhramaut region in the south broke out against the rule of the Abbasid dynasty uprisings but were eventually suppressed by the authorities. In

2349-614: The Hashemite family), the theologian Al-Qasim al-Rassi formulated the teachings of Zaid, a Shiite sect. At the end of the 9th century, Qasim's grandson Yahya bin Hassan decided to preach in Yemen and develop the cause of the Zaydis. In 893, Yahya came to the north of Yemen to promote the teachings of Zaydism, but at first he did not get the support of the local people, so he returned to his hometown of Medina. In 896, some tribal leaders from

2436-589: The Houthi movement. The Houthi movement, formerly known as "Youth of Beliefs", was founded in 1992 in Saada province by Hussein al-Houthi , a religious and military leader from the Sadazaid Houthi tribe. Houthi, a former member of the Yemen House of Representatives and an opponent of Saleh's government, began preparing an armed rebellion against the government in 2004. But on September 1 of that year, he

2523-768: The Main Kingdom started from Hadhramaut in the south and reached Hejaz (Hijaz) in the north. Today, the area where Sadaa is located is also within the territory of the Main Kingdom. After the decline and fall of the Main Kingdom in the 7th century BC, Saada belonged to the Kingdom of Sheba , the Kingdom of Himyar , the Aksum Empire in Ethiopia, the Sassanid Dynasty in the Persian Empire, and

2610-547: The Saada and Howran areas in northern Yemen invited Yahya to return to Yemen to mediate local tribal conflicts. In 897, Yahya returned to Saada with his uncle Muhammad bin Qasim (son of Qasim Rasi) and some other followers, successfully mediating the local tribal conflict and obtaining their Support and allegiance, and are embraced as their leader, titled "Imam Hadi" ("Imam" and "Hadi" both mean leader in Arabic). Imam Hadi Yahya ordered

2697-481: The Semitic realm, something that makes it more difficult to analyze. Even given the existence of closely related languages such as Ge'ez and Classical Arabic, only part of the Sabaic vocabulary has proved able to be interpreted; a not inconsiderable part must be deduced from the context and some words remain incomprehensible. On the other hand, many words from agriculture and irrigation technology have been retrieved from

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2784-628: The South Arabian Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Sabaic is distinguished from the other members of the Old South Arabian group by its use of h to mark the third person and as a causative prefix; all of the other languages use s 1 in those cases. Therefore, Sabaic is called an h -language and the others s -languages. Numerous other Sabaic inscriptions have also been found dating back to

2871-633: The Zayde faction and the government of the Republic of Yemen had achieved formal national unification. Still not developed, the government of the Republic has no local authority. At the same time, Yemen's northern population, including Sa'da, is dominated by Zaydis believers and has long been at odds with the Sunni-dominated south. Although President Saleh , who united Yemen, was from the Zaid faction in

2958-535: The ancient city of Saada to guard the city: the three fortresses of Turmus, Alsama, and Sinara, and the fortress of Abra rebuilt by the Ottoman Turks. Ten small villages in the valley outside the city, with beautiful houses surrounded by farmland, vineyards and fruit trees. There are 14 mosques built from the 10th to the 16th centuries in the ancient city, among which the Imam Hadi Mosque contains

3045-460: The architectural style of the Middle Ages without interruption and have a very typical land structure that represents the entire region. The wall of the ancient city of Saada is about 3,000 meters long and 4 meters thick. There are 52 watchtowers and 16 city gates on the city wall, the most famous of which are the "Yemen Gate" and the "Najlan Gate". There is an iron ore slag mountain in the city,

3132-652: The base of the regime of the Zaydi Imam of Yemen . From the beginning of the 9th century to the 20th century, the Rassid dynasty , the longest reigning dynasty in Yemen history (the dynasty's direct line was replaced by the collateral dynasty Qassem dynasty since the end of the 16th century), made its fortune in Saada. Saada is also the base camp of the Houthis and the birthplace of the Houthi movement . It has been under

