123-646: Nizam of Hyderabad was the title of the ruler of Hyderabad State (now part of the Indian state of Telangana , the Marathwada region of Maharashtra and the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka ). Nizam is a shortened form of Niẓām ul-Mulk ( Persian : نظام الملک ; lit. ' Administrator of the Realm ' ), and was the title bestowed upon Asaf Jah I when he was appointed Viceroy of
246-822: A Naib of the Deccan sultanates under the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled the region after Emperor Aurangzeb 's death in 1707. In 1724 Mughal control weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent. Later the Nizam defeated the Marathas with the alliance of the British. When the English East India Company achieved paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent , they allowed
369-515: A Bijapuri general, was defeated in their attempts to defeat the Mughal forces despite outnumbering them three to one. Ahmednagar fully fell to Mughal sovereignty in 1600, but Ibrahim continued to support the later successful revival efforts of Malik Ambar for the greater cause of pushing back the Mughals. Ibrahim II also founded the city of Nauraspur in 1599, three kilometers west of Bijapur as
492-526: A Bijapuri general, was sent to subdue Shivaji in 1659, but his expedition ended a disaster, as he was murdered and his home fort of Pratapgarh was captured in a confrontation with Shivaji. Despite further Maratha advances in the north, Ali continued his southern campaigns in the Karnatak and Carnatic, in which he captured Thanjavur and other cities from the Nayakas from 1659–63. Sikandar Adil Shah ,
615-467: A change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister Salar Jung II . The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of British India . It was headquartered at Secunderabad Railway Station . The railway marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city. During his rule,
738-624: A distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the neoclassical British Residency (1798) and Falaknuma Palace (1893). In the early 20th century, the Osmania General Hospital City College , High Court , and Kacheguda Railway station were designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by Vincent Esch . The Moazzam Jahi Market was also built in a similar style. Various major industries emerged in various parts of
861-490: A later diplomatic conflict, the emperor occupied the capital of Bijapur for an extended period through the sultan's insistence to not see Krishnadevaraya. Ismail invaded the territory of Amir Barid I of Bidar in 1529, and laid siege to his capital. Aladdin Imad Shah of Berar attempted to intervene in the conflict to seek mediation, but was unsuccessful. Amir Barid, in exchange for his life following his capture, gave up
984-464: A more concerted effort to conquer the remaining Muslim Deccan states was launched. In April 1685, Mughal forces, led by Aurangzeb, began their siege of Bijapur , and with its conclusion on 12 September 1686, the Sultanate of Bijapur came to an end. The capital and its surrounding territory were annexed into an eponymous subah , while Sikandar was sent into Mughal captivity. The architecture of
1107-506: A musician and poet. Syncretism , both cultural and religious , additionally reached its zenith under Ibrahim's rule, while the capital became one of the most prosperous in India; population estimates of the city in the latter half of Ibrahim's rule range as high as one million, and contrasting accounts from a Jesuit in Ali I's rule and a Mughal diplomat in the same period of Ibrahim's rule show
1230-427: A planned great center of learning and art, but it was never fully completed and was destroyed in 1624 by Malik Ambar's forces. In 1618, the sultan lost the fortress of Janjira to the independent Habshi state of western India. The following year, Bijapur conquered the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate, although effective control over the state had been achieved as early as 1580. This was preceded by an agreement between
1353-520: A powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India. After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under Asaf Jah II (r. 1762–1803) who modernised the army. Notable units during his reign included British -trained battalions, the French-trained Corps Français de Raymond which was led by Michel Joachim Marie Raymond and fought under
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#17327658049241476-475: A resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad respectively. Hyderabad's first ruler, Asaf Jah I (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled
1599-799: Is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security". On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for Lake Success , headed by Moin Nawaz Jung . The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British Labour Government and to the King for assistance, to fulfil their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had
1722-501: The 1952 Legislative Assembly election , Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919. In 1956 during the reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines,
1845-835: The Berar region of the state was separated and merged into the Central Provinces of British India , to form the Central Provinces and Berar . During the Second World War , 80,000 men who were raised by the Nizam to form a personal army under the Indian State Forces , known as the 19th Hyderabad Regiment served in Malaya, North Africa, Persia, Singapore and Burma The last Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mir Osman Ali Khan crowned in 1911, had been
1968-616: The British Commonwealth , sharing King George VI as head of state(since then members are required to share the king as head of state). Not only the Government of India, but George VI who was head of the organization, the last emperor of India before independence and most crucially, the incumbent monarch of India rejected the notion. After attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, and due to large-scale atrocities committed by Razakars (who wanted
