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78-778: The Jarrahids first emerged in the Muslim sources as allies of the Qarmatians , and grew prominent under their chieftain Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah . In 973, the latter secured the governorship of Palestine, with Ramla at its center, from the Fatimid Caliphate in reward for military services. Mufarrij lost favor with the Fatimids, who drove the Jarrahids out of Palestine when they plundered Ramla in 981. Afterward,

156-570: A militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in Al-Ahsa in Eastern Arabia , where they established a religious —and, as some scholars have claimed, proto-socialist or utopian socialist —state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam , and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi , a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars . They rejected

234-525: A moshava on the land and called it Kfar Saba . In the 1922 census there were 546 villagers, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to a population of 765, still all Muslims, in a total of 169 houses. The village expanded in the British Mandate period; new houses were built along the highway, and new agricultural land were cultivated to the west of the village. In the 1945 statistics it had population of 1,270 Muslims, while

312-514: A brewing alliance between the main regional Arab powers at the time, the Jarrahids, Hamdanids and Uqaylids . Abu Taghlib and his Uqaylid allies attacked Ramla in August, but were defeated and captured on 29 August by the Jarrahids, who by then regained Fadl's support. The latter requested Mufarrij hand over Abu Taghlib to Caliph al-Aziz, but fearing Abu Taghlib could be potentially used by the Fatimids against him, Mufarrij killed him and sent his head to

390-770: A final blow in 1067 by the combined forces of Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni , who with the help of Seljuk army contingents from Iraq, laid siege to Hofuf for seven years and finally forced the Carmathians to surrender. In Bahrain and eastern Arabia, the Qarmatian state was replaced by the Uyunid dynasty , and it is believed that by the mid-11th century, Qarmatian communities in Iraq , Iran , and Transoxiana had either been integrated by Fatimid proselytism or disintegrated. By

468-531: A fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 8,314 akçe . 3/24 the revenue went to a Waqf . In 1730, the Egyptian Sufi traveller al-Luqaimi visited Kafr Saba and saw the shrine for a local religious figure, the Tomb of Benjamin. In 1808, a riwāq or arcaded prayer hall was constructed, according to

546-529: A now vanished inscription. This riwāq occupies the south side of the main enclosure of the shrine. In the 1860s, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat Kafr Saba in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. al-Ghaba) in the coastal plain west of the village. In the 1870s, the village of Kafr Saba was described as a village built of stone and adobe brick and

624-674: A pardon from al-Hakim, who restored to him Mufarrij's iqtaʿat in Palestine. Afterward, Hassan assisted al-Hakim in his expeditions against Aleppo. In 1019, Hassan, as a representative of the Tayy, entered his tribe into an alliance with the Kalb under Sinan ibn Sulayman and the Kilab under Salih ibn Mirdas . Such an alliance between the three principal Arab tribes of the Levant was unprecedented and

702-473: A position of pre-eminence in the Qarmaṭī state. Henceforth, the grandsons of Abū Sa'īd were also admitted to the ruling council. After the death of Abū Ya'qūb in 366/977, the Qarmaṭī state came to be ruled jointly by six of Abū Sa'īd’s grandsons, known collectively as al-sāda al-ru'asā'. Meanwhile, al-Ḥasan al-A'ṣam, son of Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad and a nephew of Abū Ṭāhir, had become the commander of the Qarmaṭī forces. He

780-654: A split in the movement. The minority Ismā‘īlīs, whose leader had taken control of the Salamiyah centre, began to proclaim their teachings that Imām Muḥammad had died and that the new leader in Salamiyah ( Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah ) was in fact his descendant come out of hiding and was the Mahdi (a Messianic figure who will appear on Earth before the Day of Judgment and rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny). Qarmaṭ and his brother-in-law opposed this and openly broke with

