The Institute of Physics awards numerous prizes to acknowledge contributions to physics research, education and applications. It also offers smaller specific subject-group prizes, such as for PhD thesis submissions.
116-573: (Redirected from James Clerk Maxwell Prize ) This article is about the APS award. For the IOP award, see Institute of Physics James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize . The James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics is an annual American Physical Society (APS) award that is given in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of the Plasma Physics . It
232-580: A " Special Relationship " with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries ( France , Italy , Germany , Spain , and Poland ). The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through
348-542: A coordinated, continent-wide military effort. Finally, deteriorating relations between the British military establishment and the colonists, relations that were already less than positive, set the stage for further distrust and dislike of British troops. Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance ; one of
464-534: A decentralized government that operated until 1789. After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida . The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which
580-407: A few prominent industrialists , largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition. Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad , petroleum , and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry . These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality , slum conditions , and social unrest , creating
696-555: A generation of colleagues and disciples." 1983 Harold P. Furth Austria / United States "For his extraordinary scientific and intellectual leadership of research on toroidal magnetic confinement fusion. His outstanding technical contributions range from his pioneering investigations of resistive instabilities to his mastery of magnetic topology which has led to new configurations of confinement." 1984 Donald W. Kerst United States "For his path-breaking contributions to plasma physics, including
812-534: A generation of plasma physicists." 1996 Thomas Michael O'Neil United States "For seminal contributions to plasma theory, including extension of Landau damping to the nonlinear regime and demonstration of the importance of particle trapping; discovery of the plasma-wave echo; and pioneering studies of the confinement, transport, and thermal equilibria of non-neutral plasmas, liquids and crystals. His theoretical work and active guidance of experiments with trapped, non-neutral plasmas provide much of
928-666: A global reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank , Organization of American States , NATO , and the United Nations , as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council . The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan , a Continental Army aide to General George Washington , wrote to Joseph Reed , Washington's aide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from
1044-598: A period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations . A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson , emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced by
1160-442: A prolific inventor, whose ideas have provided the basis for several current fusion configurations. He initiated the use of computer simulation as a new and powerful tool for the study of plasmas. He inspired and trained a cadre of younger theorists to continue the development of the field he initiated." 1978 Richard F. Post United States "For many original contributions to both fundamental plasma physics and
1276-488: A prominent leader in the early 1960s. The Great Society plan of President Lyndon Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism . The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality . It also encouraged open defiance of
SECTION 10
#17328024958521392-598: A scientific philosophy that serves as a model for a new generation of theoretical physicists and mathematicians." 1987 Bruno Coppi Italy "For outstanding contributions to fundamental theory, experimental interpretation and engineering design in fusion research. Among his theoretical discoveries are the ion mixing, impurity gradient, and ubiquitous modes and his work on m=1 tearing has recently been extended to explain anomalous loss of fast particles. His experimental interpretations include confinement scalings, slideaway electrons, detailed transport laws, and
1508-526: A sense of manifest destiny . The Missouri Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It further prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel . As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans,
1624-614: A sense of American identity as well. Men who otherwise never left their own colony now traveled across the continent to fight alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds but who were no less "American". British officers trained American officers for battle, most notably George Washington ; these officers would lend their skills and expertise to the colonists' cause during the American Revolutionary War to come. In addition, colonial legislatures and officials found it necessary to cooperate intensively in pursuit of
1740-1222: A wide range of fundamental plasma processes, including magnetic reconnection , magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, dynamo action, and dusty plasmas , and for pioneering contributions to linking laboratory plasmas to space and astrophysical plasmas." 2023 Thomas M. Antonsen Jr. United States "For pioneering contributions in the theory of magnetized plasma stability, RF current drive, laser-plasma interactions, and charged particle beam dynamics." 2024 Gregory W. Hammett United States "For pioneering work in kinetic plasma turbulence that revolutionizes turbulent transport calculations for magnetic confinement devices and inspires research in astrophysical plasma turbulence." William Dorland United States See also [ edit ] Hannes Alfvén Prize List of physics awards List of prizes named after people References [ edit ] ^ "James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2018-10-23 . ^ "1975 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Lyman Spitzer Jr" . Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from