3219-399: The beginning of the book that the " local dialect, or language, is extremely unusual, and was always a difficulty, but some male informants could switch to a register of Arabic that I could understand more easily " and this is part of why the plethora of Razihi documents she was able to photocopy required rather specialized knowledge for her to understand. The earliest of these documents date to

3306-418: The capital of Najran Province , Saudi Arabia. Saada is one of the oldest medieval cities in Yemen and is of great significance to Yemen's historical, architectural, urban and spiritual values. Saada has been a stronghold of the Zaydis since the city was founded by Imam Hadi Yahya in the late 9th century. The ancient city of Sada has been prosperous for a long time. The buildings in the city continue to follow

3393-542: The change s 3 > s 1 , for example: ˀks 1 wt ("clothes"), normal Sabaic ks 3 wy . The exact nature of the emphatic consonants q , ṣ , ṭ , ẓ and ḍ also remains a matter for debate: were they pharyngealized as in Modern Arabic, or were they glottalized as in Ethiopic (and reconstructed Proto-Semitic)? There are arguments to support both possibilities. In any case, beginning with Middle Sabaic

3480-467: The city. Sabaean language Sabaic , sometimes referred to as Sabaean , was an Old South Arabian language that was spoken between c. 1000 BC and the 6th century AD by the Sabaeans . It was used as a written language by some other peoples of the ancient civilization of South Arabia , including the Ḥimyarites , Ḥashidites, Ṣirwāḥites, Humlanites, Ghaymānites, and Radmānites. Sabaic belongs to

3567-566: The civil war, the Saada area, the former royal base and the stronghold of the Zaydis, was an important town for the struggle between the republicans and the monarchists. On February 18, 1963, the Egyptian Vice President and Defense Minister Field Marshal Amer commanded the North Yemen Republican Army to capture the city of Saada, and Saada has been under the control of the republicans since then. Although

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3654-539: The constitution and re-elected after 32 years in power. Because of the "Dignity Judah" event, that year was also called the "Revolution of Dignity"), the Houthis also took the opportunity to make a comeback and the rebellion re-emerged. On February 27 of that year, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi , a leader of the Houthi movement from the Saada region and brother of the late leader Hassan Houthi, announced his support for anti-government demonstrators. In February and March of that year, thousands of protesters marched weekly in Saada from

3741-512: The construction of the city of Sa'da, where the Imam regime of the integration of state and religion was established, and Sa'da became the birthplace and permanent foothold of the Zayd faction in Yemen. The land, Saada is also the first surviving city with a unique Arab-Islamic architectural style, and the Zaydis are still one of the most influential Islamic sects in Yemen. Since Imam Hadi Yahya's hometown

3828-510: The control of the Houthis since the end of the Yemeni revolution and was the first city to split from the central government in Yemen during the ongoing Yemeni crisis . About the 14th century BC, the Main people established the first country in the history of Yemen, the Main Kingdom, in the present-day Al Jawf Governorate (the eastern neighbouring province of today's Saada Province). At its peak,

3915-734: The early 10th century AH ( 17th century AD ). Razihi speakers see their speech variety as distinct from those around them who they describe as speaking " Yamanīt " ( Yemeni ). An affricate sound [s͡t] is also present, as a realization of the Arabic [sˤ] from loan words. Razihi exhibits wide-scale assimilation of coronal consonants in words. Unlike in Arabic , this is not restricted to obstruents but includes sonorants , most significantly /n/ , as can be seen in words such as ssān , "man" and ssānah , "woman", which are cognate words of Arabic insān , "person". Nasal consonant assimilation

4002-532: The entrance to Saada city. On March 26, the Houthis appointed Fares Manaa , a top arms dealer in the Middle East and a former ally of President Saleh, as the new governor of Saada Province, and announced the establishment of a government agency that was completely independent of the central government in Sanaa. The new government of Sa'ada has made Sa'ada the first city to break away from the central government in