858-507: Is known as the "Kfar Saba Archaeological Garden" or "Tel Kfar Saba". Two domed maqams remain, located on either side of Route 55 between Kfar Saba and Qalqilya . The larger of the two is called the Tomb of Benjamin and is situated on the east side. About 40 meters (44 yd) away, on the west side of the road, is a much smaller shrine named Nabi Serakha. The Tomb of Benjamin shrine sits on what has historically been considered by Jews to be

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936-605: Is mentioned in the sources, but the military activities of his sons, Mira and Fadl, are noted. His other sons were Daghfal, Thabit and Faraj. Fadl is described in the 13th-century chronicle of Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233) as an emir, who, in 1107/08, vacillated between the Crusaders , who conquered the Levantine coast in 1099, and the Fatimids, whose rule had been limited to Egypt since 1071. This prompted Toghtekin to expel Fadl from Syria, after which he formed an alliance with Sadaqa,

1014-403: Is part of the settlement of Kefar Sava. Some of the old village houses have survived destruction and are located today within the settlement; a number of them are used as commercial buildings. The two shrines, the school, and the ruins of the village cemetery remain. The shrines have arched entrances and are surmounted with domes. The land around the site is cultivated by Israelis." After the war,

1092-527: Is situated on the east side of the main enclosure. An inscription embedded on the right side of the sabil referred to the foundation of a fountain for the public by Tankiz , governor of Damascus in 1311–1312. In 1596, Kafr Saba was part of the Ottoman Empire , nahiya (subdistrict) of Bani Sa'b under the administrative banner of Nablus Sanjak . It had a population of 42 households and an estimated 231 persons, all Muslim . The villagers paid

1170-640: Is uncertain whether the people still held on to those teachings. Under the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), various Shiite groups organised in secret opposition to their rule. Among them were the supporters of the proto-Ismā‘īlī community, of whom the most prominent group were called the Mubārakiyyah . According to the Ismaili school of thought, Imām Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765) designated his second son, Isma'il ibn Ja'far (ca. 721–755), as heir to

1248-748: The Balqa plain east of the Jordan River , the Sharat mountains southeast of the Jordan, and the north Arabian mountain ranges of Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma . Their presence in Palestine was intermittent; they controlled the region in 977–981/82, 1011–1013, 1024–1029, and circa 1041. During a period of conflict with the Fatimids, the Jarrahids had relocated to the vicinity of Palmyra in 1030 and in 1031 relocated their encampments to al-Ruj , an area between Antioch and Homs . The Jarrahids (Banu al-Jarrah) were

1326-559: The Hajj season of 930 CE. The origin of the name "Qarmatian" is uncertain. According to some sources, the name derives from the surname of the sect's founder, Hamdan Qarmat . The name qarmat probably comes from the Aramaic for "short-legged", "red-eyed" or "secret teacher". Other sources, however, say that the name comes from the Arabic verb قرمط ( qarmaṭ ), which means "to make

1404-595: The Imamate . However, Ismā‘īl predeceased his father. Some claimed he had gone into hiding, but the proto-Ismā‘īlī group accepted his death and therefore accordingly recognized Ismā‘īl's eldest son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il (746–809), as Imām. He remained in contact with the Mubārakiyyah group, most of whom resided in Kufa . The split among the Mubārakiyyah came with the death of Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl (ca. 813 CE). The majority of

1482-511: The Qur'an , with which the gravestones were draped, have been replaced by draperies bearing verses from the Hebrew Bible ." Benvenisti frames this transformation, and others similar to it, in the context of, "a wholesale appropriation of the sacred sites of a defeated religious community by members of the victorious one." The Jewish town of Kfar Saba, founded in 1903, was situated southwest of

1560-631: The Second Temple period and is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the north led by Antiochus XII Dionysus (Antiquities, book 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba appears in the Talmud in connection to grain tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. Kfar Saba is mentioned in the Mosaic of Rehob ,

