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94-470: The Expo was designed by Japanese architect Kenzō Tange , assisted by 12 other Japanese architects. Bridging the site along a north–south axis was the Symbol Zone. Planned on three levels, it was primarily a social space with a unifying space frame roof. The Expo attracted international attention for the extent to which unusual artworks and designs by Japanese avant-garde artists were incorporated into

188-620: A "log cabin" effect. The entrance is covered with a heavy projecting concrete canopy which leads to a monumental entrance hall. The stair to this hall ascends in cantilevered straight flights to the left and right. The walls to this interior are bare shuttered concrete punctured by windows reminiscent of Le Corbusier's La Tourette . The Council Chamber is a separate building whose raked roof has seating on top of it to form an external performance space. St. Mary's Cathedral (in Japanese: 東京カテドラル聖マリア大聖堂, romanized: Tōkyō katedoraru sei Maria daiseidō)

282-597: A Japanese language newspaper founded in 1912. The brutalist building was one of only two buildings Tange designed for construction in the United States. The building features two structures connected by an open air courtyard with tropical plants, and a rooftop parking lot. Tange's first placing in the design competition for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park gained him recognition from Kunio Maekawa. The elder architect invited Tange to attend

376-568: A Peace Memorial and preserve buildings situated near ground zero , that point directly below the explosion of the atomic bomb. In 1949 the authorities enacted the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Reconstruction Act, which gave the city access to special grant aid, and in August 1949, an international competition was announced for the design of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Tange was awarded first prize for

470-408: A capacity of approximately 16,000 and the smaller building can accommodate up to 5,300 depending on the events that are taking place. At the time it was built, the gymnasium had the world's largest suspended roof span. Two reinforced concrete pillars support a pre-stressed steel net onto which steel plates are attached. The bottom anchoring of this steel net is a heavy concrete support system which forms

564-617: A design that proposed a museum whose axis runs through the park, intersecting Peace Boulevard and the atomic bomb dome. The building is raised on massive columns , which frame the view along the structure's axis. Work on the Peace Center commenced in 1950. In addition to the axial nature of the design, the layout is similar to Tange's early competition arrangement for the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall. In

658-651: A design that would have been situated at the base of Mount Fuji ; the hall he conceived was a fusion of Shinto shrine architecture and the plaza on Capitoline Hill in Rome . The design was not realised. In 1946, Tange became an assistant professor at the university and opened Tange Laboratory. In 1963, he was promoted to professor of the Department of Urban Engineering. His students included Sachio Otani , Kisho Kurokawa , Arata Isozaki , Hajime Yatsuka and Fumihiko Maki . Tange's interest in urban studies put him in

752-423: A distinct curve on the interior and exterior of the building. In the interior, this structural anchor is used to support the grandstand seats. The overall curvature of the roof helps protect the building from the damaging effects of strong winds. Tange won a Pritzker Prize for the design; the citation described the gymnasium as "among the most beautiful buildings of the 20th century". The reconstruction plan of

846-635: A few memorials remain, including part of the roof for Festival Plaza designed by Tange. The most famous of the still-intact pieces is the Tower of the Sun. The former international art museum pavilion designed by Kiyoshi Kawasaki was used as the building for the National Museum of Art, Osaka until March 2004 (the museum moved to downtown Osaka in November 2004). Additionally, there is a time capsule that

940-703: A good position to handle post war reconstruction. In the summer of 1946 he was invited by the War Damage Rehabilitation Board to put forward a proposal for certain war damaged cities. He submitted plans for Hiroshima and Maebashi . His design for an airport in Kanon, Hiroshima was accepted and built, but a seaside park in Ujina was not. The Hiroshima authorities took advice about the city's reconstruction from foreign consultants, and in 1947 Tam Deling, an American park planner, suggested they build

1034-400: A large civic centre with a plaza dominated by two skyscrapers. These house the administration offices whilst a smaller seven-storey building contains assembly facilities. In his design of a high tech version of Kofu Communications Centre, Tange equipped all three buildings with state-of-the-art building management systems that monitored air quality, light levels and security. The external skin of

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1128-465: A large part in establishing his reputation as "The West's favourite Japanese architect". In 1965 Tange was asked by the United Nations to enter a limited competition for the redevelopment of Skopje , which was at that time a city of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The town had been heavily destroyed by an earthquake in 1963. Tange won 60% of the prize; the other 40% was awarded to

