57-607: Jaishankar Prasad (30 January 1889 – 15 November 1937) was a prominent figure in modern Hindi literature as well as Hindi theatre . Prasad was his pen name. He was also known as Chhayavadi kavi . Prasad started writing poetry with the pen name of ‘Kaladhar’. The first collection of poem that Prasad penned, named, Chitradhar, was written in Braj dialect of Hindi but his later works were written in Khadi dialect or Sanskritized Hindi. Later on Prasad promulgated ‘ Chhayavad ’,
114-906: A 3rd weekly- Ucchit Vakta- meaning Right or Best Time. Ucchit Vakta focused on spreading the truth (about the British Raj) and fighting for justice. It became very popular for many years. Mishra underwent a lot of difficulties trying to bring out a critical publication at the time of the British Raj. At times he was the editor, writer and also sold the paper himself. He was an inspiration for many journalists, particularly Bal Mukund Gupta. Dharmvir Bharati Born on 25 December 1926, Dharamvir Bharati graduated in BA (first class) in 1945 and in 1947 completed his MA in Hindi literature (first class) and finally did his PhD from Allahabad University. For some time he
171-901: A Hindi novel Bhagyawati which was published in 1888. Chandrakanta , written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand , who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. In 1800, the British East India Company established Fort William College at Calcutta . The college president J. B. Gilchrist hired professors to write books in Hindustani. Some of these books were Prem Sagar by Lallu Lal , Naasiketopaakhyan by Sadal Mishra, Sukhsagar by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and Rani Ketaki ki kahani by Munshi Inshallah Khan. The person who brought realism in
228-432: A general interest magazine. Published Bala Bodhini from 1874 – for women and young girls. KVS was acknowledged to be the finest literary journal in any Indian language of that time, and was on par with the best of English journals. Bharatendu kept the journal up until his death 1885. Because of his extraordinary achievements, he is considered the most prolific Hindi journalist. Madan Mohan Malaviya Madan Mohan Malaviya
285-556: A great devotee of Krishna. The Nirgun School of Bhakti Poetry was also tremendously secular in nature and its propounders like Kabir and Guru Nanak had a large number of followers irrespective of caste or religion. In the Ritikavya or Ritismagra Kavya period, the erotic element became predominant in the Hindi literature. This era is called Riti (meaning 'procedure') because it was the age when poetic figures and theory were developed to
342-643: A great theoretical development in poetry forms chiefly from a mixture of older forms of poetry. These included Verse Patterns like Sortha , Chaupaya (four-liners) etc. This was also the age when Poetry was characterised under the various Rasas . Unlike the Adi Kaal (also called the Vir Gatha Kaal) which was characterised by an overdose of Poetry in the Vir Rasa (Heroic Poetry), the Bhakti Yug marked
399-610: A literary trend in Hindi literature. He is considered one of the Four Pillars ( Char Stambh ) of Romanticism in Hindi Literature ( Chhayavad ), along with Sumitranandan Pant , Mahadevi Verma , and Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' . His vocabulary avoids the Persian element of Hindi and mainly consists of Sanskrit ( Tatsama ) words and words derived from Sanskrit ( Tadbhava words). The subject of his poetry spans
456-592: A much more diverse and vibrant form of poetry which spanned the whole gamut of rasas from Shringara rasa (love), Vir Rasa (Heroism). Bhakti poetry had two schools – the Nirguna school (the believers of a formless God or an abstract name) and the Saguna school (the believers of a God with attributes and worshippers of Vishnu's incarnations). Kabir and Guru Nanak belong to the Nirguna school, and their philosophy
513-627: A part of the broader Marwari language family. It is spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan , as well as the neighbouring states of Gujarat and Haryana , some adjacent areas in eastern parts of Pakistan , and some migrant communities in Nepal . There are two dozen varieties of Marwari. Marwari is popularly written in Devanagari script, as are many languages of India and Nepal , including Hindi , Marathi , Nepali , and Sanskrit ; although it
570-526: A trend that continues to date, though now it was employed to bring out social, personal and psychological issues rather than clearly political, though street theatre broke this trend in coming decades in post-independence era, like IPTA-inspired, Naya Theatre of Habib Tanvir did in the 1950s–90s, Jana Natya Manch of Safdar Hashmi did in the 1970s–80s. Post-independence the emerging republic threw up new issues for playwrights to tackle and express, and Hindi playwriting showed greater brevity and symbolism, but it
627-400: Is composed in three broad styles- गद्य (Gadya-prose), पद्य( Padya- poetry) and चंपू (Campū - Prosimetrum .) In terms of historical development, it is broadly classified into five prominent forms (genres) based on the date of production. They are: The literature was produced in dialects such as Khariboli , Braj , Bundeli , Awadhi , Kannauji , as well as Marwari and Chhattisgarhi . From