1856-464: A year). Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined. As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in
1972-405: Is awarded for "distinguished contributions to physics education and to widening participation within it." Established in 2016, is awarded "for exceptional early career contributions to physics education and to widening participation within it." Since 1986, celebrates the success of secondary school physics teachers who have raised the profile of physics and science in schools. To recognise
2088-591: Is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture , developed agriculture , architecture , and complex societies . In the post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern , eastern , and southern regions, and the Algonquian in
2204-498: Is known as the presidential system , in contrast to the parliamentary system , where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States , especially in the Americas. The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. Since then,
2320-438: Is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts. Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity. Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through
2436-552: Is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act. In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among 180 countries in
SECTION 20
#17328024958522552-603: The Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage . During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression , which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with
2668-553: The Atlantic slave trade . The original Thirteen Colonies that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of Great Britain , and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners . The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations; by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for
2784-817: The Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations and societies . British colonization led to the first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution , with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in
2900-549: The Environmental Performance Index . The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments. The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate federal capital district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions . The U.S. is
3016-500: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws. State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials, and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions . There is no unified "criminal justice system" in
3132-720: The Great Lakes , Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico . British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620). The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. While European settlers in what
3248-719: The Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard , while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest . Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000 to nearly 10 million. Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California . France established its own settlements along
3364-524: The House of Representatives , a lower house based on population; and the Senate , an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Federalism provides substantial autonomy to the 50 states, while the country's political culture promotes liberty , equality , individualism , personal autonomy , and limited government . One of the world's most developed countries , the United States has had
3480-596: The Midwest . At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England . During the Great Migration , millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists took local control of Southern politics . African Americans endured
3596-688: The National Park Service and other agencies. About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed, primarily in the Western States . Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes. Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy , air and water pollution , biodiversity , logging and deforestation , and climate change . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics - Misplaced Pages Continue
3712-652: The New Deal , a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations . All were intended to protect against future economic depressions. Initially neutral during World War II , the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . The U.S. developed
3828-778: The Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States. The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau through the Compact of Free Association . It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India , but its ties with China have steadily deteriorated. Since 2014,
3944-648: The Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law , rechargeable lithium-ion batteries , the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998. In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait . The September 11 attacks on
4060-534: The Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower , wielding significant geopolitical influence globally . The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches : legislative , executive , and judicial . It has a bicameral national legislature composed of
4176-591: The Spanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.) American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War . The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. The United States entered World War I alongside
4292-700: The cotton gin made the institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites . This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865). Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America , while the other states remained in the Union . War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter . After