1222-616: A pavilion for the Red Cross and Red Crescent and several others . The Urban Best Practice Area allowed cities and regions an opportunity to share experiences of improving urban living. San Francisco (a Shanghai sister city) was one participant here, as were Dafeng Town in Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Liverpool, London, Montreal, Rotterdam and Seoul. The Expo also included Chinese displays about Hong Kong and Ningbo. The Expo introduced numerous urban best practices and concepts from all over

1316-498: A performance by singers and dancers. The outdoor ceremony was produced by David Atkins Enterprises. 6,000 LED balls were floated into the Huangpu River representing fish. Organisers called the outdoor show "the largest searchlight display in history, the largest collection of multi-coloured laser firepower ever assembled in one place, the world's largest LED screen, one of the largest dancing water fountains ever, and

1410-482: A rhythmic pattern; it comprises two types of facade designs ("a" and "b") that are ordered laterally in an a-b-a-a-b-a arrangement. The house is topped with a two-tier roof. Kazuo Shinohara 's 1954 house at Kugayama is remarkably similar in its design, although it is built with steel and has a simpler rhythm in its facade. The fortress-like town hall in Kurashiki was designed in 1958 and completed in 1960. When it

1504-483: A similar skeleton structure raised off the ground as the Hiroshima Peace Museum; however, it is fused with a more traditional Japanese design that uses timber and paper. The house is based on the traditional Japanese module of the tatami mat, with the largest rooms designed to have flexibility so that they can be separated into three smaller rooms by fusuma sliding doors. The facade is designed with

1598-523: A single-day record of over 1.03 million visitors. Shanghai has been one of the main cities envisioned to host the expos for some time. Many scholars have written about the possibility and made suggestions in books. Unofficial participation in fairs outside China have happened since 1851. In 1910, the Qing dynasty decided to host China's first fair with the Nanyang industrial exposition . Shanghai scored

1692-587: A time when it is laying the groundwork to become an international financial centre by 2020. A group of NGOs protested a month before the expo against the alleged displacement of 18,000 families in the Shanghai area in connection with the Expo. Dissident Feng Zhenghu was detained in mid April 2010 for threatening to publicly seek redress for them in the courts. According to the U.S. government-run Congressional-Executive Commission on China , Shanghai authorities used

1786-696: Is the official and principal workplace of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , located in 44000 Constitution Avenue Islamabad , Pakistan. Completed in 1993, it is flanked by the Prime Minister's Secretariat to the south and President's House and the Parliament Building to the north. Designed by Tange, to a design brief prepared by the PEPAC , the complex was engineered and built by CDA Engineering and Siemens Engineering . In 1965

1880-767: Is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tokyo. St. Mary's Cathedral is located in the Sekiguchi neighborhood of Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan The original wooden structure, constructed in 1899 in the Gothic style, was destroyed during the air raids on Tokyo during World War II. The present church, designed by Kenzo Tange, was inaugurated in December, 1964. The Yoyogi National Gymnasium is situated in an open area in Yoyogi Park on an adjacent axis to

1974-755: Is to be left for 5,000 years and opened in the year 6970. The capsule was donated by The Mainichi Newspapers Co. and the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. The concept creating time capsules at world's fairs started with the two Westinghouse Time Capsules , which are to be opened in 6939. Part of the Expo Commemoration Park is now ExpoCity, a shopping mall that features the Redhorse Osaka Wheel . Osaka successfully bid for Expo 2025 alongside Yekaterinburg , Russia and Baku , Azerbaijan . However,

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2068-583: The 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident , which Japanese prime minister Naoto Kan called regrettable. State employees were given free one-day vouchers to the expo, and according to one worker, threatened with wage cuts, in order to fulfill the target of 70 million visitors. Long lines at the Germany pavilion caused visitors to shout " Nazi , Nazi" and attack workers, according to general commissioner for Germany's pavilion Dietmar Schmitz. Free tickets to an expo show featuring K-pop group Super Junior caused

2162-677: The AIA Gold Medal in 1966. Tange's son Paul Noritaka Tange graduated from Harvard University in 1985 and went on to join Kenzō Tange Associates. He became the president of Kenzo Tange Associates in 1997 before founding Tange Associates in 2002. Shanghai World Expo Expo 2010 , officially the Expo 2010 Shanghai China , was held on both banks of the Huangpu River in Shanghai , China , from 1 May to 31 October 2010. It

2256-608: The Bureau International des Expositions decided that Japan should host the 1970 Exposition . 3.3 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) of land in the Senri Hills near Osaka were put aside for its use. Tange and Uzo Nishiyama were appointed as planners for the masterplan by the Theme Committee. Tange assembled a group of twelve architects to design the infrastructure and facilities for the Expo. At