2091-592: The British government offered the 565 princely states in the sub-continent the options of acceding to either India or Pakistan or remaining independent. After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad chose to join neither the Dominion of India nor the Dominion of Pakistan . He later declared Hyderabad an independent state as the third Dominion, attempting to become an independent monarchy in
2214-587: The Carnatic ; Ali embarked on a monarch-transcending campaign to capture and subjugate all of the Karnatak as well the same year, where his zealotry for Shiism was put on display; Richard M. Eaton writes that his "armies destroyed two to three hundred Hindu temples" and that he replaced many of these with Shia religious buildings. By 1576, the land gained under Ali I's reign had doubled the sultanate's holdings. Ali furthermore commenced diplomatic relations with
2337-511: The Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad . It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana , the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka , and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra in India. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the Nizam , who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan . Hyderabad gradually became
2460-623: The French Tricolour , and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women. The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a dastar Under the leadership of Asaf Jah V the state changed its traditional heraldic flag. The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman ". The writing in
2583-471: The Great Musi Flood of 1908 struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum. He also abolished Sati where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal firman . The last Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of
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#17327658049242706-804: The Jewels of the Nizams ; the Nizam Diamond ; the Nizam Sagar , HMAS Nizam , Nizamia observatory ; the Nizam Club ; the Nizam of Hyderabad necklace ; the Nizam's Contingent ; the Nizam Gate ; the Nizam Palace ; Government Nizamia General Hospital ; and H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust . Hyderabad State Hyderabad State ( pronunciation ) was a princely state in
2829-694: The Karnatak and Carnatic extended Bijapur's formal borders and nominal authority as far south as Tanjore . Bijapur, for most of its history, was bounded on the west by the Portuguese state of Goa , on the east by the Sultanate of Golconda , to the north by the Ahmednagar Sultanate and to the south by the Vijayanagara Empire and its succeeding Nayaka dynasties . The sultanate clashed incessantly with its neighbours. After
2952-625: The Maratha Confederacy , in 1674, and by then had de facto control over much of the Adil Shahis' original territory in the Deccan. He in the following years undid almost all of the southern Bijapuri conquests, annexing this territory into his own state, while also attempting to capture Bijapur itself. Throughout this period the Mughals had been continuously encroaching upon the Adil Shahis' territory, and with Shivaji's death in 1680,
3075-508: The Mughals , Ottomans , and Safavids in his reign, and Eaton opines that these actions brought the sultanate into the dar al-islam . Ali I had no son, so his nephew Ibrahim II was set on the throne, then only nine years of age in 1580. Control of the regency was constantly fought over in the years following his accession; there were many years when his regent was the influential Kamal Khan, while later in his minority absolute control
3198-683: The Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was also initiated during this time, although the actual work was completed under the aegis of the Government of India in 1969. They also gave Hyderabad its railway network - the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway which helped in setting up various industries. Other landmarks include the Telangana High Court , City College , Public Gardens (formerly Bagh-e-Aaam ), Jubilee Hall , Asafia Library , The Assembly building , Niloufer Hospital ,
3321-724: The Osmania Arts College and the Osmania Medical College . In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of Mahabharata in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute located in Pune. A formal request was made to the 7th Nizam, who granted Rs. 1000 per year for 11 years. He also gave Rs 50,000 for construction of the guest house which stands today as "Nizam's guest house" . The Nizams donated Rs. 82,825 to
3444-586: The Partition of India , Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India , continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage led to India's annexation of the state in 1948. Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan , the seventh Nizam, signed an instrument of accession , joining India. Hyderabad State
3567-726: The Yadagirigutta temple near Bhongir and Rs. 29,999 to Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam . The 7th Nizam also donated Rs. 8,000 to Tirupati Balaji Temple as yearly grants. A donation of Rs. 50,000 towards the reconstruction of Sitarambagh temple located in the old city of Hyderabad was also made. He also donated 1,525 acres of Land to "Sita Rama Swami Temple" located in Devaryamjal The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Their palaces are listed below: The last Nizam had 34 children, including 16 sons and 18 daughters The Asaf Jahi dynasty followed
3690-533: The 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke Urdu , 7,529,229 people spoke Telugu , 3,947,089 people spoke Marathi , 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese ( Kannada ) as native languages. The Hyderabadi Muslim population, including the ruling Asaf Jahi dynasty numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people. The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in