4408-537: The fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union , which marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower . The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates , and advances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web , the evolution of
4524-445: The largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for over 15% of the global economy in 2023. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness , productivity , innovation , human rights , and higher education . Its hard power and cultural influence have
4640-733: The 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting the American Revolutionary War . At the Second Continental Congress , the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army , and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence . Two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration
4756-408: The 1775–1783 Revolutionary War , the country continued to expand westward across North America , resulting in the dispossession of native inhabitants . As more states were admitted , a North–South division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America , which fought states remaining in the Union in the 1861–1865 American Civil War . With the victory and preservation of
James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics - Misplaced Pages Continue
4872-520: The 2010s, political polarization in the country increased between liberal and conservative factions. This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack , when a mob of insurrectionists entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power in an attempted self-coup d'état . The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada. The 48 contiguous states and
4988-594: The American Physical Society Awards established in 1975 Hidden categories: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Institute of Physics James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize First awarded in 1967, is a gold medal for outstanding and sustained contributions to physics education. Previous winners are: Established in 2016,
5104-596: The American West have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon , Washington , and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii , the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical . States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of
5220-475: The Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The term "United States" and the initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common. "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules. In English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to
5336-573: The District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km ). The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region. The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi River System ,
5452-573: The Elder concluded that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a " world war ". The British colonies' position as an integral part of the British Empire became more apparent during the war, with British military and civilian officials becoming a more significant presence in American life. The war increased
5568-515: The International Space Station." 2012 Liu Chen United States "For seminal contributions to plasma theory, including geomagnetic pulsation, kinetic Alfvén wave, toroidal Alfvén eigenmode, fishbone oscillation and energetic particle mode, nonlinear dynamics of drift wave, and nonlinear gyrokinetic equation." 2013 Phillip A. Sprangle United States "For pioneering contributions to
5684-683: The January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , many freed slaves joined the Union army . The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg , and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House . The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect
5800-8567: The Maxwell Prize of the American Physical Society". Physics Today . 47 (2): 115. 1994. Bibcode : 1994PhT....47Q.115. . doi : 10.1063/1.2808413 . ^ "1994 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1995 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1996 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1997 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1998 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Physicists To Be Honored at November Meetings" . APS. ^ "1999 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2000 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2001 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2002 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2003 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2004 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2004 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2005 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2006 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2007 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2008 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2009 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2010 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2011 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2012 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Prof. Liu Chen: Awarded 2012 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Outstanding Contributions to Plasma Physics | UCI Physics and Astronomy" . www.physics.uci.edu . Retrieved 2020-02-15 . ^ "2013 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Dr. Phillip Sprangle Receives Prestigious Maxwell Prize in Plasma Physics" . News . 2013-11-15 . Retrieved 2020-02-15 . ^ "2014 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . ^ "AWARD: PPPL's Masaaki Yamada wins James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics" . Princeton University . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ "AWARD: PPPL's Masaaki Yamada wins James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics" . Princeton University . Retrieved 2020-02-15 . ^ "2016 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . ^ Mauel, Michael E. (2017). "Announcement: The 2016 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics" . Physics of Plasmas . 