2350-495: The Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Founded in 1928, this organization of planners and architects had initially promoted architecture in economic and social context, but at its fourth meeting in 1933 (under the direction of Le Corbusier) it debated the notion of the "Functional City". This led to a series of proposals on urban planning known as " The Athens Charter ". By the 1951 CIAM meeting that

2444-708: The Cross Border Orchestra of Ireland and the Harvard Din & Tonics , and others. Haibao was the mascot of the Shanghai Expo 2010. It means treasure of the sea and was based on the Chinese character for man or person, "人". Some said that Haibao resembles Gumby , but the expo's secretariat said that it was an original design chosen through a competition and that they had never heard of Gumby. The main building – called " Expo Axis " – has

2538-526: The Kofun Period . In 1953, Tange and architectural journalist and critic Noboru Kawazoe were invited to attend the reconstruction of the Ise Grand Shrine . The shrine is rebuilt every 20 years, and in 1953, it marked the 59th iteration of this tradition, which began in 690 by the order of Emperor Temmu . Normally the reconstruction process was a very closed affair but this time the ceremony

2632-630: The Meiji Shrine . The gymnasium and swimming pool were designed by Tange for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics , which were the first Olympics held in Asia. Tange began his designs in 1961 and the plans were approved by the Ministry of Education in January 1963. The buildings were placed to optimize space available for parking and to permit the smoothest transition of incoming and outgoing people. Inspired by

2726-684: The Symbol Zone and covered it and the themed pavilions with a giant space frame roof. The designers liked the idea that like the 1851 Great Exhibition in London , the roof of the Symbol Zone could be a unifying entity for the expo. They did not want the constraint imposed by the London Exhibition of having everything contained under one roof, so the space frame contained only the Festival Plaza and themed pavilions. Tange compared

2820-543: The University of Hong Kong . Singapore had gained independence only five years earlier and was rapidly developing its small territory. They got on well, and Tange was soon invited to serve as an advisor to the urban planning arm of the Singaporean government. Initially, he gave advice on what should be preserved and what should be rebuilt, and he also planned the development of a reclaimed area, Marina South . In

2914-634: The "largest light show ever attempted"." President Hu Jintao inaugurated the opening of the Shanghai World Expo. The closing ceremony was held on 31 October 2010, with numerous world leaders in attendance including Wen Jiabao , Prime Minister of China, Sri Lanka's President Mahinda Rajapaksa , Viktor Orbán , Prime Minister of Hungary, Mari Kiviniemi , Prime Minister of Finland, Hubert Ingraham , Prime Minister of Bahamas, Pakalitha Mosisili , Prime Minister of Lesotho, Ram Baran Yadav , President of Nepal and Ban Ki-moon , Secretary-General of

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3008-924: The 1980s and considered this style of architecture to be only "transitional architectural expressions". His funeral was held in one of his works, the Tokyo Cathedral . Tadao Ando, one of Japan's greatest living architects, likes to tell the story of the stray dog, a stately akita, that wandered into his studio in Osaka some 20 years ago, and decided to stay. "First, I thought I would call her Kenzo Tange; but then I realised I couldn't kick Kenzo Tange around. So I called her Le Corbusier instead." The modular expansion of Tange's Metabolist visions had some influence on Archigram with their plug-in mega structures. The Metabolist movement gave momentum to Kikutake's career. Although his Marine City proposals (submitted by Tange at CIAM) were not realised, his Miyakonojo City Hall (1966)

3102-666: The 1980s, Tange designed the main campus layout and building complex of the newly established Nanyang Technological University . He also defined the skyline of the Central Business District by designing iconic buildings such as One Raffles Place (the tallest building outside the United States upon its completion), the Pickering Operations Complex , and UOB Plaza in the 1980s and 1990s. He also designed Singapore Indoor Stadium . Started in 1972 and completed in 1975 for Hawaii Hochi ,

3196-411: The 2010 date. It had the largest number of countries participating and was the most expensive Expo in the history of the world's fairs. The Shanghai World Expo was also the largest World's Fair site ever at 5.28 square km. By the end of the expo, over 73 million people had visited – a record attendance – and 246 countries and international organizations had participated. On 16 October 2010, the expo set