3813-655: The Bahmanis' collapse in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate's borders changed considerably throughout its history. Its northern boundary remained relatively stable, straddling contemporary southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka . The Sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest the Raichur Doab following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565. Later campaigns in
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3936-633: The British Empire". The Nizam also established Hyderabad State Bank . Hyderabad was the only independent state in Indian subcontinent that had its currency, the Hyderabadi rupee . The Begumpet Airport was established in the 1930s with formation of Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport for Nizam's Deccan Airways , the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building
4059-399: The British were ceded to the British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers. In 1798, Nizam ʿĀlī Khan (Asaf Jah II ) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun salute during the period of British India .) The Crown retained
4182-742: The Deccan by the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar . In addition to being the Mughal Viceroy ( Naib ) of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I was also the premier courtier of the Mughal Empire until 1724, when he established an independent realm based in Hyderabad , but in practice, continued to recognise the nominal authority of emperor. The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Chin Qilich Khan (Asaf Jah I), who served as
4305-498: The Deccan at its inception, Eaton calls it "one of the most imposing and magnificent" in the region. Under Ibrahim II , the sultanate's most prolific patron, the aspects of Adil Shahi architecture evolved to focus on intricate carvings and detail and adopted a style of Hindu–Muslim syncretism ; this change is seen in the Malika Jahan Begum mosque built by the sultan in 1586. His most notable commissioned work though
4428-511: The Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments. Later on, Asaf Jah VI succeeded the position. Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan became the Nizam at the age of three years. His regents were Salar Jung I and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on Asman Jah and Viqar-ul-Umra . He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until he died in 1911. His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu,
4551-604: The Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed , Bhopal , Rakshasbhuvan , and Kharda , in all of which the Nizam lost. Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and the imposition of Chauth by him, the Nizam essentially remained a tributary of the Marathas. In 1805, after the East India Company's victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War , the Nizam of Hyderabad came under their protection.. In 1858,
4674-405: The Mughal Empire took place under Muhammad's rule in 1631 by Shah Jahan , who reached and besieged Bijapur but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1636, Bijapur was forced to sign a treaty after a defeat against the Mughals requiring them to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor and acknowledge Mughal authority. As a reward for this gesture, the recent Mughal conquest of Ahmednagar was partitioned between
4797-425: The Mughal bureaucracy, and the revolt of then governor of Pune , Shivaji , whose father was a Maratha commander in the service of Muhammad Adil Shah who had been employed in the Karnatak campaigns. Muhammad Adil Shah died in 1656, though was effectively powerless in the last decade of his life from a paralyzing illness which first affected him in 1646. Ali Adil Shah II inherited a troubled kingdom. His state
4920-539: The Mughal court. Ghazi Uddin Khan rose to become a General of the Emperor Aurangzeb and played a vital role in conquering Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates of Southern India in 1686. He also played a key role in thwarting the rebellion by Prince Akbar and alleged rebellion by Prince Mu`azzam . After Aurangzeb's death and during the war of succession, Qamaruddin and his father remained neutral thus escaping
5043-546: The Mughals, and had founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty . Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire . The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular Chauth (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed , Rakshasbhuvan , and Kharda . Following
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5166-468: The Mughals; he still flew the Mughal flag, and was never crowned. In Friday prayers, the sermon would be conducted in the name of Aurangzeb, and this tradition continued until the end of Hyderabad State in 1948. The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II , who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended
5289-506: The Nizam to accede Hyderabad to Pakistan) on the Hindu populace, the Indian government finally launched a military operation named Operation Polo . The Indian Army invaded Hyderabad on 13 September 1948 and defeated his untrained forces. The Nizam capitulated on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to
5412-552: The Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount. For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court. Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a firman appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It
5535-683: The Nizams to continue to rule their princely states as client kings. The Nizams retained internal power over Hyderabad State until 17 September 1948, when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union. The Asaf Jahi dynasty had only seven recognized rulers, but there was a period of 13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam when two of his sons, Nasir Jung ,and Salabath Jung , and grandson Muzafur Jung ruled. They were never officially recognised as rulers. The seventh and last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan , fell from power when India annexed Hyderabad State in 1948 in Operation Polo . Today,