24 (5): 055401. doi : 10.1063/1.4984016 . ISSN 1070-664X . PMC 5443689 . ^ "Prize Recipient" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2017-10-19 . ^ "2018 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2018-10-23 . ^ Mauel, Michael E. (2019). "The 2018 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics" . Physics of Plasmas . 26 (8): 080201. doi : 10.1063/1.5120399 . ISSN 1070-664X . ^ "2019 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2019-12-04 . ^ "UD's Matthaeus wins 2019 Maxwell Prize | University of Delaware Dept. of Physics & Astronomy" . web.physics.udel.edu . Retrieved 2020-02-15 . ^ "2020 APS Fall Prize & Award Recipients" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2020-07-24 . ^ "2020 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . American Physical Society . Retrieved 2020-07-24 . ^ "Margaret Kivelson selected for 2021 James Clerk Maxwell Prize" . newsroom.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2021-07-31 . ^ "2021 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . American Physical Society . Retrieved 2021-07-31 . ^ "2022 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2022-09-10 . ^ "2023 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . www.aps.org . Retrieved 2023-09-19 . ^ "2024 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "2024 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. External links [ edit ] Official Website v t e James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics recipients 1975–1990 1975: Lyman Spitzer 1976: Marshall Rosenbluth 1977: John M. Dawson 1978: Richard F. Post 1979: Tihiro Ohkawa 1980: Thomas H. Stix 1981: John Nuckolls 1982: Ira B. Bernstein 1983: Harold Fürth 1984: Donald W. Kerst 1985: John H. Malmberg 1986: Harold Grad 1987: Bruno Coppi 1988: Norman Rostoker 1989: Ravindra N. Sudan 1990: William L. Kruer 1991–2000 1991: Hans R. Griem 1992: John M. Greene 1993: Russell Kulsrud 1994: Roy W. Gould 1995: Francis F. Chen 1996: Thomas M. O'Neil 1997: Charles Kennel 1998: Boris Kadomtsev 1999: John B. Taylor 2000: Akira Hasegawa 2001–2010 2001: Roald Sagdeev 2002: Edward A. Frieman 2003: Eugene Parker 2004: Noah Hershkowitz / Valery Godyak 2005: Nathaniel J. Fisch 2006: Chandrashekhar J. Joshi 2007: John Lindl 2008: Ronald C. Davidson 2009: Miklos Porkolab 2010: James F. Drake 2011–2020 2011: Gregor Morfill 2012: Liu Chen 2013: Phillip Sprangle 2014: Clifford Surko 2015: Masaaki Yamada 2016: Ellen G. Zweibel 2017: Dmitri Ryutov 2018: Keith Burrell 2019: William H. Matthaeus 2020: Warren B. Mori 2021–present 2021: Margaret G. Kivelson 2022: Amitava Bhattacharjee 2023: Thomas M. Antonsen Jr. v t e American Physical Society Membership Fellows (1921–1971) Fellows (1972–1997) Fellows (1998–2010) Fellows (2011–present) Awards Full list of awards Abraham Pais Prize Andrei Sakharov Prize Aneesur Rahman Prize Arthur L. Schawlow Prize Dannie Heinemann Prize David Adler Lectureship Award Davisson–Germer Prize Earle K. Plyler Prize Einstein Prize Fluid Dynamics Prize Francis M. Pipkin Award Frank Isakson Prize George E. Pake Prize Hans A. Bethe Prize Herbert P. Broida Prize Herman Feshbach Prize I. I. Rabi Prize Irving Langmuir Award James C. McGroddy Prize James Clerk Maxwell Prize John H. Dillon Medal Joseph F. Keithley Award Lars Onsager Prize Leo P. Kadanoff Prize Leo Szilard Lectureship Award LeRoy Apker Award Lilienfeld Prize Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award Max Delbruck Prize Norman F. Ramsey Prize Oliver E. Buckley Prize Panofsky Prize Robert R. Wilson Prize Sakurai Prize Tom W. Bonner Prize Publications Physics Today Physics Magazine Journals Physical Review Letters A B C D E X Accelerators and Beams Applied Fluids Materials Physics Education Research Research Reviews of Modern Physics Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell_Prize_for_Plasma_Physics&oldid=1247973170 " Categories : Awards of
5916-476: The Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature. In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland. With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The western Great Plains are semi-arid . Many mountainous areas of
SECTION 50
#17328024958526032-451: The U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine ; it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion . The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Department of Defense , which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of
6148-661: The U.S. territories." Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons , state prisons , local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities . Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees. State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under
6264-416: The United States and the peaceful transfer of power , respectively. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States. Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to the War of 1812 , which was fought to a draw. Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819. In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward , many with
6380-541: The United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs . The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, and prevailed in the Space Race , which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969. Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth , urbanization , and population growth following World War II . The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming
6496-495: The United States has operated as a de facto two-party system , though the parties in that system have been different at different times. The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican . The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative . In the American federal system , sovereign powers are shared between two levels of elected government: national and state. People in
6612-402: The United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror , and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq . The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting. The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression. Coming to a head in