3290-424: The 5.28 square kilometer site, exceeding the budget of 18 billion yuan. The opening ceremony was held in the evening of 30 April 2010 attended by dozens of world leaders. The ceremony consisted of an indoor and outdoor component. Jackie Chan , Lang Lang , and Andrea Bocelli were among the performers in the indoor component. The event featured an outdoor display of fireworks , lasers, and dancing fountains after

3384-480: The 9 Hong Kong undersecretaries to inspect infrastructure projects and hold discussions on city-to-city cooperation. Six legislators from the pro-democracy camp boycotted an invitation to the expo by the Shanghai government because of the issue of political reform and the 2010 Hong Kong by-election . The Chinese government postponed the planned visit of 1,000 Japanese youths to the expo in September because of

3478-516: The Boston plan and his own scheme, "The Tokyo Plan – 1960". Tange argued that the normal urban pattern of a radial centripetal transportation system was a relic of the Middle Ages and would not handle the strain placed upon it by the world's mega cities, which he qualified as those with populations greater than 10 million. Rather than building up a city from a civic centre, Tange's proposal

3572-610: The CIAM meeting in 1951. While lecturing at the Bauhaus , Gropius had placed great importance on teaching architects, especially imparting on them the concept of working together as a team. The Urbanists and Architects Team was founded in 1961 and became Kenzō Tange Associates. Tange promoted a very flat hierarchy in the practice: partners were equal in importance and were encouraged to participate in every project. Multiple options were developed simultaneously, and research on individual schemes

3666-509: The Chinese cities of Hankou and Shanghai ; he and his family returned to Japan after learning of the death of one of his uncles. In contrast to the green lawns and red bricks in their Shanghai abode, the Tange family took up residence in a thatched roof farmhouse in Imabari on the island of Shikoku . After finishing middle school, Tange moved to Hiroshima in 1930 to attend high school. It

3760-538: The Expo 2010 covers 5.28 km . After winning the bid to host the Expo in 2002, Shanghai began a monumental task to reshape the city. More than $ 48 billion was spent for the preparation, more than the cost of cleaning up Beijing in the preparations for the Olympics in 2008. Shanghai began clearing 2.6 square kilometres along the Huangpu River; that involved moving 18,000 families and 270 factories, including

3854-668: The Jiang Nan Shipyard, which employs 10,000 workers. Six new subway lines were opened between 2008 and 2010; four thousand brand new taxis were added in the month before Expo 2010 opened and the city's buildings along the river were decorated with more energy-efficient LEDs. During the expo, the expo site was crowded with national pavilions, sculpture gardens, shops, a sports arena and clam-shaped performing arts centre. Shanghai trained more than 1.7 million volunteers and adopted Olympic-level security measures, adding metal detectors to subway entrances and screening cars entering

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3948-509: The Landmark Tower. Two main principles informed the master plan. The first was the idea that the wisdom of all the peoples of the world would come together in this place and stimulate ideas; the second was that it would be less of an exposition and more of a festival . The designers thought that unlike previous expositions they wished to produce a central, unifying, Festival Plaza where people could meet and socialise. They called this

4042-590: The Moon by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969. Expo '70 also saw the premiere of the first-ever IMAX film: the Canadian -produced Tiger Child for the Fuji Group pavilion. The Expo also featured demonstrations of conveyor belt sushi , early mobile phones , local area networking and maglev train technology. The site of Expo '70 is now Expo Commemoration Park . Almost all pavilions have been demolished, but

4136-547: The Second World War started, he left Maekawa to rejoin the University of Tokyo as a postgraduate student. He developed an interest in urban design, and referencing only the resources available in the university library, he embarked on a study of Greek and Roman marketplaces. In 1942, Tange entered a competition for the design of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall. He was awarded first prize for

4230-461: The Shanghai World Expo, a record number for that time. Over 73 million people visited Expo 2010 during the 184-day event, breaking the previous record of 64 million visitors set by Expo 70 in Osaka . Organizers had expected 70 million visitors at the start of the expo. About 5.8 percent of the visitors, or 4.25 million, were foreigners. Shanghai spent 11.964 billion yuan in operating cost to host

4324-465: The Shanghai government have announced plans to construct the world's only official World Expo Museum in Shanghai, on the Puxi side of the expo site. Construction began in 2012, and the museum opened its doors on 1 May 2017. More than 200 participants from Expo 2010 have donated over 30,000 exhibits to the future museum. The BIE has added into its formal requirements that all future Expo bidders shall support

