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44-558: Japan Tourism Agency seated itself with intentions to stimulate local economies and to further international mutual understanding, following legislation of Basic Act on Promotion of Tourism Nation (in December 2006, to wholly revise Tourism Basic Act), committee resolutions in both Houses of the Diet in the legislation process, and decision at a Cabinet meeting of Basic Plan (in June 2007) which

88-470: A better future. A community economies approach involves identifying and acknowledging the economic activities that contribute to the well-being of people and the planet and considers ways that these activities may strengthen and multiply. Community-based economics starts by acknowledging the local context and valuing the diverse economic activities and possibilities already present. In the Philippines ,

132-442: A minimum of $ 325 million in 1996 to a minimum of $ 3 billion in 2003. Community approaches to poverty reduction address social problems that governments and the voluntary sector usually address. However, these typically incorporate methods employed by the private sector. Community-based tourism (CBT) has been advanced as a strategy associated with community development and poverty alleviation through tourism. CBT "has become one of

176-411: A result, the villages have different electricity distribution times. CBT villages do not have infrastructures besides basic housing. Since some of the villages are very commuted, it is very hard to get access to the proper medical treatment. Due to the location being so remote, the connection of the mobile phone or cellular networks is very poor. There is a problem regarding accommodations for tourists. For

220-447: A result, they do not have a good command of English. It is hard for an ordinary villager to communicate with tourists. That subsequently leads to a lack of understanding of the needs and wants of the tourists. The main goal of implementing CBT is that the profits gained from tourism will significantly benefit the livelihood of the community as an additional income besides farming. In this way, CBT can sustain minimally disruptive tourism to

264-415: Is a developing country, tourism is not flourished yet, and tourists are quite unfamiliar with this country. The political unrest in the country also impacts the image of the country, subsequently affecting tourism. For a startup tourism like CBT, it is harder to get tourists noticed because it is not marketed widely, and there is not sufficient information about CBT villages as well. Deficiency of human capital

308-423: Is a form of decentralisation that "devolves authority to the most local community level". Economic development projects target the poor, often in developing countries. There have been mixed results from a limited number of studies endeavouring to explore the potential for success from community-based decentralised programs. The World Bank is on record to have increased funding for community-based development from

352-658: Is a wide range of activities to do, depending on the location of the villages. Some villages offer water activities, and some may not. In the process of implementing CBT villages, non-profit organizations like ActionAid Myanmar also takes part in the process. The ultimate goal of CBT is to generate profits by offering tourists local lifestyles, accommodation, local activities, and culture. Despite its advantages, there are also setbacks while running CBT villages, such as not having adequate both human resources and technical resources. Myanmar started its political transformation in 2012, after decades of political isolation. Life before 2012

396-503: Is also a challenge for CBT villages because some of the youths in those villages emigrated to neighboring countries to get a well-paid job to support back to their families. The majority of the villagers do not have a proper education. Only a few are high school graduates, and college graduates are quite rare. There is only one public school at most, and that school only has till primary school grade (Grade 4 in Myanmar education system). As

440-414: Is an alternative for economic development as well as conservation and protection of natural resources of those villages. The term CBT was not very scarce until 2012, where the country was free from the political isolation. The country became politically more open, and the nation's doors were open for traveling. Vast foreign investments along with vast tourists, were ready to explore the unknown country. There

484-586: Is an economic system that encourages local substitution . It is similar to the lifeways of those practicing voluntary simplicity , including traditional Mennonite , Amish , and modern eco-village communities. It is also a subject in urban economics , related to moral purchasing and local purchasing . The community-based economy can refer to the various initiatives coordinated through multiple forms of interactions. These interactions may involve some form of work performance; project participation; and/or relationship exchange. The forms of interaction can exclude

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528-462: Is an example of a community based economic approach to ecological management. This approach is one that the Australian state governments have justified based on the potential benefits of developing the capacities of landholders and other stakeholders. Stakeholders then respond self-reliantly (both as individuals and in groups) to the environmental challenges. The state government of Nepal set up