5658-471: The State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of Sanathnagar , housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail. Bijapur Sultanate The Sultanate of Bijapur
5781-550: The Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-co-operation movement in British India ended this period of cooperation. An organisation called Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed Andhra Mahasabha ) was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the masses of Telangana in political awareness. With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao , Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist
5904-470: The Sultanate of Bijapur , as a subset of Deccani architecture , was a variant of Indo-Islamic architecture , influenced by that of the Middle East. Adil Shahi architecture was of high sculptural quality, attained through its localized and unique nature. Characteristic of Adil Shahi architecture was large domes and dargahs , complex turrets , geometric and Arabic or Persian calligraphic designs, and decorated friezes of tholobates . Yusuf Adil Shah ,
6027-441: The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states in South Asia, second to the Mughal Empire , which conquered it in 1686 under Aurangzeb . The founder of the sultanate, Yusuf Adil Shah , after emigrating to the Bahmani Sultanate, rose his position within the state and was appointed governor of the province of Bijapur . In 1490, he created a de facto independent Bijapur state, before becoming formally independent with
6150-418: The Sunni sect of Islam. italics – Considered pretenders by most historians; refrained from exercising traditional authority during their reigns. Places and things named after the Nizam include Nizamabad , a city and district in the state of Telangana; Jamia Nizamia , a university; the Nizam College ; the Nizam's Museum ; the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway ; the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences ;
6273-403: The Vijayanagara Empire in his reign; he pillaged multiple cities and besieged their capital, Vijayanagara , but did not seize any territory in the long-term and returned home only with non-territorial rewards. In another conflict with the Portuguese, Ibrahim was forced to cede two ports in the fear that trade through Goa might be cut off from the Adil Shahis. His kingdom was invaded four times by
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#17327658049246396-421: The absolute ruler of Bijapur. In 1514 a dispute over Gulbaraga province led the rulers of the Ahmednagar, Golconda, and Bidar Sultanates to invade the provinces of Ismail Adil Shah, but they were deterred and Ismail emerged victorious. In 1520, Krishnadevaraya laid siege to the Bijapuri fort of Raichur . The siege would continue for three months until the emperor's encounter with Ismail, who attempted to relieve
6519-421: The allied victory over Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565, the state further expanded through its conquest of the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate in 1619. The sultanate was thereafter relatively stable, although it was damaged by the revolt of Shivaji , who founded an independent Maratha Kingdom which went on to become the Maratha Confederacy . The greatest threat to Bijapur's security was, from the late 16th century,
6642-458: The belligerents of their opponents' states, and was a defeat for the Bijapuri–Bidar side, who were forced to cede one of the northern districts of the Bijapur Sultanate to Ahmednagar. Burhan and Ibrahim agreed to a policy of allowing Ahmednagar freedom to expand in the territory of Bidar provided Bijapur could have the same freedom to annex lands from Vijayanagara; thus Ibrahim imprisoned Ali Barid Shahi of Bidar despite their former alliance, though he
6765-413: The capital of the sultanate throughout its existence. After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I remodelled Bijapur, providing the citadel and city walls, and a congregational mosque . Their successors, Ibrahim Adil Shah II , Mohammed Adil Shah and Ali Adil Shah II , further adorned Bijapur with palaces, mosques, a mausoleum and other structures, considered to be some of
6888-426: The capital relatively unopposed, but later withdrew. The sultan, in addition to his work on Nauraspur, constructed many architectural works near Bijapur which composed the Ibrahim Rauza . Muhammad Adil Shah succeeded his father Ibrahim II in 1627. Under Muhammad's reign, the Sultanate of Bijapur reached its peak, territorially and in power and economic prosperity. The first invasion of the Sultanate of Bijapur by
7011-408: The centers for its early literary evolution. Ibrahim II was a skillful writer of Deccani Urdu literature , and one of its earliest proponents. Ibrahim himself wrote the Kitab-e-Navras , a Deccani musical poetry work, and patronized many poets and their works of art. His poet laureate , Persian Muhammad Zuhuri , wrote the Saqinama , a collection of lyric poetry . Another employed by the sultan
7134-418: The conflict was Vijayanagara, who gained territory from an invasion of Golconda. Vijayanagara additionally gained land from Bijapur through persuasion; this included the cities of Yadgir and Bagalkote . Wary of the growing power of Vijayanagara, Ali aligned his forces with the Sultans of Golconda, Ahmednagar and Bidar, despite their past conflicts, and together brought down the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in
7257-432: The conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and the imposition of Chauth by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes. In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of Hyderabad . From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the Nizam lost some of his territories to the Marathas . The territorial gains of the Nizam from Mysore as an ally of