4418-497: The Tokyo World Design Conference in 1960. In his speech he used words such as "cell" and "metabolism" in relation to urban design. The Metabolist movement grew out of discussions with other members of the conference. Amongst them were Kisho Kurokawa , Junzo Sakakura , Alison and Peter Smithson , Louis Kahn , Jean Prouvé , B. V. Doshi and Jacob Bakema . The conference ended with Tange's presentation of

4512-464: The United Nations. About 20,000 performances were set to be staged between 1 May and 31 October in 2010, many singers present at the expo song writing and preparation process since 2008. Performers included Alan Tam , Gigi Leung , Stephanie Cheng , Khalil Fong , Hacken Lee , Denise Ho , Hins Cheung , Vincy Chan , Philadelphia Boys Choir, National Boys Choir of Australia, Salut Salon ,

4606-664: The Yugoslav team. Tange's design furthered ideas put forward in the earlier "Tokyo Plan". Tange further developed his ideas for expandable urban forms in 1966 when he designed the Yamanashi Broadcasting and Press Centre in Kōfu . It was designed for three media companies: a newspaper printing plant, a radio station and a television studio. To allow for future expansion Tange grouped the similar functions of three offices together in three zones. The newspaper printing machinery

4700-407: The anniversary. Kenz%C5%8D Tange Kenzō Tange ( 丹下 健三 , Tange Kenzō , 4 September 1913 – 22 March 2005) was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for Architecture . He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism , and designed major buildings on five continents. His career spanned

4794-594: The basis of the Metabolist Movement . When Tange travelled back to Japan from the 1951 CIAM meeting, he visited Le Corbusier's nearly complete Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles, France. He also looked at the sketches for the new capital of Punjab at Chandigarh , India. Tange had left the Team X Otterlo conference early to take up a tenure at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His experiences at

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4888-428: The building makes dual references to both tradition and the modern condition. Tange incorporated vertical and horizontal lines reminiscent of both timber boarding and the lines on semiconductor boards. Tange converted to Christianity, taking the name Joseph, the husband of Mary mother of Christ, some time before his death. He continued to practice until three years before his death in 2005. He disliked postmodernism in

4982-408: The building that houses the information about the atomic explosion. The museum is constructed from bare reinforced concrete. The primary museum floor is lifted six metres above the ground on huge piloti and is accessible via a free-standing staircase. The rhythmical facade comprises vertical elements that repeat outwards from the centre. Like the exterior, the interior is finished with rough concrete;

5076-575: The capital city of Skopje , then part of the Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia following a major earthquake was won by Tange's architecture team in 1965. The project was significant because of its international influence, however for Tange it was model case for urban reconstruction to realise modern architecture principles. It is the first time that a Japanese architect was invited by an international body to participate in an urban development of this scale. The Supreme Court of Pakistan Building

5170-528: The centre of the Expo was the Festival Plaza. Tange conceived that this plaza (with its oversailing space frame roof) would connect the display spaces and create a setting for a "festival". The plaza divided the site into a northern zone for pavilions and a southern zone for administration facilities. The zones were interconnected with moving pathways. In 1970, he became acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew while staying in Hong Kong to receive an honorary degree from

5264-494: The chairmanship of Seiji Kaya was formed. Kenzo Tange and Uzo Nishiyama were appointed to produce the master plan for the Expo. The main theme would be Progress and Harmony for Mankind . Tange invited 12 other architects to elucidate designs for elements within the master plan. These architects included: Arata Isozaki for the Festival Plaza mechanical, electrical and electronic installations; and Kiyonori Kikutake for

5358-712: The city. The Shanghai Expo also featured an online version of the expo grounds featuring 3D renderings of the expo grounds, and a 3D version of the pavilion interior and offerings. The Shanghai World Expo provided an unparalleled opportunity for the tourism industry. During 2010's Spring Festival, Shanghai received 2.79 million tourists, an increase of 12 percent from the previous year, resulting in record high numbers of visitors. Overall Shanghai's tourism revenue achieved an increase of 13 percent year on year during Spring Festival, resulting in RMB 2.1 billion in total revenue. 192 countries and 50 organizations registered to participate in

5452-507: The closing of the Expo, "Thanks to this Expo, millions of people learned about possibilities for making our cities healthier and safer, cities that better integrate nature and technology, cities that offer their citizens cleaner air and water, and better lives all around". Within Shanghai, the grounds of the former Expo site now constitute the Expo Park , including the former China Pavilion. The Bureau of International Expositions (BIE) and