6728-415: The United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort. The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia Gazette , on April 6, 1776. By June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence . The Second Continental Congress adopted
6844-490: The United States, slavery was abolished nationally . By 1900, the country had established itself as a great power , a status solidified after its involvement in World War I . After Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II . Its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War , during which both countries struggled for ideological dominance and international influence . Following
6960-434: The United States, despite the usage of "the Americas " as the totality of North and South America. "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad; "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago; the Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BC,
7076-478: The United States, except Iran , North Korea , and Bhutan . Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations. The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression. Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan. The United States has
SECTION 60
#17328024958527192-509: The United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons , civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in
7308-747: The behavior of plasma and guiding and inspiring a generation of plasma physicists through his research and leadership in the controlled thermonuclear program." 1976 Marshall Nicholas Rosenbluth United States "For his pioneering analyses of the behavior of plasma in its various manifestations. His wide ranging work has had a strong impact on important facets of plasma theory, particularly stability but also including transport processes, interactions of radiation with plasma, fluctuations, wave phenomena, and other fundamental processes." 1977 John M. Dawson United States "For his outstanding contributions to plasma physics and controlled fusion as both as innovative theorist and
7424-495: The confinement and transport of pure electron plasmas." 1986 Harold Grad United States "For outstanding contributions to magneto-fluid dynamics, plasma physics and Magnetic Fusion Energy. His investigations, using rigorous mathematical methods with advanced analytical and computational techniques, include seminal research on the Boltzmann equations, collisionless shocks, guiding center plasmas, and equilibrium, stability and transport theory. His work expresses
7540-405: The contiguous United States are in the State of California, about 84 miles (135 km) apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in
7656-493: The country's GDP. The U.S. has 42% of the world's nuclear weapons —the second-largest share after Russia. The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces . The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under
7772-413: The country's territory would expand with the admission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states. The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances . George Washington
7888-470: The design of Fusion Reactors. In particular for his unswerving dedication to all aspects of the study of magnetic mirror plasma confinement." 1979 Tihiro Ohkawa Japan "For his development of multi-current or doublet approach to the design of tokamaks with non-circular cross sections and for investigation of plasma confinement in toroidal multipoles." 1980 Thomas H. Stix United States "For his contributions to
8004-409: The development and formalization of the theory of wave propagation in plasmas and for his pioneering research on radio frequency plasma heating. His work has played the guiding role in the understanding of waves in space plasmas and in the development of advanced plasma heating methods for controlled fusion devices." 1981 John H. Nuckolls United States "For his contributions to
8120-584: The development of self-governance, and the First Great Awakening , a series of Christian revivals , fueled colonial interest in religious liberty . For a century, the American colonists had been providing their own troops and materiel in conflicts with indigenous peoples allied with Britain's colonial rivals , especially France, and the Americans had begun to develop a sense of self-defense and self-reliance separate from Britain. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) took on new significance for all North American colonists after Parliament under William Pitt
8236-800: The dissemination of knowledge about plasmas through more than thirty years of teaching." 1995 Francis F. Chen United States "For his rare combination of physical insight, theoretical ability and skill for performing careful, clear and definitive experiments. He has made fundamental contributions to plasma physics in such diverse areas as magnetic confinement devices, laser plasma interactions, novel plasma based accelerators and sources for plasma processing. Of particular note are his pioneering works on: electrostatic probes, low frequency fluctuations in magnetized plasma, parametric instabilities in laser plasma interactions, and helicon plasma sources. In addition, his classic text book Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion has helped educate
8352-580: The environment for labor unions to begin to flourish . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant reforms. Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in
8468-680: The experience of technicians and their contribution to physics Awarded to the top-scoring A-level candidate in Physics in Wales. United States The United States of America ( USA ), commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to
8584-541: The federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation . The Trail of Tears (1830–1850) was a U.S. government policy that forcibly removed and displaced most Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to lands far to the west. These and earlier organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi. The Republic of Texas
