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57-658: Brief history of the SBJ and related organizations Japan's official statistics system is so "decentralized" that various ministries and agencies have their own statistical departments. The SBJ is the oldest among them. The SBJ's chronological table starts from 1871, when the pre-constitutional Meiji government founded the Statistics Division ( 政表課 , Seihyōka ) under the Dajōkan system, appointing Sugi Kōji  [ ja ] to its director. After frequent changes in

114-620: A Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Wakayama is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1713 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.4 °C. The area is subject to typhoons in summer. Per Japanese census data,

171-533: A mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 38 members. Wakayama contributes 15 members to the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between Wakayama 1st district and Wakayama 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . Wakayama is the main commercial city of northern Wakayama and

228-410: A Ministry of Popular Affairs ( 民部省 , Minbu-shō ) . This ministry is concerned with the general populace, with police activities, and with land survey records. Registries for all towns and villages are maintained, including census records as well as birth and death records. In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of

285-470: A deliberative body within a modern constitutional system was gradual, and its constituent differences from the old Daijō-kan were not entirely self-evident at first, as revealed in an Imperial message in 1869: The Assembly shall be for the wide ranging consultation of public opinion and, respecting the Imperial will which laid the foundations of national government, it will be a place where the energies of

342-399: A mixture of existing statistics such as Population Estimates ( 人口推計 , Jinkō Suikei ) and Consumer Price Index as well as register-based statistics of companies and establishments – Statistical Business Register ( 事業所母集団データベース , Jigyōsho Boshūdan Dētabēsu ) – are also within the SBJ's coverage. The SBJ thus conducts a number of nation-wide cyclic surveys. However,

399-486: A span of centuries: The Asuka -, Nara - and Heian -period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a multi-faceted bureaucracy focused on serving the needs of the Emperor, the Imperial family, the Imperial household and the Imperial state. Imperial power and prestige would wax and wane during the subsequent Kamakura -, Kenmu -, Muromachi -, Nanboku-chō -, Sengoku -, Azuchi–Momoyama -, and Edo -periods; nevertheless,

456-562: Is a new institution run by the SBJ and the NSTAC. It was established in 2018 in Wakayama to offer services of on-site use of microdata, training of statisticians, and consulting about the use of statistics. The Statistics Act provides that the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications has the authority of planning and supervising the whole of the official statistics system, following

513-696: Is operated by Wakayama University. The city has one North Korean school , Wakayama Korean Elementary and Middle School  [ ja ] ( 和歌山朝鮮初中級学校 ) . [REDACTED] JR West – Hanwa Line [REDACTED] JR West – Kisei Main Line [REDACTED] JR West – Wakayama Line [REDACTED] Wakayama Electric Railway Kishigawa Line [REDACTED] Nankai Electric Railway Nankai Main Line [REDACTED] Nankai Electric Railway Wakayamako Line [REDACTED] Nankai Electric Railway Kada Line Wakayama has sister-city relationships with four overseas cities: Wakayama City formed

570-619: Is the largest city in Wakayama Prefecture. Primary industries include agriculture, notably rice and citrus fruits, and commercial fishing . Secondary industries are centered around electronics and heavy industry. Nippon Steel remains a major employer, although the city suffered considerably when former Sumitomo Steel shifted much of its production to China. Other major employers include Kao Corporation and Mitsubishi Electric . Wakayama has 50 public elementary schools, 19 public middle schools and one public high school operated by

627-628: The Kii Tokugawa clan as the center of Kishū Domain . After the Meiji restoration , Wakayama was granted city status on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The city suffered 1208 deaths and 1560 critically wounded in the July 9, 1945 Bombing of Wakayama during World War II , which destroyed more than half of the urban area. On April 1, 1997, Wakayama attained core city status, with increased local autonomy. Wakayama has

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684-751: The Nara period or (ii) ( Dajō-kan ) the highest organ of Japan 's government briefly restored to power after the Meiji Restoration , which was replaced by the Cabinet . It was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of this central administrative body composed of the three ministers—the Daijō-daijin (Chancellor), the Sadaijin (Minister of