5546-424: The competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . He was a member of CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) in the 1950s. Tange handled urban redevelopment projects after World War II. His ideas were explored in designs for Tokyo and Skopje . Tange's work influenced a generation of architects across the world. Born on 4 September 1913 in Sakai , Japan, Tange spent his early life in

5640-427: The concept to a tree. The idea was that although the national pavilions were like individual flowers they needed to be connected to the whole via branches and a trunk. Thus the Symbol Zone became the trunk and the moving pedestrian walkways and sub-plazas became the branches. These elements were reinforced with colour, with the trunk and branches in plain white and the pavilions in their own colours that were determined by

5734-410: The conference may have led him to set his fifth year students a project to design a 25-thousand-person residential community to be erected in Boston over the bay. The scheme comprised two giant A-frame structures that resembled Tange's competition entry for the World Health Organisation's headquarters on Lake Geneva . Both this scheme and the earlier ones by Kikutake formed the basis of Tange's speech to

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5828-470: The destruction of Hiroshima. The discussions at Hoddesdon sowed discontent within CIAM that eventually contributed to its breakup after their Dubrovnik meeting in 1956; the younger members of CIAM formed a splinter group known as Team X, which Tange later joined. Tange presented various designs to Team X in their meetings. At a 1959 meeting in Otterlo , Holland, one of his presentations included an unrealised project by Kiyonori Kikutake ; this project became

5922-416: The entire second half of the twentieth century, producing numerous distinctive buildings in Tokyo, other Japanese cities and cities around the world, as well as ambitious physical plans for Tokyo and its environments. Tange was also an influential patron of the Metabolist movement . Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist Le Corbusier , Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won

6016-433: The event, and within six months the number of visitors reached 64,218,770, making Expo '70 one of the largest and best attended expositions in history. It held the record for most visitors at an Expo until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Expo in 2010. It generated a profit of 19 billion Yen. A popular highlight of the fair was a large Moon rock on display in the United States' pavilion. It had been brought back from

6110-403: The event, making it the most expensive World Expo ever, but the organizers still made an operating profit of more than 1 billion yuan (US$ 157 million) thanks to the record attendance. The total revenue was 13.014 billion yuan, including 7.36 billion yuan in admission fees and almost 4 billion yuan in sponsorship income. However, the city invested another 19.74 billion yuan to prepare and construct

6204-399: The expo as an excuse to conduct a surveillance, propaganda, and detention campaign against members of the banned Falun Gong spiritual group. Denmark controversially sent the original Little Mermaid statue from Copenhagen to the expo, putting a video replica recorded by dissident Ai Weiwei in its place. Some observers criticized the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office 's payment for

6298-411: The film division at Nihon University 's art department to dodge Japan's drafting of young men to its military and seldom attended classes. In 1935 Tange began the tertiary studies he desired at University of Tokyo 's architecture department. He studied under Hideto Kishida and Yoshikazu Uchida . Although Tange was fascinated by the photographs of Katsura villa that sat on Kishida's desk, his work

6392-524: The future would be like an aerial city and he asked Fumihiko Maki , Noboru Kawazoe, Koji Kamiya and Noriaki Kurokawa to design it. The Theme Space was also punctuated by three towers: the Tower of the Sun, the Tower of Maternity and the Tower of Youth. To the north of the Theme Space was the Festival Plaza. This was a flexible space that contained a flat area and stepped terrace. The plaza could be rearranged to provide for different requirements for seating capacity, from 1500 to 10000. The flexibility extended to

6486-408: The highest in each of the four rounds of voting at the 132nd Meeting of the Bureau of International Expositions in Prince's Palace of Monaco , Monte Carlo , Monaco, with Yeosu , South Korea maintaining second place. Yeosu later won the bid to host Expo 2012 , a three-month specialized world expo. In 2004, the Chinese central government established the Shanghai World Expo Organising Committee as

6580-430: The idea was to keep the surfaces plain so that nothing could distract the visitor from the contents of the exhibits. The Peace Plaza is the backdrop for the museum. The plaza was designed to allow 50 thousand people to gather around the peace monument in the centre. Tange also designed the Cenotaph monument as an arch composed of two hyperbolic paraboloids , said to be based on traditional Japanese ceremonial tombs from

6674-410: The initial design the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was dominated by adjoining utility buildings, which were linked to it by high-level walkways. Tange refined this concept to place the museum prominently at the centre, separate from the utility buildings (only one of which was subsequently designed by him). In addition to architectural symbolism, he thought it important for the design to centre around

