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59-460: The bridge was built in 1963 and has been expanded several times since then. The pillars extend up through three openings in the bridge. Until 2006, the bridge had a single tier (i.e. a ground level with one bridge level above). At certain times, more than a million people may gather in the area of the bridge, which has sometimes led to fatal accidents. Following the January 2006 Hajj, the old bridge

118-562: A coin from AH 17, the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a date in another calendar ( Coptic ) is on a papyrus from Egypt in AH 22, PERF 558 . Due to the Islamic calendar's reliance on certain variable methods of observation to determine its month-start-dates, these dates sometimes vary slightly from the month-start-dates of the astronomical lunar calendar, which are based directly on astronomical calculations. Still,

177-513: A country for civil, official, or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations. The most widespread civil calendar and de facto international standard is the Gregorian calendar . Although that calendar was first declared by Pope Gregory XIII to be used in Catholic countries in 1582, it has since been adopted, as

236-574: A country says it does is impossible. Due to the somewhat variable nature of the Islamic calendar, in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar is used primarily for religious purposes, while the Solar-based Gregorian calendar is still used primarily for matters of commerce and agriculture . If the Islamic calendar were prepared using astronomical calculations, Muslims throughout the Muslim world could use it to meet all their needs,

295-470: A day of rest. A few others (e.g., Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco, Nigeria, Malaysia) have adopted the Saturday-Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a long midday break to allow time off for worship. Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally, this is based on actual observation of the moon's crescent ( hilal ) marking the end of

354-560: A hazard. Being the last day of the Hajj, some will bring their luggage. Following the 2004 crush, Saudi authorities embarked on major construction work in and around the Jamaraat Bridge area. Additional access ways, footbridges, and emergency exits were built, and the three cylindrical pillars were replaced with longer and taller oblong walls of concrete to enable more pilgrims simultaneous access. The next year they announced plans for

413-477: A matter of convenience, by many secular and non-Christian countries although some countries use other calendars. 168 of the world's countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar as of 2021. Most non-Christian countries have adopted it as a result of colonization, with some cases of voluntary adoption. Four countries have not adopted the Gregorian calendar: Afghanistan and Iran (which use

472-471: A new, four-storey bridge. Keith Still, professor of crowd science at Manchester Metropolitan University was consulted in 2004 by the Saudi authorities on designs for the new Jamarat bridge, to ease the bottleneck in front of the pillars. He pointed out that this may not solve the overall problem. The efficiency of the bridge would be improved, becoming able to handle 500,000 to 600,000 people an hour instead of

531-460: A particular season. The Qur'an links the four forbidden months with Nasī ' , a word that literally means "postponement". According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of Kinanah , by a man known as the al-Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants (pl. qalāmisa ). Different interpretations of the concept of Nasī ' have been proposed. Some scholars, both Muslim and Western, maintain that

590-504: A small monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for, which adds up to a total of 24 hours (i.e., the equivalent of one full day) in 2.73 years. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years. The technical details of the adjustment are described in Tabular Islamic calendar . The Islamic calendar, however,

649-724: A synonym to the Arabic word for "intercalation" ( kabīsa ). The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews. The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar. Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue. Nasi'

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708-604: A year of 12 lunar months is 354.37 days long. In this calendar system, lunar months begin precisely at the time of the monthly "conjunction", when the Moon is located most directly between the Earth and the Sun. The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth (29.53 days). By convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only

767-411: Is Rajab , month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar. Traditionally, the Islamic day begins at sunset and ends at the next sunset. Each Islamic day thus begins at nightfall and ends at the end of daylight. The days in the seven-day week are, with the exception of the last two days, named after their ordinal place in

826-517: Is 1446 AH. In the Gregorian calendar reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025. For central Arabia, especially Mecca , there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the Abbasid era. Inscriptions of the ancient South Arabian calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars. At least some of these South Arabian calendars followed

885-499: Is also the Qur'anic meaning of Nasī ' . The Encyclopaedia of Islam concludes "The Arabic system of [Nasī'] can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed." The term "fixed calendar" is generally understood to refer to the non-intercalated calendar. Others concur that it

944-413: Is an increase in disbelief, by which the disbelievers are led ˹far˺ astray. They adjust the sanctity one year and uphold it in another, only to maintain the number of months sanctified by Allah, violating the very months Allah has made sacred. Their evil deeds have been made appealing to them. And Allah does not guide the disbelieving people. The prohibition of Nasī' would presumably have been announced when

1003-448: Is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month-start-dates. Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30-day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the hilal (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If

1062-535: Is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram. A similar if not identical concept to the forbidden months is also attested by Procopius , where he describes an armistice that the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir respected for two months in the summer solstice of 541 CE. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to

1121-499: Is interpreted to signify either the postponement of the pre-Islamic month of Hajj, or the (also pre-Islamic) practice of intercalation  – periodic insertion of an additional month to reset the calendar into accordance with the seasons. In the tenth year of the Hijra, as documented in the Qur'an ( Surah At-Tawbah (9) :36–37), Muslims believe God revealed the "prohibition of