7380-421: The decisive Battle of Talikota . Rama Raya was beheaded after being captured by the Deccani side. Vijayanagara and nearby cities were sacked and looted, the former city for a period of five to six months, which historian Hermann Goetz states prompted the emigration of much of Vijayanagara's populace to Bijapur. The entire Raichur Doab and the surrounding area were returned to Bijapur. The Vijayanagara military
7503-441: The expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Various agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The influence of their Mughal overlords, in combination with continual strife with the Marathas, sapped the state of its prosperity until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686. The former Bahmani provincial capital of Bijapur remained
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#17327658049247626-469: The finest examples of Deccani and Indo-Islamic architecture . The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah , may have been a Georgian slave who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan . Other historians have mentioned him of Persian or Turkmen origin. According to the narrative presented by contemporary historian Firishta , Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad II , although this is considered unfounded by modern historians. Another theory states he
7749-417: The first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had a revenue of ₹ 4,17,00,000. The native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today. The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj . After
7872-439: The first sultan, began his work by expanding on two dargahs at Gulbarga commemorating Sufis , and added minarets to them. The first building to fully employ the characteristics of Adil Shahi architecture was a Jama Masjid built during the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah I . The primary Jami Masjid of Bijapur , however, was built under the rule of Ali I , and was commissioned in 1576. The largest of any structure of its type in
7995-498: The forces of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in his reign, who were the sultanate's greatest adversary; Sultan Burhan Nizam Shah I allied himself initially with Bidar in his first invasion, which saw no territorial losses for Bijapur, but Bidar, ruled by Ali Barid Shah I , later allied itself with Bijapur in the second invasion. This saw a quadruple alliance of Ahmednagar, Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda, Vijayanagara, and Darya Imad Shah of Berar. The war comprised numerous invasions by
8118-418: The former and his forces occupied multiple forts, but the war ended up inconclusive. In 1570, a conflict with the Portuguese began in the hopes of expelling them completely from India; this did not go according to plan, however, and Ali was defeated after multiple encounters in 1571. He subsequently annexed more land from Vijayanagara in a campaign lasting until 1575, in which he conquered Adoni and much of
8241-400: The fort of Bidar, which was subsequently looted by Ismail and his troops. Another campaign the following year saw Ismail recapture Raichur and Mudgal from Vijayanagara, whose monarch Krishnadevaraya had recently died. Amir Barid, as he was present at the engagement, there agreed with Ismail to cede him the forts of Kalyani and Qandhar in exchange for Ismail's relinquishment of Bidar. Ismail
8364-507: The growth of the US GDP since that period and the present exchange rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee. The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals, schools, colleges, and universities that imparted education in Urdu. Inspired by the Indian Civil Service , the Nizams established their own local Hyderabad Civil Service . The Nizams commissioned engineering projects such as large reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar . Survey work on
8487-403: The increase of wealth of the commoners and city. In 1594, Ibrahim suppressed a rebellion of his brother Ismail, who had been aided in his efforts by Burhan II of Ahmednagar. In 1597, despite their past quarrels, the Adil Shahis formed an alliance with Ahmednagar and Golconda to deter further Mughal advance in the Deccan, who had recently conquered Berar from Ahmednagar. Their alliance, led under
8610-417: The instability. In 1768, he signed the treaty of Machilipatnam , surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent. Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire . The titular Nizams themselves fought during the Mughal-Maratha Wars since the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular tax ( Chauth ) to
8733-417: The kingdom. Hussain sued for peace in 1561, and in return was forced to submit to Rama Raya and return Kaliyani to Ali Adil Shah. In 1563 Hussain attempted to regain Kaliyani and again laid siege to it. Another conflict ensued with the same belligerents; Ahmednagar was besieged by Ali, but his forces voluntarily raised the siege; Hussain too was forced to abandon his siege of Kaliyani, and the only profiteer of
8856-528: The last Adil Shahi sultan, ruled next for fourteen troublesome years. His reign saw multiple civil wars and much internal strife and unrest, particularly over who should be his regent, as he was only four at the time of his accession. Khawas Khan, Sikandar's initial regent and leader of the Deccani faction, took control of the state, though was removed from power in place of his enemy. Shivaji formally founded an independent Maratha Kingdom, which went on to become
8979-534: The last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937, also known for his miserliness. He was estimated to be worth ₹ 660 crores (roughly US$ 2 billion by the then exchange rates). According to the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history per the figures, with an estimated worth of US$ 210.8 billion adjusted by Forbes as per
9102-512: The local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one or the other or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India. However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population. India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India. The Nizam