1638-700: The Bedouin of northern Syria and held numerous iqtaʿat , including Palmyra, Salamiyah , Maarrat al-Nu'man , Sarmin and Duma . The Al Mira's emirs held similar authority under the Mamluks and were known as muluk al-arab ("kings of the Bedouin tribes; sing. malik al-'arab ) in the southern Syrian Desert. The Al Fadl continued to wield influence during Ottoman rule. Qarmatians States People Centers Other The Qarmatians ( Arabic : قرامطة , romanized :  Qarāmiṭa ; Persian : قرمطیان , romanized :  Qarmatiyān ) were

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1716-576: The Byzantine defense of Edessa from the Marwanids and Numayrids in 1035/36. In 1038, the Jarrahids participated in al-Dizbari's conquest of Mirdasid-held Aleppo. As a result, Hassan was forced into confinement in Constantinople until 1040 as a means to prevent his tribe, with its unstable allegiances, from potentially attacking Antioch. The last mention of Hassan is in 1041, by which point

1794-575: The Byzantines and assisted the latter with capturing the fortress of al-Maniqa in the Jabal Ansariya range. The Byzantines and Fatimids entered into peace negotiations in 1032 and Hassan was present in the discussions in Constantinople. The Byzantines stipulated the restoration of Jarrahid governorship in Palestine under Fatimid suzerainty as a condition for peace, but az-Zahir refused. The Fatimids' rejection of this condition contributed to

1872-566: The Byzantines succeeded in using, but who seem to have created for themselves, in their own best interests, a rule of duplicity, treason and pillage". Fadl ibn Rabi'ah was the progenitor of the Al Fadl clan, while Mira and Faraj became the ancestors of the Al Mira and Al Faraj clans, respectively. Collectively, these clans formed the Banu Rabi'a, and together with their allies, they dominated

1950-541: The Byzantines was rebuffed by Emperor Basil II . Nonetheless, they overcame a Fatimid army dispatched by az-Zahir that year at Ascalon and Hassan entered Ramla. After Sinan's death, his nephew and successor defected to the Fatimids, while the Jarrahids and Mirdasids continued their rebellion. They were defeated in the Battle of al-Uqhuwana near Lake Tiberias by the Fatimids under general al-Dizbari in 1029, after which Hassan fled Palestine. The Fatimids consequently transferred

2028-723: The Byzantines. A Jarrahid-Byzantine coalition was soon after defeated by the Mirdasids. Hassan rekindled his former alliance with the Kalb and together their tribesmen attacked the Fatimids in Hawran until being driven to Palmyra in the desert. Afterward, Emperor Romanus III persuaded Hassan and the Tayy to relocate their encampments to Byzantine territory near Antioch and the 20,000-strong Tayy migrated to al-Ruj in northwestern Syria. There, they faced down two Fatimid assaults at Qastun and Inab . The Jarrahids later raided Afamiya on behalf of

2106-572: The Carmathian state shrank to local dimensions. Bahrain broke away in CE 1058 under the leadership of Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam who re-established orthodox Islam on the islands. Similar revolts removed from Carmathian control at about the same time. Deprived of all outside income and control of the coasts, the Carmathians retreated to their stronghold at the Hofuf Oasis. Their dynasty was finally dealt

2184-526: The Fatimid caliph al-Aziz . The Jarrahids detained Alptakin either at Yubna or Tell es-Safi in southern Palestine before transferring him to the Fatimids. In return for the Jarrahids' support, al-Aziz made Mufarrij wālī (governor) of Ramla. In 979, the Fatimid general Fadl ibn Salih offered the Hamdanid emir Abu Taghlib control of Ramla in place of the Jarrahids; by doing this, Fadl sought to stifle

2262-493: The Jarrahids had attempted to sack Ramla, but were forced back and fled to the Jabal Aja and Salma mountains in northern Arabia , the ancestral territory of the Tayy. In later years, Mufarrij had his sons Ali, Hassan and Mahmud, aid the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim in his military campaigns. According to historian Marius Canard , "an opportunity occurred for Mufarrij to play a part of genuine political significance" in 1012 when