741-679: The Nara period priests from Tang China built the Kimii-dera temple . From the Muromachi period , Waka-no-ura was a port on the Kinokawa River, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed the predecessor of Wakayama Castle during his conquest of Kii Province during the Sengoku period . During the Edo period , the castle town at the base of Wakayama Castle grew and prospered under the rule of

798-543: The ritsuryō state produced more and more information which was carefully archived; however, over time in the Heian period, ritsuryō institutions evolved into a political and cultural system without feedback. By the time of the Emperor Kōmei , the kuge aristocracy was joined in common goals by several newly powerful provincial figures from outside Kyoto. Together, this tenuous, undefined coalition of men worked to restore

855-517: The 10th and 11th centuries, as the Fujiwara clan , dominating the post of Imperial regent , began to dominate the Daijō-kan as well. It became increasingly common for the regent to hold the post of chancellor or other office simultaneously. By the 12th century, the council was essentially powerless as a separate entity, though it seems clear that the system was never formally dismantled. Over centuries,

912-520: The 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the Ministry of Civil Services ( 式部卿 , Shikibu-kyō ) ; also known as "Chief minister of public instruction." This office is ordinarily filled by a son or close relative of the emperor. Two of the offices which were deemed to fit in this "civil services" context were the Imperial court's Chief judge ( 式部大輔 , Shikibu-taifu ) . and

969-733: The Cabinet Order also have provisions about the following divisions under the SBJ. The SBJ cooperates with other entities in the central government, such as the NSTAC, the Director-General for Policy Planning of the MIC, the Statistics Commission , and the Statistical Research and Training Institute, as well as the statistical departments from various ministries. The National Statistics Center (NSTAC)

1026-837: The Commissioner of the Administrative Management Agency  [ ja ] consulting theStatistics Council ( 統計審議会 , Tōkei Shingikai ) , the advisory board with expert statisticians. For this purpose, the Administrative Management Agency included the Statistical Standards Department. The Department inherited the function of the Statistics Commission. As a result of the restructuring of governmental organizations in 1984,

1083-565: The Emperor of Japan ( 侍従武官 , jijū bukan ) will perform attendant duties and will relay to him military matters and orders, be present at military reviews [in his name] and accompanying him to formal ceremonies and interviews." The Taihō Code established a Ministry of the Civil Services ( 式部省 , Shikibu-shō ) ; also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction". This ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects. In

1140-406: The Emperor offered rank and an office in the court: The country was divided into provinces called kuni ( 国 ) , which were administered by governors kokushi ( 国司 ) appointed by the Daijō-kan . The provinces were then further divided into districts called gun ( 郡 , /kōri) , under district governors gunji ( 郡司 ) who were appointed by the local nobility. At the beginning of

1197-472: The Emperor's chief education expert ( 大学頭 , Daigaku no kami ) . The Taihō Code established a Ministry of Ceremonies ( 治部省 , Jibu-shō ) ; also known as the "Ministry of the Interior". In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the Ministry of Ceremonies ( 治部卿, , Jibu-kyō ) . The Taihō Code established

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1254-665: The Great Council of State was briefly resurrected under the Meiji Constitution with the appointment of Sanjō Sanetomi . Despite the similarity of names for its constituent offices, this Daijō-kan would have been unrecognizable to Fujiwara courtiers of the Heian period . Nor would it have seemed at all familiar to those men who surrounded the emperor in the days of the Kenmu Restoration . In due course, it

1311-610: The Left) and the Udaijin (Minister of the Right). The Imperial governing structure was headed by the Daijō-kan . This council and its subsidiary ministries handled all secular administrative affairs of the country, while the Jingi-kan or Department of Worship, oversaw all matters regarding Shintō ritual, clergy, and shrines. This structured organization gradually lost power over

1368-721: The MIC follows the Cabinet Order  [ ja ] (2000 No. 246). The following explanations are based on the articles of the Cabinet Order as on April 25, 2024, but English translations are from the information dated September 2021. Based on the Article 2 of the Cabinet Order, the SBJ has the Statistical Survey Department ( 統計調査部 , Tōkei Chōsabu ) to conduct the census and surveys. The following divisions have been established under this Department (Articles 110, 115–118). The Articles 110–114 of