572-512: Is given less importance to religion and its values. Farmers in the Amish community refrain from using modern technological equipment and still find ways to sell their products at market prices and make profits. By engaging in the wider economy, the Amish community are better able to deal with population growth, land price increases, as well as rises in costs of goods and services not being produced by

616-539: Is one of few examples of community-based economics at play, with limited to no participation from international donors. Cooperatives play a vital role in community-based poverty reduction programs. The first multipurpose cooperative in Nepal was established in 1956. The purpose of establishing the cooperative was to help support the rehabilitation of flood victims. The Amish community are an example of economic development being possible without complete modernisation. Profit

660-472: Is one of the goals is to build local capacities such as training for workshops, communication skills, and knowledge. When it comes to CBT tourism, there are two sides: the local and the tourist. The perspectives of the locals are different depending on their assumptions of CBT. The locals of the CBT villages think that tourists mostly come because of nature, and sometimes because of the sun. The tourists want to feel

704-449: Is one problem with CBT villages. Before these villages became CBT, they were just poor villages. As a result, youths from those villages started to emigrant to neighboring countries, mostly Thailand and Malaysia. Those emigrants thought that they could support their families only if they work outside of the country. When CBT was implemented, this kind of problem was partially solved because CBT will contribute to those families' income. From

748-492: Is one such example of community-based economies at play. It is located in the “Maganga Traditional Authority in the Salima District of Malawi's Central Regions”. The NHCS includes members from the eleven villages surrounding it and was initially known as the “Ngolowindo Self Help Irrigation Scheme (NSHIS)”. The NSHIS had seen support from the areas’ indigenous leaders. Apart from seeking to implement subsistence farming,

792-531: The Jenga Community Partnering Project involved working with groups of community members to build on existing individual and community assets. Community economies researchers point out that the 'community' in community economies is not about pre-existing communities (such as those based on a shared identity or location). Instead, the community is a process of being with others, including the world around. Community-based development

836-642: The 1970s, Indigenous communities in Australia have played leading roles in building procuring community-based services in areas such as local governing; health; housing; as well as welfare. In Australia, a five-year research project called ' People on Country (POC), Healthy Landscapes and Indigenous Economic Futures ' was undertaken by the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research at the Australian National University . This project

880-454: The Amish community itself. As such, the Amish still find themselves subject to the economic factors of supply and demand changes, rapid changes in legal and political environments, as well the impacts of globalisation . Due to the hybrid nature of many community-based natural resource management approaches, governance actors from higher than just the local community level are often involved. As such, approaches can differ widely with respect to

924-561: The Basic Act. In issue No. 8, it was stated that the government should make efforts to set up a tourism agency or so. In the Basic Plan, five fundamental targets are set, whose substances are, respectively, to increase the number of: All five targets each have a numerical value. Among the total of 25 various targets, each have some numerical value. Community-based economics Community-based economics or community economics

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968-945: The Community Forestry programme in 1978, an initiative that saw community members being given full rights for the protection of forests. Around twenty thousand community forest user groups, including under two and a half million households are involved in the management of around two million hectares of community forest in Nepal. In many rural communities across the west of the United States, ( community-based organisations (CBO) ), grassroots non-profit entities focusing on revitalising their respective communities through linked natural resource stewardship and rural economic development activities, have emerged to provide direction and practical solutions to natural resource management dilemmas and social conflict. CBOs seek to help communities cope with policy and economic transitions. Since

1012-474: The NHCS deals with generational income issues by focusing on achieving stability at the household level. The importance of relationships was seen in the early Māori economy. Concepts such as reciprocity; flexibility; sustainability and sharing (trade) underpinned these relationships. Not only were these relationships regarded as between people, but between people and the physical world, as well as between people and