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#1732773328009684-466: Is considered one of the first works in the Bhraj Bhasha literature. Chand Bardai was a court poet of Prithviraj Chauhan , the famous ruler of Delhi and Ajmer during the invasion of Muhammad of Ghor . Jayachandra , the last ruler of Kannauj gave more patronage to Sanskrit rather than local dialects. Harsha, the author of Naishdhiya Charitra , was his court poet. Jagnayak (sometimes Jagnik),
741-944: Is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu , their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages. Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve],
798-647: Is doubted. The Siddhas belonged to the Vajrayana , a later Buddhist sect . Some scholars argue that the language of Siddha poetry is not an earlier form of Hindi, but Magadhi Prakrit . Nathpanthis were yogis who practised the Hatha yoga . Some Jain and Rasau (heroic poets) poetry works are also available from this period. In the Deccan region in South India, Dakkhini or Hindvi was used. It flourished under
855-553: Is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and composition of long and epic poems. Awadhi and Braj Bhasha were the dialects in which literature was developed. The main works in Avadhi are Malik Muhammad Jayasi 's Padmavat and Tulsidas 's Ramacharitamanas . The major works in Braj dialect are Tulsidas 's Vinaya Patrika and Surdas 's Sur Sagar . Sadhukaddi was also a language commonly used, especially by Kabir in his poetry and dohas. The Bhakti period also marked
912-410: Is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , who played a major role in establishing the modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of the Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. He encouraged poetry in Hindi dedicated to nationalism and social reform. Dwivedi became the editor of Saraswati in 1903, the first Hindi monthly magazine of India, which
969-570: Is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in Jodhpur , Pali , Jaisalmer , Barmer , Nagaur , Bikaner . It is believed that Marwari and Gujarati evolved from Old Western Rajasthani or Dingal . Formal grammar of Gurjar Apabhraṃśa was written by Jain monk and Gujarati scholar Hemachandra Suri . Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan . Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in
1026-448: Is one of the writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the form of essay-writing. His collections of essays Gandha Madan , Priya neel-kanti , Ras Aakhetak , Vishad Yog , Nishad Bansuri , Parna mukut have enormously enriched the form of essay. A scholar of Indian culture and western literature , he was proud of Indian heritage. His love for natural beauty and Indian folk literatures and preference for agricultural society over
1083-715: Is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially Rajasthani and Gujarati , however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility. Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the Mahajani script is traditionally associated with the language. In Pakistan it is written in the Perso-Arabic script with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters. Below
1140-415: Is verse of public statement; its language is functional but aesthetically unappealing. Earnestly concerned with social issues and moral values, it is puritanical poetry in which aesthetic considerations are secondary. Imagination, originality, poetic sensibility and expression are wanting, the metre is restrictive, the idiom clumsy." She adds, however, that the period was important for laying the foundations to
1197-484: The Chhayavad movement, and that his reflective nature and deep love of reading and music heavily influenced his work. Hindi literature Hindi literature ( Hindi : हिंदी साहित्य, hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Hindi languages which have different writing systems . Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa like Awadhi, and Marwari languages. Hindi literature
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#17327733280091254-673: The Delhi Sultanate and later under the Nizams of Hyderabad . It was written in the Persian script. Nevertheless, the Hindvi literature can be considered proto-Hindi literature. Many Dakkhini experts like Sheikh Ashraf or Mulla Vajahi used the word Hindvi to describe this dialect. Others such as Roustami, Nishati etc. preferred to call it Dakkhini. Shah Buharnuddin Janam Bijapuri used to call it Hindi. The first Dakkhini author
1311-525: The Devanagari script or Nāgarī script were one Heera Lal 's treatise on Ain-i-Akbari , called Ain e Akbari ki Bhasha Vachanika, and Rewa Maharaja's treatise on Kabir . Both books came out in 1795. Munshi Lallu Lal 's Hindi translation of Sanskrit Hitopadesha was published in 1809. Lala Srinivas Das published a novel in Hindi Pariksha guru in the Nāgarī script in 1886. Shardha Ram Phillauri wrote