4089-548: The first Zaydis Imam Hadi and his 11 successors. It is the oldest Shi'ite mosque in the Arabian Peninsula and the third oldest mosque in Yemen. It was heavily damaged in an airstrike in May 2015. Hadi Mosque and Nisari Mosque are both considered high-level educational and religious sites and have undeniable architectural value; various domes and minartets of mosques in Saada city are rare and beautiful; in addition, there

4176-564: The gender and the number. At the same time external plurals and duals have their own endings for grammatical state, while inner plurals are treated like singulars. Apart from the construct state known in other Semitic languages, there is also an indeterminate state and a determinate state, the functions of which are explained below. The following are the detailed state endings: The three grammatical states have distinct syntactical and semantic functions: As in other West Semitic languages Sabaic distinguishes between two types of finite verb forms:

4263-463: The grammatical state: ḫrf-n "two years" (indeterminate state) from ḫrf "year". Sabaic almost certainly had a case system formed by vocalic endings, but since vowels were involved they are not recognizable in the writings; nevertheless a few traces have been retained in the written texts, above all in the construct state . As in other Semitic languages Sabaic has a few grammatical states, which are indicated by various different endings according to

4350-577: The inscriptions has made it difficult to get a complete picture of Sabaic grammar. Thousands of inscriptions written in a cursive script (called Zabur ) incised into wooden sticks have been found and date to the Middle Sabaic period; these represent letters and legal documents and as such includes a much wider variety of grammatical forms. In the Late Sabaic period the ancient names of the gods are no longer mentioned and only one deity Raḥmānān

4437-488: The language of the inscriptions. Divergent dialects are usually found in the area surrounding the Central Highlands, such as the important dialect of the city of Ḥaram in the eastern al- Jawf . Inscriptions in the Ḥaramic dialect, which is heavily influenced by North Arabic, are also generally considered a form of Sabaic. The Himyarites , whose spoken language was Semitic but not South Arabic, used Sabaic as

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4524-550: The later period of the Abbasid Dynasty, the warlords were divided, and the centralized power existed in name only, and various territories of the empire, including Yemen, established a group of independent or semi-independent regimes of the caliphate of Baghdad. At the beginning of the 9th century, the saint who lived in the holy city of Medina in Islam (the descendant of Hasan ibn Ali , the second Shia imam who claimed to be

4611-529: The latter sound is pronounced the same as the /t͡ʃ/ in the English word "chat". A similar realization of ḍ as /t͡ʃ/ can be found in the Faifi language. Behnstedt (2017:17) makes note of various words from Razihi with said sound, alongside their Classical Arabic cognates: Other noteworthy features to mention is the realization of ẓ in some words, which seems to have lost both voicing and pharyngealization such as in

4698-414: The letters w and y ; in the later stages the same words are increasingly found without these letters, which leads some scholars (such as Stein) to the conclusion that they had by then contracted to ō and ē (though aw → ū and ay → ī would also be possible) Sabaic, like Proto-Semitic , contains three sibilant phonemes, represented by distinct letters; the exact phonetic nature of these sounds

4785-577: The letters for w and y as matres lectionis . In the Old period this is used mainly in word-final position, but in Middle and Late Sabaic it also commonly occurs medially. Sabaic has no way of writing the long vowel ā , but in later inscriptions, in the Radmanite dialect the letter h is sometimes infixed in plurals where it is not etymologically expected: thus bnhy (sons of; Constructive State) instead of

4872-495: The letters representing ṣ and ẓ are increasingly interchanged, which seems to indicate that they have fallen together as one phoneme. The existence of bilabial fricative f as a reflex of the Proto-Semitic *p is partly proved by Latin transcriptions of names. In late Sabaic ḏ and z also merge.In Old Sabaic the sound n only occasionally assimilates to a following consonant, but in the later periods this assimilation

4959-404: The monophthongization of *aj and *aw to /eː/ and /oː/ similar to neighboring speech varieties and similar to some suggestive evidence towards this same change in later varieties of Sabaic. Razihi is unique amongst speech varieties in the area, as far as is documented, for having a rather large inventory of demonstrative pronouns that account for the gender, distance, and whether or not the referent

