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67-451: In 1863, four years after the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia ( see: United Principalities ), and after the moving of the capital to Bucharest , five enthusiastic young people who had just returned from their studies abroad created in Iaşi a society which wanted to stimulate the cultural life in the city. They chose the name " Junimea ", a slightly antiquated Romanian word for "Youth". It

134-404: A commodity whereas many Europeans colonists did. Ownership of land in the pre-colonial Americas varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land. Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as Adam Smith and Henry George . Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property ,

201-633: A great opening toward the European economy and culture ( see Westernization ). However, the Junimists argued, through their theory of " Forms Without Substance " ( Teoria Formelor Fără Fond ) that Romanian culture and society were merely imitating Western culture , rapidly adopting forms while disregarding the need to select and adapt them to the Romanian context – and thus "lacked a foundation". Maiorescu argued that, while it seemed Romania possessed all

268-417: A landlord to obtain back the premises. If a landlord is selling a block and a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should be given the right of first refusal at the asking price to buy the block. As in most jurisdictions the law on rigorous adherence to lease terms on unlawful subletting and assignment can be strictly enforced, resulting in financial and premises loss if broken. Failure to repay

335-649: A locking door. The most common disputes result from either the landlord's failure to provide services or the tenant's failure to pay rent—the former can also lead to the latter. The withholding of rent is justifiable cause for eviction, as often explained in the lease. City ordinances can also play a role in renting policy, such as the rise in source-of-income anti-discrimination ordinances. Tenants unions also affect housing policy when organized politically. In Canada , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . Provincial law sets

402-524: A move towards professionalism in the writing of history, as well as intensified research; Maiorescu, who served as Minister of Education in several late-19th century cabinets, supported the creation of new opportunities in the field (including the granting of scholarships, especially in areas that had previously been neglected – amounting to the creation of one of the most influential Romanian generation of historians, that of Nicolae Iorga , Dimitrie Onciul , and Ioan Bogdan ). Although Junimea never imposed

469-504: A new leasehold estate must be registered. These are governed by few of the above rules and are in longer examples deliberately more akin to full ownership than tenancies, in general. They seldom require a sizeable ground rent . The law has not regulated hefty break/resale charges nor does it prevent the sale of leasehold houses; in the 2010s certain of these proposals have been widely consulted upon and are being drafted. Broadly, legislation allows such lessees (tenants) to club together to gain

536-459: A new wave of Romanticism – while also advocating and ultimately introducing Realism into local literature. As a regular visitor of the Iaşi club, Vasile Alecsandri was one of the few literary figures to represent both Junimea and its French-influenced predecessors. The society also encouraged an accurate use of the Romanian language , and Maiorescu repeatedly argued for a common version of

603-439: A peasant ethos . Maiorescu wrote: The only true social class is the Romanian peasant, and his [daily] reality is suffering. His sighs are caused by the fantasies of the upper classes, for it is out of his daily sweat, that the material means to support this fictitious structure we call Romanian culture are taken. And we force him to hand out the very last measure of himself " obolus " in order to pay for our painters and musicians,

670-457: A real literary affliction with [the Romanian people]. The starting point has been with the tendency to remove Slavic words from the language, replacing these with Latin ones, but, using this pretext, most of our writers would, without selection, use new Latin and French words even where we have our own Romance -origin ones, and would discard those Slavic words that have grown only too deep roots in our language for us to be able to remove them. Both

737-512: A registered third party (such as certain realty agents) may be permissible. A deposit is normally by law to be offset against arrears (rent deficits) and damage by or failures to clean/repair by the tenant. In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or " publican ", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman public contractor or tax farmer . In more formal situations,

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804-411: A relative attractive if low in many markets for a tenant, it is rarely debated in pre-tenancy term negotiations. In some jurisdictions either or both are banned in the original sense. Instead, a landlord's loss of rent/comprehensive damage insurance may be factored into the rent demanded and/or a special type of deposit, a regulated sum of money as a bond (protected security deposit) from the tenant held by

871-429: A rent demand, unlike residential, can result in direct landlord's repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to the use of "self-help" evictions. The taking of a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) ( distress ) has been banned. The concept of land ownership is not universal. Many Native American tribes did not view land as

938-706: A representative of the Wallachian government to the Frankfurt Parliament during the 1848 Wallachian Revolution . The earliest literary gathering was one year after Junimea' s founding, in 1864, when members gathered to hear a translation of Macbeth . Soon afterwards, it became common that they would meet each Sunday in order to discuss the problems of the day and review the newest literary works. Also, there were annual lectures on broad themes, such as Psychological Researches (1868 and 1869), Man and Nature (1873) or The Germans (1875). Their audience

