53-573: The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite is the location where, around the 1780s, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable located his home and extensive trading post. This home is generally considered to be the first permanent, non-native, residence in Chicago , Illinois. A National Historic Landmark , the site of Point du Sable's homestead is now partially occupied by and commemorated in Pioneer Court , off DuSable Bridge at 401 N. Michigan Avenue in
106-739: A cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair . At some time in the 1780s, after the US achieved independence, Point du Sable settled on the north bank of the Chicago River close to its mouth. The earliest known record of Point du Sable living in Chicago is an entry that Hugh Heward made in his journal on 10 May 1790, during a journey from Detroit across Michigan and through Illinois. Heward's party stopped at Point du Sable's house en route to
159-503: A fanciful biography". In 1953, Shirley Graham drew from the work of Quaife and Jeremie in a historical novel about Point du Sable. She described it as "not accurate history nor pure fiction", but rather "an imaginative interpretation of all the known facts". This book presented Point du Sable as the son of the mate on a pirate ship, the Black Sea Gull , and a freedwoman called Suzanne. Despite lack of evidence and
212-625: A granite marker at the site believed to be Point du Sable's grave in the third St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery. In 2002 an archaeological investigation of the grave site was initiated by the African Scientific Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago . Researchers using a combination of ground-penetrating radar, surveys, and excavation of a 9-by-9-foot (2.7 m × 2.7 m) area did not find any evidence of any burials at
265-430: A poultry house, a dairy, and a smokehouse . Their house was a 22-by-40-foot (6.7 m × 12.2 m) log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings. Following Point du Sable's departure from Chicago, the home became the property of John Kinzie . In 1834 the land owned by Kinzie was platted and sold. The "Kinzie addition" to Chicago, which is assumed to be coterminous with Point du Sable's estate extended from
318-473: A son named Jean and a daughter named Susanne. Point du Sable supported his family as a frontier trader ( voyageur or coureur des bois ) and settler during a period of great upheaval for the former southern dependencies of French Canada and in the Illinois Country, where the regions changed hands several times over the course of half a century. In a footnote to a poem titled Speech to
371-520: A theory that he was of African and French-Canadian origin. A historical novel published in 1953 helped to popularize the claim that Point du Sable was born in 1745 in Saint-Marc in Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti ). If he was born outside continental North America, there are competing accounts as to whether he entered as a trader or from the north through French Canada , or from
424-479: A zealous Catholic in order to convince a Jesuit missionary to declare him chief of the local Native Americans, but after they refused to accept him as their chief, he left Chicago. Quaife dismisses both of these stories as being fictional. In her 1953 novel, Graham suggests that Point du Sable left Chicago because he was angered that the US government wanted him to buy the land on which he had lived and called his own for
477-636: Is derived from an Ottawa Ojibwe name for present-day Mackinac Island and the region around the Straits of Mackinac between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan . Early settlers of North America applied the term to the entire region along Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior . Today it is considered to be mostly within the boundaries of Michigan , in the United States. Michilimackinac was the original name for present day Mackinac Island and Mackinac County . Pottery first appears during this period in
530-404: Is regarded as the first permanent non-Native settler of what would later become Chicago , Illinois , and is recognized as the city's founder. The site where he settled near the mouth of the Chicago River around the 1780s is memorialized as a National Historic Landmark , now located in Pioneer Court . Point du Sable was of African descent, but little else is known of his early life prior to
583-599: Is unknown. By 1804, John Kinzie, another early Chicago settler, had bought the former du Sable house. Kinzie's daughter-in-law, Juliette Magill Kinzie, suggested in her 1852 memoir that "perhaps he [du Sable] was disgusted at not being elected to a similar dignity [great chief] by the Pottowattamies". In 1874, Nehemiah Matson elaborated on this story, claiming that Point du Sable was a slave from Virginia who had moved with his master to Lexington, Kentucky , in 1790. According to Matson, Point du Sable became
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#1732783829486636-509: The Chicago portage ; they swapped their canoe for a pirogue that belonged to Point du Sable, and they bought bread, flour, and pork from him. Perrish Grignon, who visited Chicago in about 1794, described Point du Sable as a large man and wealthy trader. Point du Sable's granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was born at his Chicago River settlement in 1796. In 1800 Point du Sable sold his farm to John Kinzie 's frontman, Jean La Lime , for 6,000 livres. The bill of sale, which
689-536: The DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center , located on Chicago's South Side . DuSable Hall, built in 1968, on the campus of Northern Illinois University is also named for him. DuSable Harbor is located in the heart of downtown Chicago at the foot of Randolph Street . Directly across the Chicago River from the harbor, DuSable Park is a 3.24-acre (1.31 ha) urban park in Chicago currently awaiting redevelopment. The project