5046-592: The mountainous northwest of Yemen where Sa'da is located has always been the Imam Dynasty the last fortress. The Ottoman Empire was defeated and disintegrated in World War I, and the northern Yemen region under the former Ottoman Empire, including Saada, gained full independence in 1918. The Imam of the Qasem dynasty of the Zaydisi, Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ("Imam Mutawakil"), announced the establishment of

5133-561: The north (formerly the Arab Republic of Yemen), he used the power of neighboring Saudi Arabia in the 1994 civil war to defeat the separatist forces in the south, while the Zaid faction After the war complained that the Saleh government allowed the Wahhabis, who dominate Saudi Arabia, to have too much say in Yemen. In 2004, an insurgency against Saleh's government was spearheaded in Sa'ada, led by

5220-491: The object; thus: qtl-hmw "he killed them"; ḫmr-hmy t'lb "Ta'lab poured for them both"; when the suffixes are added to nouns they indicate possession: ' bd-hw "his slave").The independent pronouns serve as the subject of nominal and verbal sentences: mr' 't "you are the Lord" (a nominal sentence); hmw f-ḥmdw "they thanked" (a verbal sentence). Old South Arabian nouns fall into two genders: masculine and feminine. The feminine

5307-424: The old city gate to the barracks of government security forces. On March 18 (Friday, Sunday), government snipers opened fire on crowds participating in a large-scale protest in the capital, Sana, causing a large number of casualties. The actions of the government forces have sparked nationwide outrage and a large number of government members defecting on a day known as "Dignity Lord's Day". On March 19, in response to

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5394-467: The ongoing Yemeni crisis . Sa'ada has been under the control of the Houthis since the end of the Saddam campaign. In March 2015, the Houthis, which had taken control of the capital Sanaa and established themselves in the center, announced that they would overthrow the remnants of Hadi's government that had fled to the south to unify the country, triggering a new civil war. In the new civil war, Yemen

5481-538: The other South Arabian languages. First- and second-person independent pronouns are rarely attested in the monumental inscription, but possibly for cultural reasons; the likelihood was that these texts were neither composed nor written by the one who commissioned them: hence they use third-person pronouns to refer to the one who is paying for the building and dedication or whatever. The use of the pronouns in Sabaic corresponds to that in other Semitic languages. The pronominal suffixes are added to verbs and prepositions to denote

5568-641: The perfect and imperfect may be summarized as follows (the active and the passive are not distinguished in their consonantal written form; the verbal example is fʿl "to do"): The perfect is mainly used to describe something that took place in the past, only before conditional phrases and in relative phrases with a conditional connotation does it describe an action in the present, as in Classical Arabic. For example: w-s 3 ḫly Hlkʾmr w-ḥmʿṯt "And Hlkʾmr and ḥmʿṯt have pleaded guilty (dual)". The imperfect usually expresses that something has occurred at

5655-463: The perfect which is conjugated with suffixes and the imperfect which is conjugated with both prefixes and suffixes. In the imperfect two forms can be distinguished: a short form and a form constructed using the n (long form esp. the n-imperfect ), which in any case is missing in Qatabānian and Ḥaḍramite. In actual use it is hard to distinguish the two imperfect forms from each other. The conjugation of

5742-404: The previous day's "Journal of Dignity", Houthi fighters entered the city of Sa'ada and the Battle of Saada began. The Houthis fought fiercely with the armed forces of Sheikh Ottoman Mujali, a pro-government tribal leader in the city, and took control of the city on March 24. Hajar and members of the local government fled to the capital, Sanaa, and Houthi fighters set up military checkpoints at

5829-404: The realization of the consonants š and ḍ, the suggested realizations in Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razihi, & Weir (2006) are not universally attested and are indeed contested in Behnstedt (1987:94-96), Behnstedt (2017:17), and Weir (2007). The sound š is noted in Behnstedt (1987:94-96) as being " similar to that of Swedish [ʃ] " and that of ḍ being " a retroflexed [t͡ʃ] ". The status of the latter