9225-483: The major Adil Shahi port of Goa and conquered it in 1510; Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, however, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year. Yusuf died in 1510, between these two clashes with the Portuguese, when his son Ismail Adil Shah was still a boy. Ismail's regent at the time, Kamal Khan, staged a coup against him, but was unsuccessful and was killed. Ismail thus became
9348-693: The members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation. Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others. Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of
9471-735: The middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah" The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the Golconda Fort , Ajanta Caves , and the Charminar . Mulkis or Mulkhis , are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences. The term was popularly used during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana) , which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave. Languages in Hyderabad State As per
9594-558: The new Union of India. His abdication on 17 September 1948 ended the dynasty's ambitions. Nevertheless, he became the Rajpramukh postindependence based on public vote. He died on Friday, 24 February, 1967. All Nizams are buried in royal graves at the Makkah Masjid near Charminar in Hyderabad excepting the last , who wished to be buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of Judi Mosque facing King Kothi Palace . During
9717-476: The next emperor, Muhammad Shah (1719–48), Qamaruddin accepted the governorship of Deccan for the second time in 1721. The next year, following the death of his uncle Muhammad Amin Khan, a power-broker in the Mughal Court, Qamaruddin returned to Delhi and was made the wazir (prime minister). According to historian Faruqui, his tenure as prime minister was undermined by his opponents and a rebellion in Deccan
9840-590: The official religion of his territorial holdings, following the lead of Shah Ismail of the Safavid dynasty . He conquered and annexed the Bahmani taraf of Gulbarga in 1504. Shortly after, he reinstated his decree of Shia practice a year after he had been forced to revoke it under threat of invasion. A colonial expedition of the Portuguese Empire , led by Afonso de Albuquerque , exerted pressure on
9963-574: The order of precedence of male primogeniture regardless of the mother's marital status or rank. His eldest son was Azam Jah (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970),was the Prince of Berar . Whereas, his second son Moazzam Jah , married Princess Niloufer , a princess of the Ottoman empire . The Nizams' daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the Paigah family . This family belonged to
10086-477: The period of the Nizams' rule, Hyderabad became wealthy - thanks to the Golconda mines which were the only sources of diamonds in the world market at that time (apart from South African mines) making the 7th Nizam the richest person in the world. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII and his family including Salar Jung I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor, and
10209-485: The richest man in the world in his time. The Nizams developed the railway, introduced electricity, and developed roads, airways, irrigation and reservoirs; in fact, all major public buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign during the period of British rule in India . He pushed education, science, and the establishment of Osmania University forward. In 1947, at the time of the partition of India ,
10332-468: The right to intervene in case of misrule. Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysore wars , and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–58). His son, Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan (known as Sikandar Jah ) ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment
10455-474: The risk of being on the losing side; they remained marginal players in the Mughal court during the reigns of Bahadur Shah I (1707–12) and Jahandar Shah (1712–13). Their successor Farrukhsiyar (1713–19) appointed Qamaruddin the governor of Deccan in 1713, awarding him the title Nizam-ul-Mulk . However, the governorship was taken away two years later and Qamaruddin withdrew to his estate in Moradabad . Under
10578-670: The rulers of Bijapur and the Ahmednagar Sultanate, where they divided their spheres of influence such that the latter was let to conquer the Berar Sultanate, provided the Adil Shahis could expand southwards into the territory of the decaying Vijayanagara Empire without the hindrance of the Nizam Shahis. However, as Bidar did not fall under either of these spheres of influence, Malik Ambar, then de facto ruler of Ahmednagar, grew irate, and invaded Bijapur, reaching
10701-643: The senior-most salute state among the Indian princely states . It was spread over 223,000 km (86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams were conferred with the title of His Exalted Highness , and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" for their roles in the Second and Third Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Indian Rebellion of 1857, becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these titles. One example of
10824-445: The service of Aurangzeb to fight in the succession wars of 1657–58. After Aurangzeb's enthronement, Abid Khan was richly rewarded and became Aurangzeb's favourite nobleman. His son Ghazi Uddin Khan was married to Safiya Khanum, the daughter of the former imperial Grand Vizier (prime minister) Sa'dullah Khan . Mir Qamaruddin Khan , the founder of the line of Nizams, was born of the couple, thus descending from two prominent families of
10947-465: The siege. Ismail was defeated by Krishnadevaraya there in the Battle of Raichur ; though initially successful and having an advantage in artillery, the first major appearance of which in a South Asian battle, Ismail was routed by the Vijayanagara forces in a surprise counter-attack, scattering much of his forces. Not long after Ismail's retreat, Krishnadevaraya captured the fort of Raichur . In