742-648: The Michigan–Wacker Historic District . At this site in 2009, the City of Chicago and a private donor, Haitian-born Lesly Benodin, erected a large bronze bust of Point du Sable by Chicago-born sculptor Erik Blome. In October 2010, the Michigan Avenue Bridge was renamed DuSable Bridge. Previously, a small street with the alternative spelling De Saible Street had been named after him. In 2021, Lake Shore Drive in Chicago
795-521: The Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois . Point du Sable likely settled near the mouth of the Chicago River sometime around the 1780s and sold the property in 1800. He lived here with his wife, Kitihawa, and children. The 1800 bill of sale was rediscovered in 1913 in an archive in Detroit, Michigan . The property included a house, two barns, a horse drawn mill, a bakehouse,
848-764: The Odawa . The area was known to the Odawa as Michilimackinac , meaning "Big Turtle". For these people, "Michilimackinac is literally the birthplace and centre of the world" and is where the Three Fires Confederacy took place. The Anishinaabe had good relations with the Iroquoian -speaking Wyandot , who were the first group to establish relations with the French after Champlain 's arrival in 1608. The Anishinaabe used these relations to trade indirectly with
901-613: The 1770s. During his career, the areas where he settled and traded around the Great Lakes and in the Illinois Country changed hands several times between France, Britain, Spain and the United States. Described as handsome and well educated, Point du Sable married a Potawatomi Native American woman, Kitihawa , and they had two children. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War , he
954-552: The 1770s. Though it is known from sources during his life that he was of African descent, his birth date, place of birth, and parents are unknown. Juliette Kinzie , another early pioneer of Chicago , never met Point du Sable but said in her 1856 memoir that he was "a native of St. Domingo" (the island of Hispaniola ). This became generally accepted as his place of birth. Historian Milo Milton Quaife regarded Kinzie's account of Point du Sable as "largely fictitious and wholly unauthenticated", later putting forward
1007-427: The 1780s is recognized as the establishment of the first continuous settlement, which ultimately grew to become the city of Chicago. He is therefore widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago and has been given the appellation "Founder of Chicago". [Point du Sable] is not yet honored in his own house (which Chicagoans call the "Kinzie House") or on his own land. No street bears his name and, save for
1060-521: The City of Chicago and a private donor erected a large bronze bust of Point du Sable by Chicago-born sculptor Erik Blome. In October 2010 the adjacent Michigan Avenue Bridge was renamed DuSable Bridge in honor of Point du Sable. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable Jean Baptiste Point du Sable ( French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist pwɛ̃ dy sɑbl] ; also spelled Point de Sable , Point au Sable , Point Sable , Pointe DuSable , or Pointe du Sable ; before 1750 – August 28, 1818)
1113-597: The City of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to the port of St. Charles , where he was licensed to run a ferry across the Missouri River . Point du Sable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century. In Chicago, a school , museum , harbor , park , bridge , and road have been named in du Sable's honor. There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to
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#17327838294861166-511: The French. The French were the first Europeans to explore the area, beginning in 1612. After the fall of Huronia in the Beaver Wars , The Anishinaabe began to trade directly with the French, and started inviting French settlers to Michilimackinac. In 1654, a large Iroquois force was attacked by the Odawa and Ojibwe as they tried to cross the straits near Michilimackinac. In 1658,
1219-617: The Iroquois attacked again, but were again defeated by the Anishinaabe. The French established trading posts and Jesuit Catholic missions. One of the oldest missions, St. Ignace Mission , was located on the north side of the strait at Point Iroquois , near present-day St. Ignace, Michigan . This mission was established in 1671 by the Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette . In 1683, under pressure from
1272-597: The Odawa, the French established a presence on the North side of the straits at the St. Ignace Mission in an alliance with the Anishinaabe against the Iroquois. Between 1670 and 1700, Michilimackinac flourished and became one of the central sites of the fur trade. Soon, French visitors reported vast summer markets taking place along the shorelines each year. Both natives and newcomers flocked to take advantage. Hundreds of Native Americans from around Lakes Michigan and Superior would make
1325-792: The Western Indians , Arent DePeyster , British commandant from 1774 to 1779 at Fort Michilimackinac (a former French fort in what was then the British province of Quebec ), noted that "Baptist Point de Saible" was "a handsome negro", "well educated", and "settled in Eschecagou". When he published this poem in 1813, DePeyster presented it as a speech that he had made at the village of Arbrecroche (now Harbor Springs, Michigan ) on 4 July 1779. This footnote has led many scholars to assume that Point du Sable had settled in Chicago by 1779. But letters written by other traders in
1378-584: The above information, other historical records suggest that Point du Sable bought land in Peoria from J. B. Maillet on 13 March 1773 and sold it to Isaac Darneille in 1783, before he became the first "permanent" resident of Chicago. Point du Sable left Chicago in 1800. He sold his property to Jean La Lime , a trader from Quebec , and moved to the Missouri River valley, at that time part of Spanish Louisiana. The reason for his departure