1425-602: The Master Plan Concerning the Development of Official Statistics ( 公的統計の整備に関する基本的な計画 , Kōteki Tōkei no Seibi ni Kansuru Kihontekina Keikaku ) , reviews the plan and process of each of fundamental statistics, maintains statistical standards such as Japan Standard Industrial Classification  [ ja ] , and supervises the anonymization of micro data for secondary use of statistics. The statistical departments from various ministries, including

1482-409: The Ministry of Popular Affairs ( 民部卿 , Minbu-kyō ) . The Taihō Code established a Ministry of War ( 兵部省 , Hyōbu-shō ) . In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the Ministry of War ( 兵部卿 , Hyōbu-kyō ) . The Taihō Code established a Ministry of Justice ( 刑部省 , Gyōbu-shō ) . In the 18th century,

1539-466: The Privy Seal. The office of the Privy Seal was identical with the old Naidaijin only in its Japanese title—not in terms of function or powers. This dry catalog does provide a superficial glimpse inside the complexity of what was initially designed as a pre-feudal court structure. What this list cannot easily explain is how or why the Daijō-kan turned out to be both flexible and useful across

1596-540: The SBJ in 2017. The institute has thus conducted research of statistical technologies as well as training of statisticians. The SBJ is in charge of affairs related to the Institute. The Statistical Library is officially a branch of the National Diet Library . It holds collections related to statistics as well as unpublished tables on microfilm . The Statistical Library also offers a reference service on

1653-501: The SBJ is located in the capital city and has no local branch. For nation-wide surveys, each local government 's statistical division, called Tōkei Shukan ( 統計主管 ) , conducts survey work in behalf of the SBJ. This system was started for the first Population Census in 1920 and legally established in 1947 with fiscal backup from the national budget . Other ministries also use this system to conduct nation-wide surveys, unless they use their own local branch offices. The organization of

1710-487: The SBJ, hold conferences ( 各府省統計主管部局長等会議 , Kaku-fu-shō Tōkei Shukan Bukyoku-chō-tō Kaigi ) to discuss issues on official statistics. During 2001–2007, when the Statistics Council lost the authority to actively offer its opinion to the government as a result of the 2001 Central Government Reform , these inter-ministry conferences were the substantial opportunity for decisions on technical matters regarding

1767-506: The Statistical Standards Department was merged into the SBJ. The Department had thus subordinated to the SBJ from 1984 to 2005. During this period, the government organizations were restructured again in 2001, by which the SBJ moved to the MIC. In 2005, the MIC disestablished the Statistical Standards Department and transferred its functions to one of the Director-Generals for Policy Planning ( 政策統括官 , Seisaku Tōkatsukan ) of

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1824-511: The advice of the Statistics Commission. The minister delegates these tasks to the Director-General for Policy Planning (not to the SBJ) since 2005. The authority of supervision and planning of the official statistics system derived from the former Statistics Commission ( 統計委員会 , Tōkei Iinkai ) (1946–1952). Since the abortion of the Commission in 1952, its responsibilities had been taken by

1881-466: The basic structure of the Imperial household remained largely unchanged. A mere list of the court titles cannot reveal nearly enough about the actual functioning of the Daijō-kan ; but the hierarchical relationships sketch a general context. The Taihō Code established a Ministry of the Center ( 中務省 , Nakatsukasa-shō ) , sometimes identified as the "Ministry of Central Affairs." This ministry became

1938-522: The censuses and surveys the SBJ conducted. It has also edited books on the SBJ's history and historical documents related to official statistics. Daj%C5%8Dkan The Daijō-kan or Dajō-kan ( Japanese : 太政官 ) , also known as the Great Council of State , was (i) ( Daijō-kan ) the highest organ of Japan 's premodern Imperial government under the Ritsuryō legal system during and after

1995-423: The city government and one private elementary school and three private middle schools. The Wakayama Prefectural Board of Education operates two public middle schools and 10 public high schools. There are also four private high schools. In addition, there is one elementary school and one high school run by Wakayama University. The prefecture also operates five special education school for the handicapped, and one more