2340-414: The Jarrahids had been permitted by the Fatimids to re-enter Palestine. Hassan's rule at the time was opposed by the Fatimid governor of Damascus. The Jarrahids were mentioned in the sources in 1065/66, when Hassan's nephews Hazim ibn Ali and Humayd ibn Mahmud likely backed Abd al-Sharif ibn Abi'l Jann in his attempt to wrest control of Damascus from the troops of Fatimid vizier Badr al-Jamali . Afterward,

2418-518: The Jarrahids in which they were driven from Palestine. Mufarrij died in 1013 and was succeeded by his son Hassan , who regained control of Palestine. He entered the Tayy into an alliance with Kalb and Kilab, which dominated Syria until its defeat by the Fatimids in 1029 . As a result, the Jarrahids moved their encampments close to their Byzantine allies near Antioch . They fought alongside the Byzantines in several confrontations with regional Muslim powers. After 1041, there were only scattered mentions of

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2496-488: The Jarrahids raided Mecca -bound Hajj pilgrim caravans and vacillated between the Fatimids, Byzantines and individual Muslim rulers in Syria. By 1011–12, the Jarrahids controlled all of interior Palestine up to Tiberias and defied the Fatimids by declaring their own caliph, al-Hasan ibn Ja'far , at Ramla. The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim then paid Mufarrij to end the rebellion, but not long after dispatched an expedition against

2574-598: The Jarrahids revolted against the Fatimids while their army was besieging Damascus. The Jarrahids were joined by the remnants of Abu Taghlib's army and the Arab governor of Tiberias , a certain Bishara. The Jarrahids were ultimately driven out of Palestine that year by the Fatimids and fled toward the Hejaz . In June 982, they plundered the Hajj pilgrim caravan on its return to Syria from Mecca . Another Fatimid punitive expedition

2652-513: The Jarrahids' iqtaʿat in Palestine to more friendly Arab tribes. The Jarrahids and the Byzantines struck an alliance in 1030. Hassan's envoys were received by the Byzantines in Antioch and given a cross-adorned flag to represent Hassan and a message promising them the restoration of Palestine to their tribe. The tribe also nominally embraced Christianity as part of the Jarrahid agreement with

2730-587: The Jarrahids, namely regarding Hassan's nephews, Hazim ibn Ali and Humayd ibn Mahmud in the 1060s, and Hazim's grandson, Fadl ibn Rabi'ah , who at times was an ally of the Fatimids, Crusaders , Mazyadids or the Seljuks . He became the progenitor of the Al Fadl dynasty whose emirs came to dominate the Bedouin of the steppe until the 18th century. The Jarrahids intermittently held territory in Palestine ,

2808-458: The Kafr Saba militia with troops during these intermittent attacks. Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad writes that a massacre occurred in the village on 14 May, killing 11-20. The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi , described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "The village site has been used for the construction of new residential quarters within an industrial area that

2886-853: The Kūfan man Ḥamdān in 874 CE, who took the name Qarmaṭ after his new faith. Qarmaṭ and his theologian brother-in-law ‘Abdān prepared southern Iraq for the coming of the Mahdi by creating a military and religious stronghold. Other such locations grew up in Yemen, in Eastern Arabia (Arabic Bahrayn ) in 899, and in North Africa . They attracted many new Shi'i followers because of their activist and messianic teachings. The new proto-Qarmaṭī movement continued to spread into Greater Iran and then into Transoxiana . A change in leadership in Salamiyah in 899 led to

2964-915: The Qarmaṭians came close to capturing Baghdad in 927, and sacked Mecca in 930, The Qarmatians also sacked Medina. In their attack on Islam's holiest sites, the Qarmatians desecrated the Zamzam Well with corpses of Hajj pilgrims and took the Black Stone from Mecca to Ain Al Kuayba in Qatif. Holding the Black Stone to ransom, they forced the Abbasids to pay a huge sum for its return in 952, They also besieged Damascus and devastated many of