1056-411: The accommodation, some of the villages build (B&B) Bed and Breakfast. In order to build a B&B, the villages first need to get a B&B license. Some villages do not even have B&B, and tourists stay in host families' houses. Some of the families accept boys only and some girls only. For boys, they are allowed to stay in the monastery compound, but for girls, it is inappropriate. Since Myanmar

1100-620: The activities are not common, and only a specific CBT village can offer that service such as AyeYarWaddy Dolphine Sanctuary. Some of the villages are located near the lakes and streams so tourists can also enjoy swimming in them and the villages provide transportations for them. Typically, some youths can speak decent English to communicate back to the tourists because the majority of the villagers are not fluent in English. CBT villages have poor access to adequate basic necessities such as proper sanitation, electricity, infrastructures, finance etc. As

1144-547: The community level. Community-based economies have been seen to focus on the idea that the “local community should be the focal point of development”. In addition, resources and skills which are sourced locally are seen to play a pivotal role in the community. A community economies approach is interested in diverse activities that contribute to the well-being of both people and the planet. Such actions seek to help people survive well; produce and distribute surplus; transact goods and services more fairly; and invest in ways to support

1188-478: The composition of participants. Different governance functions can be performed by different actors from different societal spheres and at different levels. Community-based approaches may overlook or neglect broader social processes. Some communities may be too poor or conflict-ridden to be able to help themselves; 'participation fatigue' can be present, and power differentials can lead to inequitable outcomes. " Bioregional and ecological economics theory describes

1232-415: The country was emancipated from the military regime in 2010. Even though CBT solely focuses on the community of the host villages, some of the decisions depend on the government's approval or the head of the villages. Most of the villages have heads of the village who would be the medium between the villagers, the professionals, organizations, and the government. Communities must be consulted and involved in

1276-472: The country while enjoying a happy and a fulfilling holiday in Myanmar. The majority of the tourist destination sites are located in Mandalay , Bagan , and Yangon . CBT villagers want to minimize the number of tourists in the concentrated area; instead, they want to generate job opportunities and income for the indigenous people in the rural areas. Since CBT villages lack both capitals and human resources, it

1320-470: The decision-making process on tourism planning and management, which directly affect their livelihoods. However, final decisions shall be made in coordination with the public sector and with the approval of the public administration. Some of the villages are ruled by abbots or monks under the teachings of the monk and the Buddha . CBT prefers the bottom-up decision approach rather than top-bottom decisions where

1364-473: The emigrants sending money back to their families. CBT goal is to provide an alternative or additional way of income for the reduction of poverty. One of the statements made by the National League of Democracy is to welcome visitors who are keen to promote the welfare of the ordinary people and the conservation of the environment and to acquire an insight into the cultural, political, and social life of

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1408-1108: The growth of local economic linkages as vital to moving post-industrial economies toward sustainability". Growing economic links involves engaging local communities to the point where they have meaningful levels of ownership over their environmental and financial resources, in order to focus on the production of resources to meet localised needs. This pattern is becoming more familiar in many parts of North America and Europe. As currently practised, Green Community Economic Development (GCED) schemes involve extending ideas to finance local economic initiatives. These initiatives feature energy and other conservation measures and environmental remediation as an essential job creation focus". Government agencies and community groups have protocols for engaging with Aboriginal communities. In regional Australia, resource management practitioners apply projects according to engagement protocols transferred from remote Australia. Various state governments in Australia devolve powers to regional organisations to decide how to invest public funds in environmental management . This model

1452-410: The local environment while increasing economic opportunities in a way that is sustainable, community-driven which would benefit the entire community. CBT is working to concentrate more on the voice of the villagers. CBT targets bottom-up decision where the locals have direct decision-making policies. Another goal of CBT's is the poverty reduction. The main source of income becomes from agriculture and