1180-564: The Hijrah . In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( Latin : Anno Hegirae , lit.   'In the year of the Hijrah';). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة , abbreviated ھ ). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra"). Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year

1239-626: The Levant and Mesopotamia ( Iraq , Syria , Jordan , Lebanon and Palestine ), but the religious calendar is the Hijri one. This calendar enumerates the Hijri era , whose epoch was established as the Islamic New Year in 622 CE . During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina and established the first Muslim community ( ummah ), an event commemorated as

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1298-484: The Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar , is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual fasting and the annual season for the great pilgrimage . In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the civil calendar is the Gregorian calendar , with Syriac month-names used in

1357-624: The Rashid Caliph Umar ( r.  634–644 ) in Basra , complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should be the year of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival). Uthman then suggested that

1416-591: The Solar Hijri calendar ), Ethiopia (the Ethiopian calendar ), and Nepal ( Vikram Samvat and Nepal Sambat ). Four countries use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar (with eras different from Anno Domini): Japan ( Japanese calendar ), North Korea ( North Korean Calendar ), Taiwan ( Minguo calendar ), and Thailand ( Thai solar calendar ). In the former two countries, the Anno Domini era

1475-509: The lunisolar system . Both al-Biruni and al-Mas'udi suggest that the ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs. The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah , Hejaz , and Najd distinguished between two types of months, permitted ( ḥalāl ) and forbidden ( ḥarām ) months. The forbidden months were four months during which fighting

1534-512: The pre-Islamic calendar used in central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. According to this view, Nasī ' is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like Ibn Hisham , Ibn Manzur , and

1593-453: The 20th century. These names were collectively referred to as the "Turki lunar year" or "Turki lunar calendar". or ربيع الأولى , rabīʿa l-ʾūlā or ربيع الآخر , rabīʿa l-ʾākhir or جمادى الأولى , jumādā l-ʾūlā or جمادى الآخرة , jumādā l-ʾākhirah or برات آی , bärât ay Twelver Shia Muslims believe the Islamic new year and first month of

1652-461: The Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijri calendar. F A Shamsi (1984) postulated that the Arabic calendar was never intercalated. According to him, the first day of the first month of the new fixed Islamic calendar (1 Muharram AH 1) was no different from what was observed at the time. The day the Prophet moved from Quba' to Medina was originally 26 Rabi' I on the pre-Islamic calendar. 1 Muharram of

1711-480: The Hijri calendar is Rabi' al-Awwal rather than Muharram, due to it being the month in which the Hijrah took place. This has led to difference regarding description of the years in which some events took place, such as the Muharram-occurring battle of Karbala , which Shias say took place in 60 AH, while Sunnis say it took place in 61 AH. The mean duration of a tropical year is 365.24219 days, while

1770-426: The Islamic calendar roughly approximates the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, seldom varying by more than three days from it. Both the Islamic calendar and the astronomical-lunar-calendar take no account of the solar year in their calculations, and thus both of these strictly lunar based calendar systems have no ability to reckon the timing of the four seasons of the year. In the astronomical-lunar-calendar system,

1829-566: The Nasī ' ". Indeed, the number of months ordained by Allah is twelve—in Allah's Record since the day He created the heavens and the earth—of which four are sacred. That is the Right Way. So do not wrong one another during these months. And together fight the polytheists as they fight against you together. And know that Allah is with those mindful ˹of Him˺. Reallocating the sanctity of ˹these˺ months

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1888-479: The beginning of months. Thus, Malaysia , Indonesia , and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do. In some instances, what

1947-448: The beginning of these months. However, some Islamic jurists see no contradiction between Muhammad's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months. They consider that Muhammad's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times, and should not be confused with the acts of worship. Civil calendar The civil calendar is the calendar , or possibly one of several calendars, used within

2006-451: The corpus of Qur'anic exegesis . This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription, where a religious ritual was "postponed" ( ns'w ) due to war. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ns'’ has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement

2065-596: The hajj is inherently dangerous, with challenges at the pinch points. Edwin Galea of the Fire Safety Engineering Group at the University of Greenwich pointed out that the 500,000 people per hour that the Jamaraat Bridge could deliver was equivalent to the largest ever football crowd every 24 minutes, or the population of Germany in a week; he suggested that spreading the Hajj over a longer period

2124-402: The hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed

2183-654: The intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of Nasi' began. If Nasī' meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between AH 1 and AH 10 are uncertain; western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra , the Battle of Badr , the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trench should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two, three or even four lunar months. This prohibition

2242-500: The long-term average duration of a synodic month is 29.530587981 days. Thus the average lunar year (twelve new moons) is 10.87513 days shorter than the average solar year (365.24219 − (12 × 29.530587981)), causing months of the Hijri calendar to advance about eleven days earlier each year, relative to the equinoxes. "As a result," says the Astronomical Almanac , "the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through