3042-597: The Salamiyids; when ‘Abdān was assassinated, he went into hiding and subsequently repented. Qarmaṭ became a missionary of the new Imām, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (873–934), who founded the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa in 909. Nonetheless, the dissident group retained the name Qarmaṭī. Its greatest stronghold remained in Bahrain , which then included much of eastern Arabia as well as the islands that comprise

3120-505: The beginning of the end of their revolutionary movements. After their defeat by the Abbasids in 976, the Qarmatians began to look inwards and their status was reduced to that of a local power. This had severe consequences for the Qarmatians' ability to extract tribute from the region; according to Arabist historian Curtis Larsen: As tribute payments were progressively cut off, either by the subsequent government in Iraq or by rival Arab tribes,

3198-537: The biblical character Benjamin and was later taken over by the Breslov sect of Haredi Judaism . The origins of the name are not known – in Hebrew and Aramaic , it means 'grandfather village'. Residents of the village were said to be Hebronites who migrated to the area due to crop failures. Excavations in Kafr Saba have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse . Capharsaba was an important settlement during

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3276-515: The caliph in Baghdad as well as from a rival Isma'ili imam in Cairo , the head of the Fatimid Caliphate , whose power they did not recognize. The land over which they ruled was extremely wealthy with a huge slave-based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash: The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasir Khusraw , who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that

3354-436: The caliph instead. Mufarrij's execution of Abu Taghlib spelled the official end of the Hamdanids of Mosul . Fadl soon after turned against Mufarrij, but was recalled to Cairo by Caliph al-Aziz, essentially leaving the Jarrahids as the virtual rulers of Palestine. Between 979 and 980, the Jarrahids plundered and laid waste to al-Ramla and the countryside of Palestine, prompting a Fatimid expedition against them in 981. That year,

3432-431: The chieftain of the Arab Mazyadid dynasty in Iraq, before defecting to the Seljuks . According to Ibn al-Athir, after Fadl's entry into Anbar to block the desert route to Sadaqa "was the last that was heard of him". Canard describes the Jarrahids as a "turbulent family who were not without significance as pawns on the chess-board of Syria in the 10th–11th centuries, whom the Fatimids alternately attacked and wooed, whom

3510-438: The cities to the north. They took opportunity to sack Salamiyya, as well as Tiberias, before the Abbasid authorities were able to regain control. The revolution and desecration shocked the Muslim world and humiliated the Abbasids, but little could be done. For much of the tenth century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East and controlled the coast of Oman and collecting tribute from

3588-400: The claim of Fatimid Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi , and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates . Mecca was sacked by a Qarmatian leader, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi , outraging the Muslim world , particularly with their theft of the Black Stone and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during

3666-406: The collapse of the peace talks. The following year, the Jarrahids offered their loyalty to al-Dizbari in exchange for their former iqtaʿat in Palestine, but the attempt failed. The Fatimids and Byzantines ultimately concluded a ten-year peace treaty, without consideration of the Jarrahids' interests, in 1035. Afterward, Hassan and his son Allaf are mentioned on occasion, such as their assistance in

3744-434: The condition that he adhere to Sunnism . According to the maritime historian Dionisius A. Agius , the Qarmatians finally disappeared in 1067, after they lost their fleet at Bahrain Island and were expelled from Hasa near the Arabian coast by the chief of Banu, Murra ibn Amir. According to Qarmatians, the number of imams was fixed, with Seven Imāms preordained by God. These groups considers Muhammad ibn Isma'il to be