1496-582: The majority of the votes are determined by the villagers. CBT villages offer a wide variety of activities and services depending on the location of the villages. Some of the common activities are listed down below. Services like bird-watching are common around Ayeyarwaddy Delta and central Myanmar. Since Myanmar is a Buddhist country, apart from villages in upper Myanmar , most of the CBT villages have religious sites to visit such as monasteries, temples, and pagodas where tourists can learn local culture, buy souvenirs, and participate in local festivals. Some of

1540-572: The need to contract; can do away with the need to include some form of monetisation; as well as be free from the need to establish a structure of hierarchy. Community-based economies have been seen to involve aspects of social bonding; value promotion; and establishing community-orientated social goals. It has been suggested that communities that meet their own needs need the global economy less. "Local-economy theory" introduces insights into new economic development that honours ecological realities and finds efficiencies in small-scale, shared knowledge at

1584-416: The sector's fastest-growing segments globally...". It is a form of tourism that started in the 1970s and is explicitly aimed at disadvantaged communities. Common challenges are linked to the scarcity of material and non-material (such as skill and education) of poor community members. In 2001, China began a community-driven program for the purpose of reducing poverty levels. “Participatory village planning”

1628-588: The spiritual world. Community Based Tourism in Myanmar Community-based tourism , also known as CBT, is a kind of tourism operated and managed by the local community for the sake of the well-being of the particular community through providing a mechanism for sustainable livelihoods. It means preserving socio-culture such as traditions and enhancing the socio-economic situations of a particular community. CBT concentrates on economically vulnerable villages and developing countries because CBT

1672-434: The sunlight despite the scorching heat because the sun is rare to see in certain parts of the world. Some locals are very trilled to serve those tourists not because of money because years ago, they do not have any chance to interact with tourists directly and there were not many tourists after all. On the other hand, some locals assert that what tourists bring is trash, and these tourists are exploiting their resources. There

1716-435: The tourist's perspective, despite the lack of infrastructure and sanitation, they still enjoy coming to CBT villages. Some tourists have difficulties in finding information about tourism and the CBT villages because they cannot find much information on the internet. Tourists state that they can bring some culture back to their countries. At the same time, Myanmar people, especially from the poor background, can also get an idea of

1760-726: Was collaborative in nature, where the University worked with a number of community-based Aboriginal land and sea management groups in northern Australia. Work was carried out on a number of cultural and resource management issues. Many community-based economies have been seen in the Kasungu district of Malawi. These economies have concerned themselves with the tasks of sustaining agriculture; managing natural resources; facilitating small and medium enterprises; as well as dealing with health problems in their communities such as HIV and AIDS. The Ngolowindo Horticultural Cooperative Society (NHCS)

1804-415: Was commute, and there were no connections with the outside world. Doors to other countries were not available much. The majority of people were poor, and the livelihood of the people was substandard. The transition from military dictatorships to a more democratic country led to the implementation of CBT. As a result, tourists became more interested in exploring these pristine and unspoiled sites. Moreover, CBT

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1848-615: Was drawn as provided by the Basic Act. One legal basis of the Agency is the Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism. The two committee resolutions (of almost the same contents) are made by the Committee on Land and Transport of each House of the Diet, to point out eight issues on which the government should take appropriate measures when it enforces

1892-577: Was included in the 100 Days Plan , the government's reformed agenda. The 100 days was set by the National League of Democracy, accompanied by an optimist view that aimed to work towards the priorities and convenience of the public, such as the development of transport infrastructure, telecommunication, and so on. The tourism Industry became flourished as one of the economic sectors for the sake of generating foreign revenues, protecting local traditions culture, environment, expansion of employment after

1936-543: Was seen to have been used to promote public investments in targeted villages with higher levels of poverty. There had been programs prior to 2001 in China where investments were made to try to reduce poverty, however, these did not include much participation from the communities themselves. In the current program, each village conducts a public investment plan where projects are voted on by the village residents themselves. The government-initiated program being run in China since 2001

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