11070-573: The son of Ismail, succeeded Mallu in 1535. He reestablished the state religion as Sunnism, and made drastic anti-Westerner court changes by abolishing the use of the Persian language in certain administrative tasks, though retaining it as the official language of the sultanate and expelling many of the Westerners and replacing them with the opposing faction, the Deccanis. Ibrahim also invaded
11193-695: The state of Hyderabad became part of the British Indian Empire as a princely state with full autonomy albeit under colonial rule and was subject to the British Crown. From 1876 to 1948, the Nizam recognised the Crown as paramount ruler of India as the monarch of the United Kingdom simultaneously held the title of emperor of India (first held by Queen Victoria as empress and the last being George VI as emperor) In 1903,
11316-427: The state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams. After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and Mir Osman Ali Khan became the Rajpramukh on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state . In
11439-492: The state of Hyderabad was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later Maharashtra ) and Karnataka . On 2 June 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh state and formed the 29th state of India, with Hyderabad as its capital. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times. The last Nizam
11562-600: The state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure. All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu Kayastha caste for administrative posts. There
11685-620: The successor of the Islamic prophet Muhammed . The family of Nizams in India is descended from Abid Khan , a Persian from Samarkand , whose lineage is traced to Sufi Shihab-ud-Din Suhrawardi (1154–91) of Suhraward in Iran. In the early 1650s, on his way to hajj , Abid Khan stopped in Deccan, where the young prince Aurangzeb , then Governor of Deccan, cultivated him. Abid Khan returned to
11808-779: The support of Winston Churchill and the British Conservatives . At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named " Operation Polo " by the Indian Army , began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad
11931-441: The system of begar (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ryots , women's rights, abolition of the devadasi system and purdah , uplifting of Dalits etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing
12054-631: The throne in 1558, reestablished Shiism as the state religion. He inquired of Hussain Nizam Shah I that he may be given back Solapur and Kaliyani, both of which had been taken from the sultanate in past Ahmednagari invasions, given the domestic and foreign strife Ahmednagar had been facing, but was declined. He subsequently invaded the Nizam Shahi kingdom, with assistance from Rama Raya , then de facto ruler of Vijayanagara, and Ibrahim Qutb Shah , and laid siege to Ahmednagar and other cities in
12177-607: The title is held by his great grandson and pretender , Azmet Jah . The title Nizam comes from the Persian نظام /nɪˈzɑːm/, which itself is derived from Arabic niẓām which means "order" or "arrangement", and was typically given to high ranking state officials. According to Sir Roper Lethbridge in The Golden Book of India (1893), the Nizams are lineally descended from the First Caliph Abu Bakr ,
12300-401: The two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order. At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military governors and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction. On 26 January 1950, India formally incorporated
12423-591: The two states. This treaty ushered in a period of relative peace with the Mughals, allowing for attention to be focused on continued southern conquests. As a result, Bijapur reached its territorial peak, with its borders stretching from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal . The Sultanate of Bijapur came however into rapid decline halfway through Muhammad's reign, primarily due to the strain in relations with nobles and landholders, many of whom later deserted to work for
12546-543: The wealth of the Nizams is the Jewels of the Nizams , an international tourist attraction once displayed in Salar Jung Museum , but now locked in a Reserve Bank of India vault in Delhi. In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population of 17 million (1.7 crore ), and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000. The state had its currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee , until 1951. The pace at which
12669-482: Was Firishta , who after entering Ibrahim's service in 1604 and gaining his trust, on the sultan's suggestion wrote his history of the medieval Deccan, the Tarikh-i Firishta , which serves as the basis for much of the modern historiography on the region and period. The later Nusrati , one of the foremost Deccani poets, wrote the romance work Gulshan-i 'Ishq under the patronage of Ali Adil Shah II , and
12792-635: Was a Turkman of the Aq-Quyunlu . Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III 's favour, resulting in his appointment as the Governor of Bijapur . In 1490, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur, pursuing the same goal Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I had the same year. In 1503 he proclaimed Shia Islam to be
12915-516: Was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest were elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, Parsis , Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers. The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called non-mulkhis ) – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all
13038-614: Was an early modern kingdom in the western Deccan and South India , ruled by the Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty. Bijapur had been a taraf (province) of the Bahmani Kingdom prior to its independence in 1490 and before the former's political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century. It was one of the Deccan sultanates , the collective name of the five successor states of the Bahmani Kingdom. At its peak,