3822-531: The conflict with the Jarrahids, particularly after Anushtakin imprisoned two of Hassan's chief aides in Ascalon . The Jarrahids launched an all out war in September to release their men, destroying Tiberias, besieging Ramla and freeing their men by forging release authorization documents. They forced al-Dizbari to flee Ramla, which they plundered, and gained a Fatimid concession to grant Nablus as an iqtaʿ , but not Jerusalem. The Tayy, Kalb and Kilab renewed their alliance in 1024/25, but their appeal for support from

3900-424: The desert and steppe regions between the Euphrates valley in the north to the central Najd and northern Hejaz in the south. During Ayyubid rule in Syria (1182–1260), the emirs of Al Fadl and Al Faraj alternated as umara al-'ʿarab ("commanders of the Bedouin tribes"; sing. amir al-ʿarab ). However, under the Mamluks (1260–1516), the post became hereditary within the house of Al Fadl, who had authority over

3978-436: The disgraced Fatimid vizier, Abu'l Qasim al-Husayn , took refuge with Mufarrij's son Hassan. Historian Hugh Kennedy asserts that this represented the "high point in the fortunes of the Jarrahid leaders". At that point, the Jarrahids controlled the entire interior of Palestine from the boundary with Egypt up to Tiberias. Under Hassan and Abu'l Qasim's initiative, the Jarrahids attacked and captured Yarukh, al-Hakim's appointee to

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4056-645: The fate of the successors of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi : It may be noted that at the time the Qarmaṭī state was still being ruled jointly by Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers. Abū Ṭāhir’s eldest son Sābūr (Shāpūr), who aspired to a ruling position and the command of the army, rebelled against his uncles in 358/969, but he was captured and executed in the same year. But the ruling sons of Abū Sa'īd al-Jannābī themselves did not survive much longer. Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad died in 359/970, probably of poisoning, and his eldest brother Abu’l-Qāsim Sa'īd died two years later. By 361/972, there remained of Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers only Abū Ya'qūb Yūsuf, who retained

4134-527: The governorship of Damascus, in the vicinity of Gaza while he was on his way to Damascus. They concurrently occupied Ramla, and soon after Hassan had Yarukh killed. They further challenged al-Hakim's authority by proclaiming al-Hasan ibn Ja'far , the Sharif of Mecca , as caliph in Ramla. Al-Hakim bribed the Jarrahids to end their revolt, and afterward al-Hasan returned to Mecca, while Abu'l Qasim fled to Iraq. The Jarrahids continued to dominate Palestine and sought to entrench their rule by appealing for support among

4212-416: The group denied his death; they recognized him as the Mahdi . The minority believed in his death and would eventually emerge in later times as the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate , the precursors to all modern groups. The majority Ismā‘īlī missionary movement settled in Salamiyah (now in Syria ) and had great success in Khuzestan (southwestern Iran ), where the Ismā‘īlī leader al-Husayn al-Ahwāzī converted

4290-413: The latter departed to lead an expedition against Fatimid Egypt in 972 CE. Two years later, a certain Hassan ibn al-Jarrah (possibly the same person as Daghfal) was a commander of auxiliaries in the Qarmatian army during a second invasion of Egypt. Hassan accepted a bribe to defect by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz , and his defection resulted in the rout of the Qarmatian force at the outskirts of Cairo and

4368-425: The lines close together in writing" or "to walk with short steps". The word "Qarmatian" can also refer to a type of Arabic script . The Qarāmiṭah in Sawad (southern Iraq ) were also known as "the Greengrocers" ( al-Baqliyyah ) because they followed the teachings of Abū Hātim al-Zutti , who in 908 forbade animal slaughter . He also forbade radishes and alliums such as garlic, onions, and leeks. By 928, it

4446-435: The local Christians. To that end, Mufarrij contributed to the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , which al-Hakim destroyed in prior years. Al-Hakim switched his approach to the Jarrahids from diplomacy to punitive military force in August 1013. Ali and Mahmud surrendered to the advancing Fatimid army, while al-Hakim had Mufarrij poisoned to death. Hassan, whose ambition was to rule Palestine, fled but later gained