1368-633: The 1950s was Nakenwad , a school deriving its nomenclature from the first letters of the names of its three pioneers – Nalin Vilochan Sharma , Kesari Kumar, and Naresh Mehta all poets of note in their own right. Apart from being poets, Nalin Vilochan and Kesari Kumar were also brilliant critics, with a wide perspective on literary history. Their critical attitude is marked by a synthesis or coordination of various disciplines of human knowledge – philosophy, history, art and culture, all pressed into
1425-504: The 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chhayavaad ( shadowism ) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi . Jaishankar Prasad , Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' , Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant , are the four major Chhayavaadi poets. Poet Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' was another great poet with some Chayavaadi element in his poetry although he wrote in other genres as well. This period of Neo-romanticism , represents
1482-576: The 20th century, works produced in Modern Standard Hindi , a register of Hindustani written in the Devanagari script , are sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi (excluding Urdu literature of Hindustani language). Literature of Adi kal ( c. before the 15th century CE ) was developed in the regions of Kannauj , Delhi , Ajmer stretching up to central India. Prithviraj Raso , an epic poem written by Chand Bardai (1149 – c. 1200 ),
1539-423: The Hindi prose literature was Premchand , who is considered the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Before Premchand, the Hindi literature revolved around fairy or magical tales, entertaining stories and religious themes. Premchand's novels have been translated into many other languages. The Dwivedi Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It
1596-505: The adolescence of Hindi Poetry. It is marked by beauty of expression and flow of intense emotion. The four representative poets of this era represent the best in Hindi Poetry. A unique feature of this period is the emotional (and sometimes active) attachment of poets with national freedom struggle, their effort to understand and imbibe the vast spirit of a magnificent ancient culture and their towering genius which grossly overshadowed all
1653-428: The age of machines, his romantic outlook, aesthetic sensibility, his keen eye on contemporary reality and classical style place him very high among contemporary essayists in Hindi . Bharatendu Harishchandra Bharatendu Harishchandra began his career as a journalist at the age of 17. Published Kavi Vachan Sudha (1867) a monthly dedicated to ancient and medieval poetry. Published Harishchandra Magazine in 1873 –
1710-399: The cause and take it further. Hindi Kavita has also made significant contributions to Indian film music. Several famous musical masterpieces have been witnessed. The rhetoric of satire is called Vyangya in Hindi. Vyangya writings includes the essence of sarcasm and humour. Some of the better known writers in this genre are, Harishankar Parsai (Hindi: हरिशंकर परसाई) (22 August 1924 – 1995)
1767-773: The entire horizon of subjects of his era, from romantic to nationalistic. His dramas are considered to be most pioneering ones in Hindi . Prasad's most famous dramas include Skandagupta , Chandragupta and Dhruvaswamini . Many children like him as he gives us a knowledge about Ancient times. The majority of them revolve around historical stories of Ancient India . Some of them were also based on mythological plots. In 1960s, Shanta Gandhi Professor of Ancient Indian Drama while at National School of Drama , revived interest in Jaishankar Prasad's plays for modern Indian theatre , by successfully staging his most important play Skanda Gupta written in 1928, with little changes to
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1824-591: The fullest. But this emphasis on poetry theory greatly reduced the emotional aspects of poetry—the main characteristic of the Bhakti movement—and the actual content of the poetry became less important. The Saguna School of the Bhakti Yug split into two schools (Rama bhakti and Krishna bhakti) somewhere in the interregnum of the Bhakti and the Reeti Eras. Although most Reeti works were outwardly related to Krishna Bhakti , their emphasis had changed from total devotion to
1881-561: The late 19th century, Jaishankar Prasad became the next big figure in Hindi playwriting with plays like Skanda Gupta (1928), Chandragupta (1931) and Dhruvswamini (1933). As the Independence struggle was gathering steam playwrights broaching issues of nationalism and subversive ideas against the British, yet to dodge censorship they adapted themes from mythology, history and legend and used them as vehicle for political messages,
1938-493: The literary 'talked abouts' of next seven decades. Other important genres of Adhunik Sahitya (Modernism) are: Prayogvad (Experimentalism) of Ajneya and the Tar Saptak poets, also known as Nayi Kavita (New Poetry) and Nayi Kahani (New Story) of Nirmal Verma and others; followed by Pragativad (Progressivism) of Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh and other authors. Among the numerous schools of poetry which sprang up in