2052-540: The city is 208.84 square kilometres (80.63 sq mi). Wakayama is located at the northwest corner of Wakayama Prefecture, bordered by Osaka Prefecture to the north and the Kii Channel and Kitan Strait to the west. It is located on the mouth of the Kinokawa River with the main urban center of the city on the river's left bank. Hyōgo Prefecture Osaka Prefecture Wakayama Prefecture Wakayama has

2109-401: The early Meiji period , the appointed Imperial Daijo-kan was filled with princes, aristocrats, loyalists domain lords ( daimyō ), and samurai. Within months after Emperor Meiji 's Charter Oath , the ancient ritsuryō structure was slightly modified with an express focus on the separation of legislative, administrative, and judicial functions within the Daijō-kan system. The evolution of

2166-486: The eighth century, there were 592 districts making up 66 provinces. Wakayama (city) Wakayama ( 和歌山市 , Wakayama-shi , pronounced [wakaꜜjama] ) is the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan . As of 1 December 2021 , the city had an estimated population of 351,391 in 157066 households and a population density of 1700 persons per km². The total area of

2223-612: The government organization, the Cabinet Statistics Bureau ( 内閣統計局 , Naikaku Tōkeikyoku ) was established in 1885 with the Cabinet system starting . In 1920 it was reorganized as Census Office ( 国勢院 , Kokuseiin ) to conduct the first Population Census ( 国勢調査 , Kokusei Chōsa ) , but in 1922 it was re-reorganized to the Statistics Bureau as an agency of the Cabinet. Since then, it has used

2280-427: The governmental agency for matters most closely pertaining to the emperor. In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the Ministry of the Center ( 中務卿 , Nakatsukasa-kyō ) . This official had the responsibility to oversee the inspection of the interior apartments of the palace; and he was granted the privilege of retaining his swords in

2337-464: The long latent prestige, persuasive power, and active strengths of a re-invigorated Imperial center. This combination of factors thrust an archaic hierarchy into the center of national attention, but with so many other high-priority matters demanding immediate attention, there was little time or energy to invest in reforming or re-organizing the Daijō-kan . The eighth century ritsuryō innovations would prove to be remarkably durable and resilient across

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2394-405: The ministry. This position was initially referred to as in charge of "Statistical Standards" ( 統計基準 , Tōkei Kijun ) , but since 2021 it has been in charge of "Statistical Policy" ( 統計制度 , Tōkei Seido ) . This Director-General of the MIC is also in charge of international communication with statistics offices of other countries, in collaboration with the SBJ. The new Statistics Commission

2451-510: The multitude are harnessed. Thus, it is necessary that proceedings will show respect for the Imperial rescript, be united in purpose with the Daijō-kan , take the fundamentals of government to heart, judiciously address matters which arise, and act to ensure that unity within the country is not compromised. Some months later, another major reform of the Daijō-kan re-united the legislative and executive functions which had been clearly separated earlier. In 1871, The office of Daijō-daijin in

2508-602: The name of Statistics Bureau ( Tōkeikyoku ) . Despite some changes in its affiliation, it has kept the identity at least since the 1880s. Among the 54 fundamental statistics  [ ja ] designated by the government under the Statistics Act  [ ja ] (2007 Act No. 53), the SBJ makes 13 through statistical surveys, for example, Population Census, Labour Force Survey ( 労働力調査 , Rōdōryoku Chōsa ) , and Family Income and Expenditure Survey ( 家計調査 , Kakei Chōsa ) . Derived statistics produced from

2565-487: The palace organization, kunai -kan or "government" of the palace, was changed to the kunai -shō or "ministry" of the palace. Accompanying this modification, the chief administrative official was afterwards called kunai-kyō . After the Meiji Restoration , the kunai-shō name remained unchanged. There were two other periods of modification and in 1889. In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō officials within this hierarchic structure were: The deliberate redundancies at

2622-742: The population of Wakayama peaked in the 1980s and has been declining slowly since. The area of the modern city of Wakayama was the center of ancient Kii Province , and the Iwase-Senzuka Kofun Cluster is one of the largest clusters of kofun burial mounds in Japan. The area the home of the Kii Kuni no miyatsuko , a local king ruling the Kinokawa River Valley prior to the rise of the Yamato State . During