4524-424: The messenger – prophet ( Rasūl ), Imām al-Qā'im and Mahdi to be preserved in hiding, which is referred to as Occultation . In addition, the following Ismaili imams after Muhammad ibn Isma'il had been considered heretics of dubious origins by certain Qarmatian groups, who refused to acknowledge the imamate of the Fatimids and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi . Farhad Daftary writes about

4602-403: The mid-10th century, persecution forced the Qarmatians to leave what is now Egypt and Iraq and move to the city of Multan , now in Pakistan . However, prejudice against the Qarmatians did not dwindle, as Mahmud of Ghazni led an expedition against Multan 's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud in 1005. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with

4680-414: The military governor of Palestine, which the Jarrahids opposed. In 1024, one of Hassan's sons and another Bedouin chieftain sacked Ayla and al-Arish , which the Fatimid central government was unable to respond to. Instead, Anushtakin took the initiative to extract taxes from Hassan's iqtaʿ at Bayt Jibrin and deprive him of the revenues, which ended with the killing of Anushtakin's soldiers. This escalated

4758-460: The nephews were captured and jailed in Cairo. Their release was requested by the Fatimid general and descendant of the Hamdanids, Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan , in 1066/67. Hazim had sons named Badr and Rabi'a. According to Syrian historian Mustafa A. Hiyari, information on Rabi'a in the medieval sources is confused, though he most likely was an emir of Bedouin auxiliaries for the Burid ruler of Damascus, Toghtekin (r. 1103–1128). Nothing more about him

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4836-420: The oldest known Talmudic text, which dates from around the 3rd century . In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, and later into some form of industrial installation. Samaritan author Benyamim Tsedaka names the Baalah family as a Samaritan family who resided in Kafr Saba before their destruction or conversion. Around the year 985, al-Maqdisi described

4914-430: The people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian state had a powerful and long-lasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in

4992-418: The place as a large village with a mosque that was situated on the road to Damascus . In 1047 Nasir Khusraw described it as a town on the road to Ramla rich in fig and olive trees. A five-line inscription recording the grave of Sayf al-Din Bari, dated 1299–1300 CE was recorded within the shrine enclosure in 1922. The present location of this inscription is unknown. A sabil or public water fountain

5070-434: The present state. It was under Abbasid control at the end of the ninth century, but the Zanj Rebellion in Basra disrupted the power of Baghdad. The Qarmaṭians seized their opportunity under their leader, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi , a Persian who hailed from Jannaba in coastal Fars . Eventually, from Qatar, he captured Bahrain's capital Hajr and al-Hasa in 899, which he made the capital of his state and once in control of

5148-424: The ruling clan of the Tayy tribe. The Jarrahids initially controlled fortresses in the Sharat mountains . The first member of the Banu al-Jarrah to be mentioned in the historical record was Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, an ally of the Qarmatians . He was based in al-Ramla , the center of Jund Filastin (District of Palestine). Daghfal provided safe haven for an officer of the Qarmatian ruler, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi , when

5226-415: The shrine near the town was abandoned. After 1967, the ruin was taken over by the Breslov sect of Hasidic Judaism , which claimed it was the Tomb of Benjamin , father of Tribe of Benjamin , one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel . Meron Benvenisti writes in 2002, "the dedicated inscriptions from the Mamluk period remain engraved on the stone walls of the tomb, but the cloths embroidered with verses from

5304-443: The state he sought to set up a utopian society. The Qarmaṭians instigated what one scholar termed a "century of terror" in Kufa. They considered the pilgrimage to Mecca a superstition, and once in control of the Bahrayni state, they launched raids along the pilgrim routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula . In 906, they ambushed the pilgrim caravan returning from Mecca and massacred 20,000 pilgrims. Under al-Jannabi (ruled 923–944),