6768-655: The island of Shikoku was completed in 1958. Its expressive construction could be likened to the Daibutsu style seen at the Tōdai-ji in Nara . The columns on the elevation bore only vertical loads so Tange was able to design them to be thin, maximising the surfaces for glazing. Although the hall has been called one of his finest projects, it drew criticism at the time of its construction for relying too heavily on tradition. Tange's own home, designed in 1951 and completed in 1953, uses

6862-447: The lighting and audio visual equipment allowing for a range of musical performances and electronic presentations. Festival Plaza was covered by the world's first large-scale, transparent membrane roof. It was designed by Tange and structural engineer Yoshikatsu Tsuboi + Kawaguchi & Engineers. Measuring 75.6 m in width and 108 m in length, it was 30 m high and supported by only six lattice columns. Seventy-seven countries participated in

6956-554: The nation's economic hub of Shanghai. The event received extensive media coverage in the Chinese media both in the lead up and during the World Expo. According to China analyst Tom Doctoroff, "In terms of what the city was able to achieve, the Chinese were impressed. Shanghai stepped up a level in internationalization". Outside China, the Expo propelled Shanghai onto magazine covers, newspaper front pages and television programmes at

7050-490: The national architects. The Symbol Zone ran north–south across the site, spanning an arterial road running east–west. The Festival Plaza was to the north of road and had the main gate on its southern end. To the north of the main gate and central to the Festival Plaza was the Tower of the Sun from which visitors could join pedestrian walkways that travelled out towards the north, south, east and west gates. The Theme Space under

7144-471: The new Expo Museum. The Shanghai Expo was touted by the Chinese government as yet another first-rate global scale event, similar in significance to the Beijing Olympics , which would symbolise the economic and political rise of China in the 21st century. The event would demonstrate to both the Chinese populace and foreign nations the enormous progress of China's urban development in the heart of

7238-574: The organization dedicated to host the event. The Organising Committee set up an executive committee which is responsible for the execution and management of expo affairs. Besides, the Shanghai World Expo Coordination is founded for the daily affairs of the executive committee. The site of the event was the Nanpu Bridge – Lupu Bridge region in the center of Shanghai along both sides of the Huangpu River . The area of

7332-491: The overall plan and individual national and corporate pavilions. The most famous of these artworks is artist Tarō Okamoto 's iconic Tower of the Sun , which still remains on the site today. Osaka was chosen as the site for the 1970 World Exposition by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) in 1965. 330 hectares in the Senri Hills outside Osaka had been earmarked for the site and a Theme Committee under

7426-758: The skyline of the Colosseum in Rome, the roofs have a skin suspended from two masts. The buildings were inspired by Le Corbusier's Philips Pavilion designed for Brussels' World Fair, and the Ingalls Rink , Yale University's hockey area, by Eero Saarinen (both structures were completed in 1958). The roof of the Philips Pavilion was created by complex hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces stretched between cables. In both cases Tange took Western ideas and adapted them to meet Japanese requirements. The gymnasium has

7520-406: The space frame was divided into three levels, each designed by the artist Tarō Okamoto , The underground level represented the past and was a symbol of the source of humanity. The surface level represented the present, symbolising the dynamism of human interaction. The space frame represented the future and a world where humanity and technology would be joined. Tange envisioned that the exhibition for

7614-634: The world which the organisers hope will be a lasting legacy for better urban life in China and around the world. It advocated for future development to focus on environmental sustainability, efficiency and diversity. The innovations and achievements of the event were summarised in the Shanghai Declaration issued by the participants of the Expo. The declaration also nominated the Shanghai Expo's closing day 31 October as "World Better Cities Day". United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated at

7708-519: The world's fair will not reuse the park space, and will instead be hosted on Yumeshima island in Konohana , on the waterfront of Osaka Bay. To celebrate the 50th anniversary, "Expo ’70 50th Anniversary Special Exhibition" was held in Tennozu area of Tokyo from February 15 to 24, 2020. Osaka Monorail operated a wrapping train that reproduced the monorail design that operated at the Expo to commemorate

7802-1989: The world's largest membrane construction and was built by SBA (architects) and Knippers Helbig (structural engineers). The building consists of some steel-glass funnels with a 1,000 m long membrane construction. The main construction was completed at the end of 2009. There were five central theme pavilions at the Expo 2010, exploring different aspects of urban development. They were called Urban Footprints , Urban Planet , Urbanian , City Being , and Urban Future . National pavilions included: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pacific Pavilion, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yemen. Corporate pavilions included: Aurora Pavilion, Broad Pavilion, China Railway, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Pavilion, Coca-Cola Pavilion, Cisco Pavilion, Information and Communication Pavilion, Oil Pavilion, Japanese Industry, PICC, Private Enterprises Joint Pavilion, Republic of Korea Business, SAIC-GM Pavilion, Shanghai Corporate Joint Pavilion, Space Pavilion, Space Home Pavilion, State Grid and Vanke Pavilion. The Expo also included