5916-563: The remnants of the mine artisan workshops are centuries old, and a fortress from the 16th to 18th centuries was built on the hill. The Zaydis Muslim Cemetery outside the ancient city of Sa’da is the largest and oldest cemetery in Yemen, with countless elaborately carved tombstones erected in the cemetery. Outside the "Yemen Gate", there is an ancient cistern, and there are huge rocks with Neolithic carvings of now-extinct wild animals, as well as ibex and human figures, which are Yemen's oldest rock carvings. There are also four fortresses built outside

6003-443: The representation with s followed by the subscripts 1–3. This latest version has largely taken over the English-speaking world, while in the German-speaking area, for example, the older transcription signs, which are also given in the table below, are more widespread. They were transcribed by Beeston as s 1 , s 2 , and s 3 . Bearing in mind the latest reconstructions of the Proto-Semitic sibilants, we can postulate that s 1

6090-458: The republican faction and the monarchist faction changed their offensive and defensive positions several times, the republican faction, even when it was at a disadvantage, repelled the monarchy's attack on Sada and successfully defended Sada. In July 1970, the civil war in North Yemen ended, the republican faction won the final victory, and the Arab Republic of Yemen was recognized by the international community, including Saudi Arabia. On May 22, 1990,

6177-424: The republican faction together with the northern tribes who supported the royal family, thus setting off a long-term crisis. Eight years of civil war in North Yemen. Yemen's monarchists were supported by Saudi Arabia, which is also a monarchy, while the republicans were supported by the United Arab Republic led by President Nasser. Sent troops to North Yemen to help the Republic resist the Monarchist faction. During

6264-542: The same time as an event previously mentioned, or it may simply express the present or future. Four moods can be distinguished: The imperative is found in texts written in the zabūr script on wooden sticks, and has the form fˁl(-n) . For example: w-'nt f-s 3 ḫln ("and you (sg.) look after"). By changing the consonantal roots of verbs they can produce various derivational forms, which change their meaning. In Sabaic (and other Old South Arabian languages) six such stems are attested. Examples: The arrangement of clauses

6351-457: The second half of the 1st century BC; only a few of the latter have so far been published. The South Arabic alphabet used in Yemen , Eritrea , Djibouti , and Ethiopia beginning in the 8th century BC, in all three locations, later evolved into the still in use Ge'ez alphabet . The Ge'ez language however is no longer considered to be a descendant of Sabaic or of Old South Arabian ; and there

6438-462: The so-called " k-perfect ". The following is the perfect and imperfect paradigms for the verb /reː/ 'see': Similar to Sabaic , Modern South Arabian , and Afrosemitic languages the feminine ending /-t/ is always attested in the definitive and construct states but also in the absolute state in many basic nouns. In adjectives the feminine gender is handled three ways: it is not explicitly marked on verbal participles; in some non-participle adjectives it

6525-469: The teachings of the Zaid sect stipulate that as long as they are holy descendants (that is, descendants of Muhammad, the founder of Islam of the Hashemite family), they can be selected as Imams. Imams are not necessarily hereditary. Nonetheless, the vast majority of Yemen's imams are descendants of the Rathi dynasty (the collateral Qasim dynasty since 1597). The Yemeni Imam Dynasty ruled from time to time, and it

6612-417: The tropical desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh), hot, dry and water-deficient, mainly animal husbandry. From a geological point of view, the northern area of the central Yemen mountains where Saada is located is a horst formed by crystalline rocks. Sa'dah has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification : BWh ). Saada lends its name to the Yemen rock gecko ( Pristurus saada ) ,

6699-456: The usual bny ; it is suspected that this h represents the vowel ā . Long vowels ū and ī certainly seem to be indicated in forms such as the personal pronouns hmw (them), the verbal form ykwn (also written without the glide ykn ; he will be), and in enclitic particles - mw , and - my probably used for emphasis. In the Old Sabaic inscriptions the Proto-Semitic diphthongs aw and ay seemed to have been retained, being written with