1005-548: A shade of original scientific activity, we created the Romanian Academic Society , with philological , historical- archaeological , natural sciences departments, and we falsified the idea of an Academy. Before we had any notable artists, we created the Music Conservatory ; before we had a single worthy painter, we created the fine art schools; before we had a single valuable play, we founded

1072-425: A single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors. Corporate landlords are able to buy foreclosed houses and rent the house back to the original owner. Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are company towns , where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of

1139-470: A single view on the matter, some of its prominent figures (Maiorescu, Carp, and Junimea associate Ion Luca Caragiale ) notoriously opposed the prevalent anti-Jewish sentiment of the political establishment (while the initially Junimist intellectuals A. C. Cuza , A. D. Xenopol , and Ioan Slavici became well-known antisemites ). In 1885, the society moved to Bucharest , and, through his University of Bucharest professorship, Titu Maiorescu contributed to

1206-484: A unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the Housing Act 2004 . A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples). Tenancies above a couple of years are normally called leases and tend to be lengthy; if more than seven years

1273-508: Is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also a lessee or renter ). When a juristic person is in this position, the term landlord is used. Other terms include lessor and owner . The term landlady may be used for the female owners. The manager of a pub in the United Kingdom , strictly speaking a licensed victualler , is referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy it refers to

1340-735: Is almost unheard of), which is always included in the lease agreement (preferably for both sides in writing). It should be one of the primary factors a tenant considers before moving in. The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The disincentives are the locally varying rights of tenants and duties of landlords in repair/maintenance and administration — and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance unavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from letting (renting out) particularly in leveraged buy to let ,

1407-486: Is largely governed by many of the Landlord and Tenant Acts , in particular the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the Housing Act 2004 . Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the assured shorthold tenancy (AST)

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1474-542: Is notable that four of the founders were part of the Romanian elite, the boyar class ( Theodor Rosetti was the brother-in-law of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza , Carp and Pogor were sons of boyars, and Iacob Negruzzi was the son of Costache Negruzzi ), while Titu Maiorescu was the only one born in a family of city elite, his father Ioan Maiorescu having been a professor at the National College in Craiova and

1541-410: Is shared, the better the language. One of the living sources for the euphonic law of peoples, aside from the elements of physiology , ethnicity etc., is the increasing speed of ideas and the need for a speedier sharing. " At the same time, Maiorescu exercised influence through his attack on what he viewed as excessive innovative trends in writing and speaking Romanian: Neologisms have come to be

1608-460: Is subject to idiosyncratic risk , which is considered objectively intensified for a highly leveraged investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience. A landlord or their agent can decide to collect a security deposit (and/or in some jurisdictions such as parts of the US, a move-in/administration fee). A barrier if high and

1675-407: Is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it. Rental properties can be paid for by the tenant on whatever basis is agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant (more frequently than weekly or less than yearly

1742-419: Is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a Section 8 notice (under the Housing Act 1988 as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into

1809-526: The Little Union (Romanian: Mica Unire ), happened in 1859 following the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as prince of both the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia . A potential unification between the two principalities, which shared a common Romanian ethnicity , language and culture , had been attempted to be avoided by the great powers for a long time, although it

1876-530: The National Theatre , and we devalued and falsified all these forms of culture. Moreover, Maiorescu argued that Romania only had an appearance of a complex modern society, and in fact harbored only two social classes: peasants, which comprised up to 90% of Romanians, and the landlords . He denied the existence of a Romanian bourgeoisie , and presented Romanian society as one still fundamentally patriarchal . The National Liberal Party (founded in 1875)

1943-464: The Right to Manage , and the right to buy the landlord's interest (to collectively enfranchise). It allows them individually to extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which if the tenants have enfranchised will not normally be demanded/recommended every 15–35 years. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strict. In smaller examples the tenant, depending on a simple mathematical division of

2010-477: The Roman Empire . In modern times, "landlord" describes an owner of a property who charges rent to a person. A rental agreement , or lease , is the contract defining such terms as the price paid, penalties for late payments, the length of the rental or lease, and the amount of notice required before either the homeowner or tenant cancels the agreement. In general, responsibilities are given as follows:

2077-803: The Socialist Republic of Romania found its voice with George Călinescu , in his late work, the Communist -inspired Compendium of his earlier Istoria literaturii române ("The History of Romanian Literature"). While arguing that Junimea had created a bridge between peasants and boyars, Călinescu criticised Maiorescu's strict commitment to art for art's sake and the ideas of Arthur Schopenhauer , as signs of rigidity. He downplayed Junimea' s literature, arguing that many Junimists had not reached their own goals (for example, he rejected Carp's criticism of Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu and others as " little and unprofessional "), but looked favorably upon