8700-411: The field of laboratory plasma astrophysics." 2016 Ellen G. Zweibel United States "For seminal research on the energetics, stability, and dynamics of astrophysical plasmas, including those related to stars and galaxies, and for leadership in linking plasma and other astrophysical phenomena." 2017 Dmitri Ryutov Russia "For many outstanding contributions to
8816-537: The field." 1992 John M. Greene United States "For outstanding contributions to the theory of magnetohydrodynamic equilibria and ideal and resistive instabilities, for discovery of the inverse scattering trans-form leading to soliton solutions of many nonlinear partial differential equations, and for invention of the residue methods of determining the transition to global chaos." 1993 Russell M. Kulsrud United States "For his pioneering contributions to basic plasma theory, to
8932-606: The first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war. The United States was one of the " Four Policemen " who met to plan the post-war world , alongside the United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and China . The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence . After World War II,
9048-996: The foundation for this branch of plasma physics." 1997 Charles F. Kennel United States "For his fundamental contributions to the basic plasma physics of collisionless shocks, magnetic reconnection and quasilinear theory, and to plasma astrophysics - including the Van Allen radiation belt and the Crab Nebula ." 1998 Boris B. Kadomtsev Russia "For fundamental contributions to plasma turbulence theory, stability and nonlinear theory of MHD and kinetic instabilities in plasmas, and for international leadership in research and teaching of plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion physics." 1999 John Bryan Taylor United Kingdom "For ground breaking research, distinguished by its ingenuity and clarity, in such topics as: relaxation theory, transport, finite Larmor radius effects,
9164-484: The fundamental mechanism of fast reconnection of magnetic fields in plasmas; and leadership in promoting plasma science." 2011 Gregor Morfill Germany "For pioneering, and seminal contributions to, the field of dusty plasmas, including work leading to the discovery of plasma crystals, to an explanation for the complicated structure of Saturn's rings, and to microgravity dusty plasma experiments conducted first on parabolic-trajectory flights and then on
9280-436: The generation and propagation of ion beams; his penetrating analytic and computational studies, often done with his numerous students, have had considerable impact on ionospheric and magnetospheric physics, on confinement and heating in field reversed ion rings, and on light-ion-beam drivers for inertial confinement fusion." 1990 William L. Kruer United States "For outstanding and seminal contributions to
9396-465: The genesis and progress of inertial confinement fusion. His insight into the fundamental physics issues has served to guide and in-spire the technical evolution of the field." 1982 Ira B. Bernstein United States "For his pioneering contributions to the theory of plasmas. His incisive studies of the physics of waves, stability, and transport have provided essential guidance to
9512-463: The integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States. Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state , and federal agencies such as
9628-565: The invention of the levitated toroidal multipole, the elucidation of classical and anomalous transport mechanisms, and the demonstration of high beta plasma confinement; for his seminal ideas on particle accelerators; and for the inspired guidance of a generation of productive experimentalists." 1985 John H. Malmberg United States "For his outstanding experimental studies which expanded our understanding of wave-particle interactions in neutral plasmas and increased our confidence in plasma theory; and for his pioneering studies of
9744-482: The military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975). A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw
9860-819: The minimum-B concept, adiabatic invariance , the standard map, bootstrap currents, the ballooning representation, and confinement scaling laws." 2000 Akira Hasegawa Japan "For innovative discoveries and seminal contributions to the theories of nonlinear drift wave turbulence, Alfven wave propagation in laboratory and space plasmas, and optical solitons and their application to high speed communication." 2001 Roald Sagdeev Russia "For an unmatched set of contributions to modern plasma theory including: collisionless shocks, stochastic magnetic fields, ion temperature gradient instabilities, quasi-linear theory, neo-classical transport, and weak turbulence theory." 2002 Edward A. Frieman United States "For contributions to
9976-612: The most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable. The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians , and around 91,000 insect species. There are 63 national parks , and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas , managed by
10092-662: The most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early 1870s, just as additional western territories and states were created. During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies , though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution. States in the North enacted abolition laws , though support for slavery strengthened in Southern states , as inventions such as
10208-799: The nature of turbulence in space and astrophysical plasmas, which has led to major advances in understanding particle transport, dissipation of turbulent energy, and magnetic reconnection." 2020 Warren B. Mori United States "For leadership in and pioneering contributions to the theory and kinetic simulations of nonlinear processes in plasma-based acceleration, and relativistically intense laser and beam plasma interactions." 2021 Margaret G. Kivelson United States "For groundbreaking discoveries in space plasma physics and for seminal theoretical contributions to understanding space plasma processes and magnetohydrodynamics." 2022 Amitava Bhattacharjee United States "For seminal theoretical investigations of