1995-596: The midst of the worst thunderstorm and blizzards, it remains steady and unflinching.” Regarding his influence in Indian literature, the late scholar David Rubin wrote in The Return of Sarasvati (Oxford, 1993):- "To Jayshankar Prasad belongs the credit of making the first successful leap forward in the development of a genuine poetic art in khari boli Hindi and giving it, in Ansu , its first masterpiece." Rubin felt his lyrics regarding nature and human love helped to define
2052-524: The modern Hindi poetry and that it did reflect sensitivity to social issues of the time. However, she also adds that the inelegance is a typical feature of a "young" poetry, as she considers Modern Hindi. Without a poetic tradition in modern Hindi, poets often modeled their forms on Braj, and later on Sanskrit, Urdu, Bengali and English forms, often ill-suited to Hindi. The subjects of the poems tended to be communal rather than personal. Characters were often presented not as individuals but as social types. In
2109-469: The most comprehensive online collections for Hindi poetry are Kavitakosh and Kavita . The most classy content that has created new audiences who were not looking for Hindi poetry or Hindi content is Hindi Kavita. This movement started in 2014 by Manish Gupta has generated an entirely new market and brought many projects to the fore. Many award-winning poets, scholars, journalists and celebrities from film, television and theatre have come forward to support
2166-1321: The neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan . Speakers are also found in Bhopal . With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census. Some dialects of Marwari are: Jhunjhunu , Sikar , Neem ka thana districts Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari). Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr]
2223-463: The original script. Jaishankar Prasad's Kamayani (Hindi: कामायनी) (1936), a Hindi classic poem is considered as an important magnum opus of this school. The poem belongs to the Chhayavadi school of Hindi poetry. In her glowing tribute to Jai Shankar Prasad, the poet- critic Mahadevi Verma said: "Whenever I remember our great poet, Prasad a particular image comes to my mind. A fir tree stands on
2280-675: The royal poet in Mahoba , and Nalha, the royal poet in Ajmer , were the other prominent literary figures in this period. However, after Prithviraj Chauhan's defeat in the Second Battle of Tarain , most literary works belonging to this period were destroyed by the army of Muhammad of Ghor . Very few scriptures and manuscripts from this period are available and their genuineness is also doubted. Some Siddha and Nathpanthi poetical works belonging to this period are also found, but their genuineness
2337-433: The service of literary appraisal and analysis. Hindi has a rich legacy of poetry ( Shayari ). There are several genres of Kavita based on Ras, Chhand and Alankar (e.g., Shringar, Karun, Veer, Hāsya , etc.). Hasya Kavita is humorous comic poetry in Hindi. It is particularly famous due to Hindi kavi sammelans . Bal kavita is children's rhymes in Hindi. Many attempts have been made to document Hindi poetry. Some of
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2394-468: The slope of the Himalaya, straight and tall as the proud mountain peaks themselves. Its lofty head braves the assaults of the snow, the rain, and the blazing heat of the sun. Violent storms shake its spreading branches, while a thin stream of water plays hide-and-seek amongst its root. Even under the most heavy snowfall, the most fierce heat, and the torrential rain, the fir tree holds its head high. Even in
2451-710: The supreme being to the Shringar or erotic aspects of Krishna's life—his Leela, his pranks with the Gopis in Braj , and the description of the physical beauty of Krishna and Radha ,(Krishna's Consort). The poetry of Bihari , and Ghananand Das fit this bill. The most well known book from this age is the Bihari Satsai of Bihari , a collection of Dohas (couplets), dealing with Bhakti (devotion), Neeti (Moral policies) and Shringar (love). The first Hindi books, using
2508-537: The title of 'Yudh Yatra'. As an honest and dedicated reporter, Bharati was unrivaled. After the war, he became editor of 2 more journals- Aalochana and Nikarshak. Marwari language Marwari ( मारवाड़ी , ماروارؕی , Mārwāṛī ) is a language within the Rajasthani language family of the Indo-Aryan languages . Marwari and its closely related varieties like Dhundhari , Shekhawati and Mewari form
2565-469: The use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak Hindi [hin]. Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu). Their primary word order is subject–object–verb Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi; at least Marwari proper and Harauti have a clusivity distinction in their plural pronouns. Marwari vocabulary
2622-461: Was Khwaja Bandanawaz Gesudaraz Muhammad Hasan. He wrote three prose works – Mirazul Aashkini, Hidayatnama and Risala Sehwara. His grandson Abdulla Hussaini wrote Nishatul Ishq . The first Dakkhini poet was Nizami. During the later part of this period and early Bhakti Kala, many saint poets like Ramanand and Gorakhnath became famous. The earliest form of Hindi can also be seen in some of Vidyapati 's Maithili works. The medieval Hindi literature