1431-409: The banks of the Chicago River north to Chicago Avenue, and from State Street east to Lake Michigan . A commemorative plaque, struck in 1937, was installed on a marble block at Pioneer Court after its 1965 dedication. It reads, "KINZIE MANSION / Near this site stood Kinzie Mansion, / 1784-1832, home of Pointe Du Saible, / Le Mai, and John Kinzie, Chicago's / "first civilian," here was born in 1805, /
1484-476: The city's first white child Ellen Marion Kinzie". While the plaque is correct that Ellen Marion Kinzie was the first white child born in the city, Du Sable's granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was the first non-native to be born in the city, in 1796. Pioneer Court was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976. At this site in 2009
1537-418: The continued debate about Point du Sable's early life, parentage, and birthplace, this popular story has been repeated and widely presented as being definitive. In 1815, a land claim that had been submitted by Nicholas Jarrot to the land commissioners at Kaskaskia , Illinois Territory , was approved. In the claim Jarrot asserted that a "Jean Baptiste Poinstable" had been "head of a family at Peoria in
1590-403: The fair. At the time, few Chicagoans had even heard of Point du Sable, and the fair's organizers presented the 1803 construction of Fort Dearborn as the city's historical beginning. The campaign was partially successful, however, with a replica of Point du Sable's cabin being presented as part of the "background of the history of Chicago". In 1965, a plaza called Pioneer Court
1643-563: The first noted in the written record to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River, as part of their 1673 Mississippi Valley expedition. Over the following years, visits by the French continued and occasional intermittent posts were established, including those by René LaSalle , Henri de Tonti , Pierre Liette and the four-year Mission of the Guardian Angel . Point du Sable's residence in
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1696-591: The high school, he has no monument. Cadillac is honored in Detroit, Pitt in Pittsburgh, Cleveland in Cleveland ;– but the father of Chicago has no street or statue of stone to call his own. Ebony , December 1963. By the 1850s, historians of Chicago recognized Point du Sable as the city's earliest non-Native permanent resident, but for a long time the city did not honor him in
1749-533: The late 1770s suggest that Point du Sable was at this time settled at the mouth of Trail Creek ( Rivière du Chemin ) at what is now Michigan City, Indiana . In August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War , Point du Sable was arrested as a suspected Patriot at Trail Creek by British troops and imprisoned briefly at Fort Michilimackinac. An officer's report following his arrest noted that Point du Sable had many friends who vouched for his good character. The following year, Point du Sable
1802-578: The parish burial register does not mention his origins, parents, or relatives; it simply describes him as nègre (French for negro ). The St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery was moved twice in the 19th century. Oral tradition and records of the Archdiocese of St. Louis suggested that Point du Sable's remains were also moved. On 12 October 1968, the Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission erected
1855-555: The previous two decades. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville , which ended the Northwest Indian War , and the subsequent westward migration of Native Americans away from the Chicago area might also have influenced his decision. The French came to the North American mid-continent region in the 17th century. Though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette were
1908-641: The same manner as other pioneers. Point du Sable was generally forgotten during the 19th century; instead, the Scots-Irish trader John Kinzie from Quebec, who had bought his property, was often credited for the settlement. A plaque was erected by the city in 1913 at the corner of Kinzie and Pine Streets to commemorate the Kinzie homestead. In the planning stages of the 1933–1934 Century of Progress International Exposition , several African-American groups campaigned for Point du Sable to be honored at
1961-581: The south side of the strait. It was called Fort Michilimackinac . The fort became a major trading post, attracting Native Americans from throughout the northern Great Lakes . After Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War ( French and Indian War ), their colonial forces took over the fort and territory. Fort Michilimackinac fell to an Ojibwa attack during the Native American uprising of 1763, sometimes called Pontiac's War . It
2014-534: The south through French Louisiana . Point du Sable married a Potawatomi woman named Kitihawa (Christianized to Catherine) on 27 October 1788, in a Catholic ceremony in Cahokia in the Illinois Country , a longtime French colonial settlement on the east side of the Mississippi River . It is likely that this couple was married earlier in the 1770s in a Native American tradition. They had
2067-635: The style of the Laurel complex . The people of the area engaged in long-distance trade, likely as part of the Hopewell tradition . The Straits of Mackinac linking Lakes Michigan and Huron was a strategic area controlling movement between the two lakes and much of the pays d'en haut . It was controlled by Algonquian Anishinaabe nations including the Ojibwa (called Chippewa in the United States) and
2120-448: The supposed grave site, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Point du Sable's remains may not have been reinterred from one of the two previous cemeteries. Though there is little historical evidence regarding Point du Sable's life before the 1770s, there are several theories and legends that give accounts of his early life. Writing in 1933, Quaife identified a French immigrant to Canada, Pierre Dandonneau, who acquired