10324-660: The north and Mexico to the south, with the states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands . The country has the world's third-largest land area , largest exclusive economic zone , and third-largest population , exceeding 334 million. Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York , Los Angeles , and Chicago , and its three most populous states are California , Texas , and Florida . Paleo-Indians migrated across
10440-2390: The original on 2020-02-17 . Retrieved 2020-02-17 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ "1979 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Tihiro Ohkawa" . 2015-03-16 . Retrieved 2017-10-19 . ^ "1980 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Stix and Liepmann receive APS Division prizes" . Physics Today . 33 (10): 83. 2008-12-29. doi : 10.1063/1.2913799 . ISSN 0031-9228 . ^ "1981 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1982 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "APS awards Maxwell Prize to Bernstein" . Physics Today . 36 (4): 70. 2008-08-28. doi : 10.1063/1.2915598 . ISSN 0031-9228 . ^ "1983 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1984 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1985 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Plasma Physics Pioneer at UCSD Dies" . Los Angeles Times . 1992-11-24 . Retrieved 2020-02-17 . ^ "1986 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1987 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "APS Honors Coppi, Wagner and Mayberry for Work in Plasma Physics" . Physics Today . 41 (7): 89. 2008-01-08. doi : 10.1063/1.2811509 . ISSN 0031-9228 . ^ "1988 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1989 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "The 1989 james clerk maxwell prize in plasma physics". Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics . 2 (2): 233. 1990-01-01. Bibcode : 1990PhFlB...2..233. . doi : 10.1063/1.3480474 . ISSN 0899-8221 . ^ "1990 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1991 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1992 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1993 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "Russell M. Kulsrud received
10556-609: The original on 2020-10-09 . Retrieved 2010-09-08 . ^ "1976 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "1977 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ "John Dawson receives APS Maxwell plasma‐physics prize" . Physics Today . 30 (11): 73. 2008-12-29. doi : 10.1063/1.3037799 . ISSN 0031-9228 . ^ "1978 James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics Recipient" . APS. ^ NEWS24-680 (2015-04-13). "Dr. Richard F. Post, Physicist, Dies At 96" . News24-680.com . Archived from
10672-635: The physics of high intensity laser interactions with plasmas, and to the development of plasma accelerators, free-electron lasers, gyrotrons and high current electron accelerators" 2014 Clifford Surko United States "For the invention of and development of techniques to accumulate, confine, and utilize positron plasmas, and for seminal experimental studies of waves and turbulence in tokamak plasmas." 2015 Masaaki Yamada Japan "For fundamental experimental studies of magnetic reconnection relevant to space, astrophysical and fusion plasmas, and for pioneering contributions to
10788-520: The physics of magnetically confined plasmas, and to plasma astrophysics . His important work en-compasses plasma equilibria and stability, adiabatic invariance, ballooning modes, runaway electrons, colliding beams, spin-polarized plasmas, and cosmic-ray instabilities." 1994 Roy W. Gould United States "For outstanding contributions to the knowledge of plasma physics, pioneering research in beam-plasma interactions, plasma waves, cyclotron and plasma wave echoes, resonance cones, and for
10904-718: The physics of one-component non-neutral plasmas, intense charge particle beams, and collective nonlinear interaction processes in high-temperature plasmas." 2009 Miklos Porkolab Hungary "For pioneering investigations of linear and nonlinear plasma waves and wave-particle interactions; fundamental contributions to the development of plasma heating, current drive and diagnostics; and leadership in promoting plasma science education and domestic and international collaborations." 2010 James Drake United States "For pioneering investigations of plasma instabilities in magnetically confined, astrophysical and laser-driven plasmas; in particular, explication of
11020-408: The policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation . An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined. This fostered the amassing of power by
11136-574: The primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen , particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in
11252-445: The principle of profile consistency. He has pioneered in the conceptual and engineering design of high field tokamaks, many of which now operate successfully, and which serve as the basis for proposals for low cost fusion ignition devices such as Ignitor." 1988 Norman Rostoker Canada "In recognition of his pioneering theoretical contributions to the statistical mechanics of particles with Coulomb interactions; to
11368-570: The rights of African Americans . National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads , spurred growth in the American frontier . From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe. Most came through the port of New York City , and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish , Irish , and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to
11484-614: The rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua , Sonoran , and Mojave deserts. In the northwest corner of Arizona , carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast . The lowest and highest points in
11600-573: The six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Space Force . The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime. The United States spent $ 916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the largest amount of any country , making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of