6786-521: The word ṯilām (IPA: /θilaːm/) ' darkness ', and that of ṣ which is noted in Watson, Glover-Stalls, Al-Razih, & Weir (2005) as being the consonant cluster /st/. The latter may reflect another similarity with Faifi where ṣ is pronounced as the cluster /st/ in loanwords from Arabic but as /sˤ/ in native vocabulary. The phoneme ġ can be realized as /ɣ/, /χ/, or /q/ while the reflex of *q is typically /g/ much like neighboring speech varieties. Razihi exhibits

6873-481: Was a feature of some Ancient North Arabian languages (primarily Safaitic) and Old South Arabian but is not found in any Arabic dialect aside from perhaps the speech variety of Harūb, Saudi Arabia. In contrast to Yemeni Arabic dialects, Razihi does not ever allow word-final consonant clusters (-CC). Syncope , or the removal, of the high vowels /i/ and /u/ is a common phenomenon in Razihi: In regards to

6960-408: Was also one of the main settlements of Yemeni Jews . Between the 17th and 20th centuries, Jews gathered in large numbers in Yemen, including Saada. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were about 1,000 Jews in the city of Saddah. The Jews, as merchants and craftsmen, especially silversmiths, influenced the fate of Saada economically, contributing to the sustainable construction and development of

7047-681: Was conquered by foreign invaders such as the Fatimid Dynasty, the Ayyubid Dynasty, the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, and it has also experienced Rasul The rule of Yemen native dynasties such as Dynasty and Tahir Dynasty, the succession of Laxi Dynasty was not continuous. Although Sa'da's status as the capital of the Imam's regime is often replaced by other cities (such as Sana, Sahara, Surah, Taiz, etc.),

7134-542: Was hit by airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition of Arab forces that intervened in Yemen's civil war. The air strikes hit the Imam Hadi Mosque in Saada, which was severely damaged. The mosque is the oldest Shiite mosque in the Arabian Peninsula and the third oldest in Yemen. In October 2015, coalition-led airstrikes destroyed the Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Saada. In January 2022,

7221-640: Was in Ras Hills in Medina, his grandfather Qasem Rassi was named "Rasi" (Arabic means those who live in Ras Hills). Because of his nickname, the dynasty he created was called the "Lasi Dynasty". It was the longest reigning dynasty in Yemen's history (893–1962), more than a thousand years, and Sada was the birthplace of the Lassi Dynasty. Since the founding of the city in the Middle Ages, Saada has been

7308-446: Was killed in a battle between Sa'ada province and Yemen government forces. Afterwards, followers of Hassan Houthi changed the name of the "Youth of Beliefs" organization to "Houthi Movement" (the official name was changed to "Ansar Allah Movement", which means the devotees of Allah) to commemorate him forever. In 2009 and 2010, conflict between the Houthi movement and the Saleh government continued, including Operation Scorched Earth ,

7395-543: Was probably pronounced as a simple [s]or [ʃ], s 2 was probably a lateral fricative [ɬ], and s 3 may have been realized as an affricate [t͡s]. The difference between the three sounds is maintained throughout Old Sabaic and Middle Sabaic, but in the Late period s 1 and s 3 merge. The subscript n did not start appearing until after the Early Sabaic period. The Middle Sabaic Haramitic dialect often shows

7482-539: Was the topic of the book " A Tribal Order: Politics and Law in the Mountains of Yemen " (2007) by Shelagh Weir. This work includes a number of interesting realities of life in Jabal Razih including the mention that the tribes of the area typically have the term 'Ilt (IPA: /ʔilt/) in their tribe name (e.g. Ilt al-Qayyāl , Ilt ʿIzzan ) and that aside from external governing bodies the political sphere of Jabal Razih

7569-572: Was typically dominated by the Sayyid elite being that the majority of Razihi tribes have historically been adherents of the Zaydi form of Shi'a Islam. Attestation of the Razih region directly is known as early as al-Hamdani 's work al-Iklīl but the tribal federation that the speakers of Razihi belong to, Khawlan bin ʾAmir, were possibly known to the Sabaeans as Ḫwln Gdd(t)n . Weir makes mention in

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