2679-513: Was a Hindi writer. He was a noted satirist and humorist of modern Hindi literature and is known for his simple and direct style., Sri Lal Sukla , Suryakumar Pandey etc. Rahul Sankrityayan , Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan , Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya' and Baba Nagarjun were some of the great Indian writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the Hindi Travel Literature ( Yatra Vritanta ). Rahul Sankrityayan
2736-686: Was a great patriot and his love for his country was seen in all of his writings. He also contributed to Aaj, and helped to found the Hindustan Times in 1933, along with its Hindi counterpart Hindustan. Babu Gulabrai (17 January 1888 – 13 April 1963) (pen name: Gulabrai MA) was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi literature. Durgaprasad Mishra Born in Kashmir, he came to Calcutta and started Bharat Mitra in 1878. In 1879, he began another weekly magazine- Saar Sudhanidhi but it closed down in that same year. On 17 August 1880, he started
2793-578: Was born in 1861 in Allahabad to a Brahmin family. From 1885 to 1887 was the editor of Indian Opinion. He was a strong supporter of the Congress. He helped launch the newspaper Dainik Hindustan and was its editor from 1887 to 1889. He was a close friend of many eminent Hindi writers like Gopalram Gehmari, Amrutlal Chakravarty and Pandit Pratap Narayan Mishra. Along with Bal Mukund Gupta, he launched an Urdu journal 'Kohinoor' from Lahore. In those days, Gupta
2850-560: Was chiefly Vaishnava in orientation as in seen in the main compositions like Ramacharitamanas , Sur Saravali , Sur Sagar extolling Rama and Krishna . This was also the age of tremendous integration between the Hindu and the Islamic elements in the Arts with the advent of many Muslim Bhakti poets like Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana who was a minister to Mughal emperor Akbar and was also
2907-412: Was established in 1900. He used it to crusade for reforms in the Hindi literature. One of the most prominent poems of the period was Maithili Sharan Gupt 's Bharat-bharati , which evokes the past glory of India. Shridhar Prathak's Bharatgit is another renowned poem of the period. Some scholars have labelled much of the poetry of this period as "versified propaganda". According to Lucy Rosenstein: "It
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#17327733280092964-594: Was greatly influenced by the Advaita Vedanta philosophy of Adi Sankaracharya . They believed in the concept of Nirgun Nirakaar Brahma or the Shapeless Formless One. The Saguna school was represented by mainly Vaishnava poets like Surdas , Tulsidas and others and was a logical extension of the Dvaita and Vishishta Advaita Philosophy propounded by the likes of Madhavacharya etc. This school
3021-588: Was historically written in Mahajani , it is still written in the Perso-Arabic script by the Marwari minority in Eastern parts of Pakistan (the standard/western Naskh script variant is used in Sindh Province , and the eastern Nastalik variant is used in Punjab Province ), where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to Urdu . Marwari has no official status in India and
3078-403: Was not a facile Hindi scholar, but under Malviya's training, Gupta became editor of Bharat Mitra. In 1908, Malviya founded a new revolutionary journal Abhyudaya from Prayag. The renowned writer Purushottam Das Tandon was a frequent contributor to it. After Abhyudaya, Malviya founded a monthly magazine 'Maryada', in 1909 he founded a daily 'Leader' and later on another daily – 'Bharat'. Malviya
3135-533: Was not as prolific as in case with Hindi poetry or fiction. Yet we have playwrights like Jagdish Chandra Mathur ( Konark ) and Upendranath Ashk ( Anjo Didi ), who displayed a steadily evolving understanding of stagecraft. These were followed another generation of pioneers in Hindi playwrighting, Mohan Rakesh , who started with Ashadh Ka Ek Din (1958), Adhe Adhure and Lehron Ke Rajhans , Dharamvir Bharati , who wrote Andha Yug , and other playwrights like Surendra Verma , and Bhisham Sahni . Kuber Nath Rai
3192-610: Was one of the greatest travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home. He is known as the ( "Father of Hindi Travel literature " ). Baba Nagarjun was a major Hindi and Maithili poet who has also penned a number of novels, short stories, literary biographies and travelogues, and was known as (" Janakavi- the People's Poet "). The pioneer of Hindi theatre as well as playwrighting, Bhartendu Harishchandra wrote Satya Harishchandra (1875), Bharat Durdasha (1876) and Andher Nagari (1878), in
3249-506: Was principal of Allahabad University. He began his journalist career in Abhyudaya, a journal by Padmakant Malviya. He then joined Sangam, edited by Ilachand Joshi and then became editor of Dharmayug. Thanks to Bharati, this journal became very popular. During the 1971 war, Bharati reported from the frontlines of the battle. He covered all the horrors of the war. His series of reports, the finest in Hindi war journalism, were published under
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