11716-1264: The solar dynamo, formulating the theory of magnetic reconnection, and the instability which predicts the escape of the magnetic fields from the galaxy." 2004 Noah Hershkowitz United States "For fundamental contributions to the physics of low temperature plasmas, including radio frequency wave heating, sheath physics, potential profiles, diagnostic probes, and the industrial applications of plasmas." Valery Godyak Russia 2005 Nathaniel Fisch United States "For theoretical development of efficient rf-driven current in plasmas and for greatly expanding our ability to understand, to analyze, and to utilize wave-plasma interactions." 2006 Chandrashekhar J. Joshi India "For his insight and leadership in applying plasma concepts to high energy electron and positron acceleration, and for his creative exploration of related aspects of plasma physics." 2007 John Lindl United States "For 30 years of continuous plasma physics contributions in high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research and scientific management." 2008 Ronald C. Davidson Canada "For pioneering contributions to
11832-545: The sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor . They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , which created the Guard and provides for
11948-543: The states are also represented by local elected governments , which are administrative divisions of the states. States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents , and further divided into municipalities . The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C. . The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government. Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has
12064-510: The structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The U.S. Constitution is the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789). Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances . The three-branch system
12180-551: The theoretical and experimental understanding of the intense electromagnetic waves with plasmas and for numerous contributions to the understanding of basic plasma phenomena via numerical simulation." 1991 Hans R. Griem United States "For his numerous contributions to experimental plasma physics and spectroscopy, particularly in the area of improved diagnostic methods for high temperature plasmas, and for his books on plasma spectroscopy and spectral line broadening in plasmas that have be-come standard references in
12296-600: The theoretical plasma physics of low and high energy density plasmas, open and closed magnetic configurations, and laboratory and astrophysical systems." 2018 Keith H. Burrell United States "For pioneering research, including key experimental advances and diagnostic development, that established the links between sheared plasma flow and turbulent transport, leading to improved confinement regimes for magnetized plasmas through turbulent transport reduction by sheared flow." 2019 William Matthaeus United States "For pioneering research into
12412-484: The theory of magnetically confined plasmas, including fundamental work on the formulation of the MHD Energy Principle and on the foundations of linear and nonlinear gyrokinetic theory essential to the analysis of microinstabilities and transport." 2003 Eugene N. Parker United States "For seminal contributions in plasma astrophysics, including predicting the solar wind, explaining
12528-406: The treatment of inhomogeneities, fluctuations and Larmor radius effects in plasmas; and his outstanding leadership in both experimental and theoretical research on the acceleration of electron and ion beams and their interactions with plasmas." 1989 Ravindra N. Sudan India "For wide-ranging contributions to the theory of plasma stability and turbulence, and pioneering work on
12644-582: The world's fourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado . Farther west are
12760-583: The world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024 . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and home to the United Nations headquarters . The United States is a member of the G7 , G20 , and OECD intergovernmental organizations. Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with
12876-444: The world's oldest surviving federation, and its presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization . It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ". The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document , also establishing
12992-553: The world's tornadoes occur in the country , mainly in Tornado Alley . Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country. Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest , droughts became more persistent and more severe. The regions considered as
13108-575: Was annexed in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the American Southwest . The California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of
13224-759: Was adopted on July 4, 1776. The political values of the American Revolution included liberty , inalienable individual rights ; and the sovereignty of the people ; supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy , aristocracy , and all hereditary political power; civic virtue ; and vilification of political corruption . The Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , James Madison , Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired by Greco-Roman , Renaissance , and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas. The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established
13340-583: Was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government. His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in
13456-571: Was established in 1975 by Maxwell Technologies, Inc, in honor of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell . It is currently sponsored by General Atomics . The prize includes a $ 10,000 USD monetary award and recognition at the annual American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics conference. Recipients [ edit ] Year Recipient Country of Birth Rationale Reference 1975 Lyman Spitzer United States "For his pioneering investigations of
#851148