13161-669: Was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between
13284-452: Was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honour, Secunderabad . The British Residency at Koti was also built during his reign by the then British Resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick . Sikander Jah was succeeded by Asaf Jah IV , who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son Asaf Jah V . Asaf Jah V 's reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his Prime Minister Salar Jung I . Before this time, there
13407-481: Was created in 1937. To prevent another great flood , the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the Osman Sagar and Himayath Sagar . The Osmania General Hospital , Jubilee Hall , State Library (then known as Asifia Kutubkhana ) and Public Gardens (then known as Bagh e Aam ) were constructed during this period. In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan came into existence. The British left
13530-448: Was demolished, and the power of the kingdom had been significantly diminished from the effects of the battle and as such was a shell of its former self. With this victory, Ali I then fortified Bijapur with a city wall, which facilitated the further centralization of authority. Subsequent architectural projects gave way to the growth of the city and its skilled class. Another conflict between Ahmednagar and Bijapur arose in 1567; Ali invaded
13653-571: Was engineered against him. In 1724, the Nizam returned to Deccan to reclaim his base, in the process making a transition to a semi-independent ruler. In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba , named the region Hyderabad Deccan , and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty . Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. Nizam I never formally declared independence from
13776-482: Was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of Asaf Jah (granted by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah ). His other title, Nizam ul-Mulk (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from
13899-547: Was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped. On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the United Nations Charter , to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled by international law and justice,
14022-518: Was invaded by Mughal forces in 1657, under then viceroy Aurangzeb , who captured Bidar , multiple other forts, and reached Bijapur, though were forced to retreat before they could lay siege to the city; Aurangzeb was nevertheless able to annex much of the occupied territory, including Bidar. The stability of the Bijapur Sultanate was again affected by further troubles with the Marathas, who persisted with raids and rebellions. Afzal Khan ,
14145-542: Was later freed by Jamsheed out of his yearning for a buffer state in the Deccan. Burhan Nizam Shah four times laid siege to the Bijapuri city of Solapur throughout these conflicts, but did not successfully retain it until a third invasion, where territory on the southern border was additionally occupied. Burhan advanced in a fourth invasion in 1553 with Vijayanagara almost to the Bijapuri capital, but retreated due to his failing health. Ali Adil Shah I , who next ascended
14268-570: Was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hands of the Diwan (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread. In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised. In 1868, sadr-i-mahrams (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for
14391-496: Was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world. He was supported by an aristocracy of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs. Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside
14514-462: Was rooted in Persian miniature painting and culture and was usually baroque in style. In contrast to North Indian contemporary painting, it seldom depicted events and scenes of war, and rather focused on atmospheres and picturesque fantasies and dreams, straying away from logic in general. The Adil Shahi sultans promoted the development of writing in the Deccani language , and Bijapur was one of
14637-428: Was succeeded by Mallu Adil Shah in 1534, whose reign was short-lived. He was installed by a prominent Bijapuri noble, Asad Khan , and is noted for his lack of competence. His indifference to taking care of the responsibilities of his role as sultan led Vijayanagara to invade the sultanate and seize the Raichur Doab from the Adil Shahis. Mallu Adil Shah was soon blinded and removed from power. Ibrahim Adil Shah I ,
14760-638: Was the eponymous Ibrahim Rauza , completed in 1626, comprising a mosque built in honour of his wife and a mausoleum for his dynasty. Mohammed Adil Shah facilitated the creation of the Gol Gumbaz , his own mausoleum and one of the greatest monuments in Bijapur. It is supported by large arched recesses and a massive dome, the largest in the Islamic world upon its near-completion at Muhammad's death in 1656. The last main Adil Shahi architectural project
14883-572: Was the unfinished mausoleum of Ali Adil Shah II , the Bara Kaman , which stopped construction with his death in 1672. The Adil Shahis partook in miniature painting through the Bijapur school of Deccani painting . Miniature painting was virtually nonexistent in the Bijapur Sultanate prior to the reign of Ali I , but became widespread under his rule and flourished under the rule of Ibrahim II and his successors. The Bijapur school of painting
15006-673: Was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of
15129-504: Was wielded by the Habshi Dilawar Khan, who reverted the official sect of the sultanate to Sunni Islam, the final change in creed the state would undergo. Dilawar's supremacy ended with his deposition by Ibrahim II in 1590. Ibrahim's ensuing unhindered rule was one of prosperity and patronage; Sufism thrived under his reign, with its adherents and many people of talent flocking to Bijapur, largely due to his own talent as
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