2301-453: The lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters. Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes west, with a corresponding increase in its "age" since conjunction, Western Muslim countries may, under favorable conditions, observe

2360-457: The months begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I of the intercalated calendar, two months before the commencement of Muharram in the new fixed calendar. Because of

2419-667: The months of the Hijri calendar, one of which was used by the Pashtuns and the other by the Hazaras . They were in use until the time of Amanullah Khan 's reign, when the usage of the Solar Hijri Calendar was formalized across Afghanistan. In Xinjiang , the Uyghur Muslims traditionally had different names for the months of the Hijri calendar, which were in use until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in

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2478-566: The new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the Julian calendar . The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar , which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in

2537-458: The new moon one day earlier than eastern Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 48-hour period following the conjunction. The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month. A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine

2596-467: The previous 200,000, but putting pressure on other parts of the complex system, enabling greater numbers of people to arrive at potential bottlenecks further along the route. The layout of the Mina valley encampment, where the 2015 Mina disaster happened, had not changed. Keith Still considers that redesign of the whole complex could make the Hajj safe, but others consider that an event with the crowd density of

2655-525: The previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the Moon, astronomical positioning of the Earth and weather conditions. Four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred: Rajab (7), and the three consecutive months of Dhū al-Qa'dah (11), Dhu al-Ḥijjah (12) and Muḥarram (1), in which battles are forbidden. The "Afghan lunar calendar" refers to two distinct naming systems for

2714-405: The religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. However,

2773-656: The sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive. The three successive sacred (forbidden) months mentioned by Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are Dhu al-Qa'dah , Dhu al-Hijjah , and Muharram , months 11, 12, and 1 respectively. The single forbidden month

2832-539: The seasons over a period of about 33 [ solar ] years". In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha , governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum of Northeast Africa and South Arabia , attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants. The raid

2891-429: The start-date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. For instance, Saudi Arabia uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Since AH 1419 (1998/99), several official hilal sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month. Nevertheless,

2950-406: The three jamrah pillars to protect pilgrims from the desert sun. Ramps are also being built adjacent to the pillars to speed evacuation in the event of an emergency. Additionally, Saudi authorities have issued a fatwa decreeing that the stoning may take place between sunrise and sunset, rather than at the mid-day time that most pilgrims prefer. During the Hajj, overcrowding on the bridge can create

3009-405: The way they use the Gregorian calendar today. But, there are divergent views on whether it is licit to do so. A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations (beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days) on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine

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3068-529: The week. On the sixth day of the week, the "gathering day" ( Yawm al-Jumʿah ), Muslims assemble for the Friday-prayer at a local mosque at noon. The "gathering day" is often regarded as the weekly day off. This is frequently made official, with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday (e.g., Egypt, Saudi Arabia) or Thursday and Friday as official weekends , during which offices are closed; other countries (e.g., Iran) choose to make Friday alone

3127-459: The year 1000 CE. Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin crescent moon would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated dark moon (astronomical new moon ) on the morning of 14 July. Though Michael Cook and Patricia Crone in their book Hagarism cite

3186-408: Was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries. Still, due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself, both systems still do roughly correspond to one another, never being more than three days out of synchronisation with one another. This traditional practice for the determination of

3245-692: Was a possible solution. The need to stone the devil at all was questioned by Egyptian physician and feminist writer Nawal El Saadawi , who said that the crush happened because people were fighting to do this, and was dubious of talk about changing the way the Hajj is administered and making people travel in smaller groups. As Hajj Begins, More Changes and Challenges In Store saudi-expatriates.com, 8 June 2022 Islamic calendar (refresh if needed) The Hijri calendar ( Arabic : ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ , romanized :  al-taqwīm al-hijrī ), or Arabic calendar , also known in English as

3304-698: Was demolished and construction began on a new multi-level bridge. The ground and first levels were complete in time for the 2006/2007 Hajj, which passed without incident. Construction on the remaining two levels have been completed since December 2007 1428 AH Hajj. The new bridge (designed by Dar Al-Handasah and constructed by the Saudi Binladin Group ) contains a wider column-free interior space and expanded jamrah pillars many times longer than their pre-2006 predecessors. Additional ramps and tunnels were built for easier access, and bottlenecks were engineered out. Large canopies are planned to cover each of

3363-459: Was mentioned by Muhammad during the farewell sermon which was delivered on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date Friday 6 March 632 CE) on Mount Arafat during the farewell pilgrimage to Mecca. Certainly the Nasi' is an impious addition, which has led the infidels into error. One year they authorise the Nasi', another year they forbid it. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of

3422-511: Was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that about 200 years before the Hijra it was transformed into a lunisolar calendar containing an intercalary month added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi , and later by al-Biruni , al-Mas'udi , and some western scholars. This interpretation considers Nasī ' to be

3481-508: Was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant , during which Muhammad was born (surah al-Fil ). Most equate this to the year 570 CE, but a minority use 571 CE. The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to al-Biruni : In c.  638 (17 AH), Abu Musa al-Ash'ari , one of the officials of

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