7896-454: Was a major World Expo registered by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), in the tradition of international fairs and expositions, the first since 2005. The theme of the exposition was "Better City – Better Life" and signifies Shanghai's new status in the 21st century as the "next great world city ". The Expo emblem features the Chinese character 世 ('world', Chinese "shì") modified to represent three people together with

7990-713: Was a more Metabolist example of Tange's own Nichinan Cultural Centre (1962). Although the Osaka Expo had marked a decline in the Metabolist movement, it resulted in a "handing over" of the reigns to a younger generation of architects such as Kazuo Shinohara and Arata Isozaki. In an interview with Jeremy Melvin at the Royal Academy of Arts, Kengo Kuma explained that, at the age of ten, he was inspired to become an architect after seeing Tange's Olympic arenas, which were constructed in 1964. For Reyner Banham , Tange

8084-462: Was a prime exemplar of the use of Brutalist architecture . His use of Béton brut concrete finishes in a raw and undecorated way combined with his civic projects such as the redevelopment of Tokyo Bay made him a great influence on British architects during the 1960s. Brutalist architecture has been criticised for being soulless and for promoting the exclusive use of a material that is poor at withstanding long exposures to natural weather. He received

8178-411: Was based on civic axis, developing the city in a linear fashion. Three levels of traffic, graded according to speed, would facilitate the movement of up to 2.5 million people along the axis, which would be divided into vertebrae-like cyclical transportation elements. The sheer size of the proposal meant that it would stretch out across the water of Tokyo Bay. Tange's proposals at this conference play

8272-412: Was constructed it was situated on the edge of the old town centre connecting it with the newer areas of the town. Kurashiki is better known as a tourist spot for its old Machiya style houses. Set in an open square, the building sits on massive columns that taper inwards as they rise. The elevation consists of horizontal planks (some of which are omitted to create windows) which overlap at the corners in

8366-520: Was encouraged. During the 1970s and 1980s Tange expanded his portfolio to include buildings in over 20 countries around the world. In 1985, at the behest of Jacques Chirac , the mayor of Paris at that time, Tange proposed a master plan for a plaza at Place d'Italie that would interconnect the city along an east-west axis. For the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building , which opened in 1991, Tange designed

8460-643: Was held in Hoddesdon , England, to which Tange was invited, the Athens Charter came under debate by younger members of the group (including Tange) who found the Charter too vague in relation to city expansion. The "Athens Charter" promoted the idea that a city gains character from its continual changes over many years; this notion was written before the advent of mass bombings and the Second World War and therefore held little meaning for Tange who had evidenced

8554-619: Was here that he first encountered the works of Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier . His discovery of the drawings of the Palace of the Soviets in a foreign art journal convinced him to become an architect. Although he graduated from high school, Tange's poor results in mathematics and physics meant that he had to pass entrance exams to qualify for admission to the prestigious universities. He spent two years doing so and during that time, he read extensively about western philosophy. Tange also enrolled in

8648-469: Was inspired by Le Corbusier. His graduation project was a seventeen-hectare (42-acre) development set in Tokyo's Hibiya Park . After graduating from the university, Tange started to work as an architect at the office of Kunio Maekawa . During his employment, he travelled to Manchuria , participating in an architectural design competition for a bank, and toured Japanese-occupied Rehe on his return. When

8742-508: Was on the ground floor, sealed studios on the upper floors and offices on glass walled floors surrounded by balconies. The services, including stairs and lifts, are housed in 16  reinforced concrete columns that are of five-metre (17 ft) diameter. Space was left between the cluster of functional space to allow for future expansion, although these have been used for gardens and terraces. Tange's inspiration for his design office came from his friend Walter Gropius who he had first met at

8836-590: Was opened to architects and journalists to document the event. The ceremony coincided with the end of the American Occupation and it seemed to symbolise a new start in Japanese architecture. In 1965 when Tange and Kawazoe published the book Ise: Prototype of Japanese Architecture , he likened the building to a modernist structure: an honest expression of materials, a functional design and prefabricated elements. The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall on

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