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80-528: In 1936 this school was moved to Jakarta, then in 1954 its name changed to Jakarta Theological College. STT Jakarta was born as a higher education institution that seeks to implement the Tri Dharma of Higher Education. Prof. Dr. Mulller Kruger, rector of STT Jakarta (the first rector was Dr. J.R. Slottemaker de Bruine), in that year also introduced what was called theologia in loco, a theology which he hoped would be familiar to Indonesia and could bear fruit for

160-491: A 'special capital region' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ), with a status equivalent to that of a province. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged

240-489: A great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture . Projects included a cloverleaf interchange , a major boulevard ( Jalan MH Thamrin -Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument , Hotel Indonesia , a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO . In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating

320-537: A groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water. Jakarta, faces significant air pollution , particularly during

400-467: A height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD 's in the Asia-Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis , there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in

480-597: A major Southeast Asian trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten , where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682. Jayawikarta

560-674: A melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies , when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status

640-648: A revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from

720-559: A route to obtain spices. The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah , a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate , which became

800-510: A short time, for the future service of the churches. Therefore, educational programs are directed at producing professionals in the field of theology who have an ecumenical outlook. When the Republic of Indonesia was proclaimed on August 17 1945, HTS was developed into a theological education institution that was fully equivalent to university education. On 27 September 1954 the name of HTS was changed to Jakarta Theological College, and this date

880-474: A status equivalent to that of a province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore . In 2023, the city's GDP PPP

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960-405: A violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese. The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order . The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. In 1966, Jakarta was declared

1040-671: Is a place that has been specially designed so that it becomes a familiar and comfortable place for students and for church members in general. The PK Workshop is a place to get ideas and a source of inspiration, be creative in developing ideas, designing and creating various ecclesiastical programs. Since June 2004, PDSGI has been held with the aim of informing, collecting and managing Indonesian church history documents, both in Indonesia and abroad and using them to support formal studies at STT Jakarta and provide information for church, community, or anyone who needs information about it. Currently

1120-469: Is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had

1200-425: Is more than the cost to build Nusantara , to save the city in the next decade. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements . Below is the list of names used during its existence: The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java , Jakarta, and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD and survived until 500 AD. Sundapura are the earliest Sundanese records in

1280-720: Is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia. The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect and Mandarin , meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into

1360-592: Is situated on the northwest coast of Java , at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay , an inlet of the Java Sea . It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait . The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level, and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor 's Dili ). Officially,

1440-407: Is the largest subset in Jakarta. Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists. Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen. Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese , depending on their upbringing. English

1520-504: Is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen . The Dutch burned

1600-492: Is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025. In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in

1680-806: Is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta. Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi , Javanese , and Sundanese . The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese , forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch , Portuguese , Sundanese , Javanese , Chinese , and Arabic . Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It

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1760-448: The 1997 Asian financial crisis , putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign. Much of

1840-597: The Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta . Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building ,

1920-552: The Japanese occupation , the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakarta Special City) . After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'. The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara , one of

2000-580: The Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta , abbreviated to DKI Jakarta ) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the de jure capital and largest city of Indonesia . Lying on the northwest coast of Java , the world's most populous island , Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN . The Special Capital Region has

2080-418: The largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo ). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index . Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

2160-537: The ruling dynasty of Egypt was subject to the rulers of the Ottoman Empire but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained the polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty . However, starting from around 1882, the rulers had only de jure rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British puppet state . Thus, by Ottoman law, Egypt was de jure a province of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto

2240-515: The top 10 of world rankings . It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities. Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who

2320-429: The 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate. These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen . After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing

2400-854: The Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka , Teochew and Cantonese . Hokkien , which is mainly from Sumatra ( Medan , Bagansiapiapi , Batam ) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk , Pluit , and Kelapa Gading , meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang , are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan . The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while

2480-495: The Churches in Indonesia. At that time the education period lasted six years and was expected to produce Indonesian pastors in the shortest possible time and with the best possible results. Between 1942-1945, during the Japanese occupation, HTS lecturers were taken prisoner and lectures stopped. As a result, schools were forced to close. When it reopened in 1946, the need was felt to educate as many Indonesian workers as possible in

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2560-516: The DKI Jakarta area and its surroundings. However, currently PPWG's work can also be felt by various parties in remote areas of the archipelago. Library STFT Jakarta has a book collection of 62,429 copies, with 37,362 book titles (as of November 2009). several cassettes audio, video cassettes, DVDs and CDs. The Jakarta STFT Library is one of the most complete and largest theological libraries in Indonesia. The Christian Education Workshop (PK)

2640-478: The Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals , mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square ), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas. During

2720-465: The EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following

2800-594: The Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara , its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi , written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra,

2880-558: The Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum . In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism , particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng , developed during

2960-525: The Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi ) , under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and

3040-498: The Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding . Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta

3120-623: The Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa ( Sundanese : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513 while looking for

3200-597: The PDSGI collection consists of two large parts, namely: published literature and loose and unpublished documents. All PDSGI collections have reference status, so they can only be read on site. This Indonesia university, college or other higher education institution article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jakarta This is an accepted version of this page Jakarta ( / dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / ; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] , Betawi : Jakartè ), officially

3280-588: The Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'. Tomé Pires , a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies . After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the Batavi , a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of

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3360-480: The Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces ( Ruang Terbuka Hijau ), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019. As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported

3440-696: The South East Asia Graduate School of Theology (SEAGST) advanced study program, within the framework of a consortium of Theological Schools in Southeast Asia which has succeeded in diverting the flow of advanced studies to the Asian region yourself. Since 2003, STT Jakarta has developed the Community Learning Center Church (PPWG) program, which is intended to carry out educational activities and training for churches and church members, especially those in

3520-506: The architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood ( Artocarpus integrifolia ) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo . Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased. Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods:

3600-630: The area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain , ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of

3680-471: The arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family, — and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta. The boom ended with

3760-566: The capital city. The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument ( Monumen Nasional or Monas ) in the centre of Merdeka Square . On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata -themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin , one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on

3840-455: The city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River , Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan , Cipinang , Angke , Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River . They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards

3920-591: The city's legislative body. During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024, but this has not occurred due to delays. Between 2016 and 2017 , a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State . Jakarta covers 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi),

4000-415: The city. Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of

4080-606: The city. Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows. In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually. Environmental advocates point out that subsidence

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4160-469: The driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in). Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms . A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting

4240-407: The dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality. Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences. External influences inform

4320-540: The fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara , in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo . The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$ 40 billion, which

4400-844: The fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout . Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta Cathedral , and the Immanuel Church . The former Batavia Stadhuis , Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta , at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia . The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium . Some of

4480-603: The fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta. It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families. A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia , PIK , Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in

4560-666: The government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution , Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied -occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta . After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950. With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games , Sukarno , envisaging Jakarta as

4640-551: The greater Jakarta area. Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while

4720-609: The heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December. Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while

4800-415: The highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta. Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. The Ministry of Home Affairs ( Kemendagri ) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in

4880-418: The last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%. The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates. The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while

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4960-555: The main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom , due to its desirable location. The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta ( Devanagari : जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove

5040-490: The memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium . The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to

5120-456: The old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara . As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported; this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak ; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak

5200-411: The old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs. They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent. Most Betawis lived in

5280-614: The older generation tend to speak their native languages, such as Batak Toba , Mandailing , and Karo , depending on which ancestral towns and places in North Sumatra they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speak Minangkabau together with Indonesian. De jure In law and government , de jure ( / d eɪ ˈ dʒ ʊər i , d i -, - ˈ jʊər -/ ; Latin: [deː ˈjuːre] ; lit.   ' by law ' ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether

5360-539: The oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja , North Jakarta , mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and

5440-404: The population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million, with a population density of 15,174 people/km . In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population. It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become

5520-399: The port. The Koningsplein , now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara . On 5 March 1942,

5600-658: The practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with de facto ('in fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized. De jure is a Latin expression composed of the words de (from) and jure (adjective form of jus , meaning 'law'). In U.S. law , particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes. Between 1805 and 1914,

5680-482: The rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians . In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiyah -connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009 . In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by

5760-433: The rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta. Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle

5840-423: The smallest among any Indonesian provinces . However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten . The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies ( Bekasi Regency , Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency ) and five adjacent cities ( Bogor , Depok , Bekasi , Tangerang and South Tangerang ). Jakarta

5920-796: The statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument , the Tugu Tani , the Youth statue , and the Dirgantara Monument . Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes , such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at

6000-545: The western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java , which corresponds to today modern Jakarta , is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra , and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China . After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be

6080-540: The world's biggest megacity . The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010, and 101.3 in 2014. Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese , 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese , 6.62% Chinese , 3.42% Batak , 2.85% Minangkabau , 0.96% Malays , Indo and others 7.06%. The ' Betawi ' ( Orang Betawi , or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of

6160-553: Was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument , Istiqlal mosque , the Legislature Building , and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in

6240-536: Was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in

6320-506: Was estimated at US$ 724.010 billion. Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province , its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 km (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor , Depok , Tangerang , South Tangerang , and Bekasi , and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022 , making it

6400-465: Was taken to commemorate the founding of STT Jakarta. Since 27 September 1954, for the first time a high school diploma was required as a condition for entering STT Jakarta. In addition, the ecumenical nature of this school is becoming increasingly clear according to churches in Indonesia, which is marked by the rotating position of rector by Indonesian lecturers. In 1958, STT Jakarta opened its own advanced study program, and since 1966 it has also developed

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