2173-431: The title "Sieur de Sable" and whose descendants were known by both the names Dandonneau and Du Sable . Quaife was unable to find a direct link to Point du Sable, but he identified descendants of Pierre Dandonneau as living around the Great Lakes region in Detroit, Mackinac, and St. Joseph. He speculated that Point du Sable's father may have been a member of this family, while his mother
Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite - Misplaced Pages Continue
2226-412: The voyage to the straits to meet French traders coming up from the St. Lawrence. In the words of a later French traveler, Michilimackinac became "the landing place and refuge of all the savages who trade their peltries." Consequently, Michilimackinac rapidly became the "general meeting-place for all the French who go to trade with stranger tribes." In 1715, the French established a fort and settlement on
2279-528: The year 1783, and before and after that year", and that he "had a house built and cultivated land between the Old Fort and the new settlement in the year 1780". This document has been taken by Quaife and other historians as evidence that Point du Sable lived at Peoria on the Illinois River prior to going north to settle in Chicago. However, other records demonstrate that Point du Sable
2332-487: Was arrested by the British on suspicion of being an American Patriot sympathizer. In the early 1780s he worked for the British lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac on an estate at what is now St. Clair, Michigan . Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. By then he had established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became
2385-488: Was built on the site of Point du Sable's homestead as part of the construction of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of America building. The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite was designated as a National Historic Landmark on 11 May 1976 as a site deemed to have "exceptional value to the nation". Pioneer Court is located at what is now 401 N. Michigan Avenue in
2438-667: Was likely an enslaved woman. In 1951, Joseph Jeremie, a native of Haiti, published a pamphlet in which he said he was the great-grandson of Point du Sable. Based on family recollections and tombstone inscriptions, he claimed that Point du Sable was born in Saint-Marc in what was then Saint Domingue, studied in France, and returned to Haiti to deal in coffee before traveling to French Louisiana. Historian and Point du Sable biographer John F. Swenson has called these claims "elaborate, undocumented assertions ... in
2491-559: Was living and working under the British at the Pinery in Michigan in the early 1780s. The Kaskaskia land commissioners identified many fraudulent land claims, including two previously submitted in the name of Point du Sable. Nicholas Jarrot, the claimant, was involved in many false claims, and Swenson suggests that this one was also fraudulent, made without Point du Sable's knowledge. Although perhaps in conflict with some of
2544-505: Was ordered transported to the Pinery on the St. Clair River north of Detroit . From the summer of 1780 until May 1784, Point du Sable managed the Pinery, a tract of woodlands owned by British officer Lt. Patrick Sinclair , on the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan. This may have been a choice given by him from the British, offering him release from his imprisonment to manage the Pinery. Point du Sable with his family lived in
2597-516: Was originally announced in 1987 by Mayor Harold Washington ; following years of remediation of the site initial development began in early 2024. A park is also named after Point du Sable in St. Charles , his other notable place of residence. The US Postal Service honored Point du Sable with the issue of a Black Heritage Series 22-cent postage stamp on 20 February 1987. Michilimackinac Michilimackinac ( / ˌ m ɪ ʃ ə l ə ˈ m æ k ə n ɔː / MISH -ə-lə- MAK -ə-naw )
2650-496: Was rediscovered in 1913 in an archive in Detroit, detailed all of the property Point du Sable owned, as well as many of his personal effects. This included a house, two barns, a horse-drawn mill, a bakehouse, a poultry house, a dairy, and a smokehouse . The house was a 22-by-40-foot (6.7 m × 12.2 m) log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings. After Point du Sable sold his property in Chicago, he moved to St. Charles , west of St. Louis, which at that time
2703-670: Was renamed in honor of Point du Sable. Several institutions have been named in his honor. DuSable High School opened in Bronzeville , Chicago, in 1934. The DuSable campus today houses the Daniel Hale Williams Prep School of Medicine and the Bronzeville Scholastic Institute. Margaret Taylor-Burroughs , a prominent African-American artist and writer, taught at the school for twenty-three years. She and her husband co-founded
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#17327838294862756-598: Was reoccupied by the British in September 1764. In 1780, during the American Revolution , British commandant Patrick Sinclair moved the British trading and military post to Mackinac Island , which was held by the British for some time, and abandoned Fort Michilimackinac after the move. After the rebel Americans gained independence in the Revolutionary War, this site became part of a territory of
2809-431: Was still part of Spanish Louisiana . He was commissioned by the colonial governor to operate a ferry across the Missouri River . In St. Charles, he may have lived for a time with his son, and later with his granddaughter's family. Late in life, he may have sought public or charitable assistance. He died on 28 August 1818 and was buried in an unmarked grave in St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery. His entry in
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