2679-478: The presence of the emperor. Considered central were the Emperor's equerries ( 侍従, , Jijū ) , 8 positions. There are 8 officials with this title, all equal in rank and in the confidence of the Emperor. In the Meiji period , a variant equerry was introduced as part of the Imperial retinue. As explained in an excerpt from the 113th Imperial decree of 1896 ( Meiji 29 ) ( 明治29年勅令第113号 ) : " Aides-de-camp to

2736-539: The receipt of tributes from the provinces and imposes tribute on others. The Taihō Code established a Ministry of the Imperial Household ( 宮内省 , Kunai-shō ) . The origins of the current Imperial Household Agency ( 宮内庁 , Kunai-chō ) can be traced back to structures which were put into effect during the reign of Emperor Monmu , with some subsequent modifications. In 1702, the Taika era name for

2793-485: The span of centuries. Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials reached its nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate , and yet the Daijō-kan did manage to persist intact through the initial years of the Meiji Restoration . It is not possible to assess or evaluate any individual office without assessing its role in the context of a durable yet flexible network and hierarchy of functionaries. In

2850-611: The statistics system. The Statistical Research and Training Institute  [ ja ] is located in Kokubunji in the west of Tokyo Prefecture . It has its root in the Statistics Staff Training Institute ( 統計職員養成所 , Tōkei Shokuin Yōsei-jo ) established in 1921. It became an independent educational institute of the MIC in 2003 and included the function of research that had been performed by

2907-501: The top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the ministry of justice ( 刑部卿 , Gyōbu-kyō ) . The Taihō Code established a Ministry of the Treasury ( 大蔵省 , Ōkura-shō ) . In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō official within this subdivision of the daijō-kan was the chief administrator of the ministry of the treasury ( 大蔵卿 , Ōkura-kyō ) . This official supervises

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2964-444: The top were common features of each position in this stable hierarchic schema . Many positions typically mirrored the -kyō, -taifu, -shō, -jō, and -sakan pattern. Even nominal administrative powers of court officials reached a nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate . In this impoverished period, titles and court rank were still prized by those outside the traditional kuge . The Tokugawa shōguns did not demur when

3021-595: The use of statistics of Japan. The SBJ is in charge of the management of the library. The SBJ also runs the Statistical Museum ( 統計博物館 , Tōkei Hakubutsukan ) . This museum holds historical materials regarding Japan's official statistics. The SBJ compiles statistical yearbooks such as Japan Statistical Yearbook ( 日本統計年鑑 , Nihon Tōkei Nenkan ) , Statistical Handbook of Japan , and Statistical Observations of Prefectures ( 統計でみる都道府県のすがた , Tōkei de Miru Todōfuken no Sugata ) , as well as reports of

3078-400: Was decided that a modern integrated cabinet system would better serve a modern Japan. The Daijō-kan system, which had been divided into ministerial committees, would be replaced by a more modern model. In December 1885, the old system was abolished completely; and yet, even afterwards, some elements of old system were adapted to new uses. For example, in that year, the title of Naidaijin

3135-465: Was established by the full amendment of the Statistics Act in 2007. It is a council handling the official statistics system, made up from 13 or fewer academic experts. It was a substitute for the Statistics Council, but was provided a broader authority. The revision of the Statistics Act in 2018 further extended the Commission's authority to control the whole of the official statistics. It manages

3192-655: Was historically a segment of the SBJ specializing in tabulation . In 1984, this segment was separated from the SBJ to establish the NSTAC. In 2003, it became an Incorporated Administrative Agency . It processes data for various ministries including the SBJ. The NSTAC and the SBJ also collaborate to develop the Inter-Ministry Information System for Official Statistics, the public online system for statistical surveys and data use. It includes subsystems as follows: The Statistical Data Utilization Center ( 統計データ利活用センター , Tōkei Dēta Rikatsuyō Sentā )

3249-579: Was reconfigured to mean the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan in the Imperial Court . The man who had previously held the office of prime minister or chief minister of the initial restoration government was the Daijō-daijin , Sanjō Sanetomi . Sanjō petitioned the emperor to be relieved of his ancient ritsuryō office; and he was then immediately appointed Naidaijin , or Lord Keeper of

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