5382-425: The subsequent Fatimid reoccupation of Palestine and Syria as far as Damascus . Daghfal's son, Mufarrij , entered the historical record during the Fatimid struggle with Alptakin , a Qarmatian-backed Buyid commander who took over Damascus. Alptakin was defeated at the Battle of Ramla in 977, and Mufarrij captured him between Kafr Saba and Qalansawa to collect the 100,000 gold dinar-bounty placed on his head by

5460-551: The total land area was 9,688 dunams , according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,026 dunums were used for citrus and bananas, 4,600 dunums for cereals, while 355 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 30 dunums were planted with olive trees. In the months leading up to the 1948 war, the local militia from Kafr Saba had attacked the neighboring Jewish town of Kfar Saba several times. The Arab Liberation Army (ALA), an army consisting of volunteers from several neighboring Arab countries, supported

5538-418: The twentieth century. According to Farhad Daftary , the catalyst of the collapse of Qarmatian movement as a whole happened in the year 931, when Abu Tahir al-Janabi , the Qarmatian leader in Bahrain, handed over the reins of the state in Bahrain to Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani , a young Persian man who had been believed by the Qarmatians to be the Mahdi . However, Abu Tahir soon realized al-Isfahani's appointment

5616-488: The village on the eve of the war. Following the war, it expanded to cover much of the village land. The location of the built-up area of the village is now the Shikun Kaplan area of modern Kfar Saba, and part of it is known as the "Kfar Saba Archaeological Garden" or "Tel Kfar Saba". Beit Berl , established in 1947 northwest of the village site, is on village land. The moshav of Neve Yamin was established in 1949 to

5694-456: Was a disastrous mistake, after the "Mahdi" executed some nobles and insulted Muhammad and the other prophets . The incident shocked the Qarmatians and the Islamic community as a whole, and Abu Tahir ordered the youth's execution. Al-Isfahani lasted as leader only 80 days before his execution but greatly weakened the credibility of Qarmatians within the Muslim community in general and heralded

5772-515: Was launched against them, but was routed by the Jarrahids at Ayla . Afterward, Mufarrij returned to Palestine, only to be defeated again by the Fatimids. This time, Mufarrij fled north toward Homs where he was given safe haven by the Hamdanids' Circassian governor, Bakjur , in late 982. During the next ten years, Mufarrij vacillated between the Byzantines , Bakjur and the Fatimids. By 997,

5850-508: Was meant to prevent outsider dominance of the Syrian desert and steppe. According to the pact's terms, the Jarrahids would rule Palestine, while the Kalb and Kilab (under the Mirdasids ) would rule Damascus and Aleppo, respectively. Al-Hakim's reign ended with his mysterious death in 1021 and he was succeeded by Caliph Ali az-Zahir . In 1023, the Fatimids installed Anushtakin al-Dizbari as

5928-415: Was noted as a village with a mosque . The people of Kafr Saba were said to have come from Hebron because of crop failures. The village was of its Palestinian residents Much of the village's ruins were built over as the neighboring Israeli town of Kfar Saba expanded in the late 20th century; the location of the built-up area of the village is now the Shikun Kaplan area of Kfar Saba, and part of it

6006-556: Was situated on a low hill. It contained a mosque and was surrounded by sandy ground with olive groves to the north. Its population was estimated to be 800. In 1870/1871 (1288 AH ), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiyah (sub-district) of Bani Sa'b. Part of the village was sold to the Jewish Colonisation Association during the Ottoman period . Jewish immigrants to Palestine established

6084-581: Was usually selected for leading the Qarmaṭīs in military campaigns outside Baḥrayn, including their entanglements with the Fāṭimids. Kafr Saba Kafr Saba ( Arabic : كفر سابا ) was a Palestinian village famous for its shrine dating to the Mamluk period and for a history stretching back for two millennia. In Roman times, it was called Capharsaba and was an important town in Palestine. By around 1000, it

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