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2144-553: The Academy and Atheneum members, and the literary and scientific awards wherever they are handed out. And we do not have, at the very least, the gratitude to produce a single artistic work that would for a moment raise his spirits and make him forget his daily misery. The cultural life in Romania was since the 1830s influenced by France, and Junimea brought a new wave of German influence, especially German philosophy , accommodating

2211-576: The Party's forefront in the first years of the 20th century – both Carp and Maiorescu led the Conservatives in the 1910s. Its cultural interests moved to historical research, philosophy (the theory of Positivism ), as well as the two greatest political problems – the peasant question ( see the 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt ), and the issue of ethnic Romanians in Transylvania (a region which

2278-481: The Romanian intelligentsia as if true acts of science, the blindness that provides for a failure to see that building a Romanian national awareness cannot rely on a basis that would enclose a lie. Using the same logic, Junimea (and especially Carp) entered a polemic with the National-Liberal historian Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu over the latter's version of Dacian Protochronism . The society encouraged

2345-827: The Romanian Beginnings in Dacia . In his tendency to prove that we [Romanians] are un-corrupted descendants of the Romans , Maior maintains, in the fourth paragraph, that Dacians were entirely exterminated by the Romans, and there was thus no mixing of these two peoples. In order to prove such an unnatural hypothesis, our historian relies on a dubious passage in Eutropius and a passage in Julian , to which he gives an interpretation that no sane mind could admit, and thus begins

2412-543: The Romanian literature classics – Mihai Eminescu , Ion Creangă , Ion Luca Caragiale , Ioan Slavici – and many other important cultural personalities, it occupied the central spot of cultural life in Romania. After the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) were allowed to engage in trade with other countries than those under Ottoman rule and with this came

2479-449: The building, may be able to enfranchise individually. Statute of 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent and at a premium (fine, initial large sum)) of property that they can be sold (by the lessee, assigned); reducing any restriction to one whereby the landlord may apply standard that is "reasonable" vetting, without causing major delay. This is often known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation". In

2546-579: The children of landlords and others in the catering industry. There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation. Numerous landlord associations exist in Australia . These associations should be distinguished from

2613-649: The creation of a new Junimist generation. However, Junimea ceased to dominate the intellectual life of Romania. This roughly coincided with the partial transformation of prominent Junimists into politicians, after leaders such as Maiorescu and Carp joined the Conservative Party . Initially a separate wing with a moderately conservative political agenda (and, as the Partidul Constituţional , "Constitutional Party", an independent political group between 1891 and 1907), Junimea representatives moved to

2680-404: The demonstration of our Romance identity through history – with a falsification of history. (...) that which surprises and saddens concerning these creations is not their error itself, since this can be explained and at times justified through the circumstances of the period, but rather the error of our assessment of them nowadays, the haughtiness and self-satisfaction with which they are defended by

2747-497: The expiration of the tenancy, though at the end of the lease term the rental relationship can generally be terminated without giving any reason. Some cities, counties, and states have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements such as smoke detectors and

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2814-496: The group's weariness in the face of rapid development, but relied instead on distinguishing and increasing the role of peasants as the root of Romanian culture. The populist Garabet Ibrăileanu argued that Junimea' s conservatism was the result of a conjectural alliance between low and high Moldavian boyars against a Liberal-encouraged bourgeoisie , one reflected in the " pessimism of the Eminescu generation ". He invested in

2881-473: The high medieval period, holding their fief via subinfeudation , but in some cases the land may also be directly subject to a member of higher nobility, as in the royal domain directly owned by a king, or in the Holy Roman Empire imperial villages directly subject to the emperor. The medieval system ultimately continues the system of villas and latifundia (peasant-worked broad farmsteads) of

2948-481: The homeowner is responsible for making repairs and performing property maintenance, and the tenant is responsible for keeping the property clean and safe. Many owners hire a property management company to take care of all the details of renting their property out to a tenant. This usually includes advertising the property and showing it to prospective tenants, negotiating and preparing the written leases or license agreements, and then, once rented, collecting rent from

3015-544: The image of low boyars, the Romanticist agents of the 1848 Moldavian revolution , as a tradition which, if partly blended into Junimea , had kept a separate voice the literary society itself, and had more in common with Poporanism than Maiorescu's moderate conservatism: The old school is Poporanist and traditional, for the old critics have been Romanticists and defenders of the originality of Romanian language and spirit . Being Romanticists, they took inspiration from

3082-516: The initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a " regulated tenancy " with many more rights, especially under the Rent Act 1977 and Protection from Eviction Act 1977 , introduced by the Third Wilson ministry . Each house in multiple occupation ,

3149-502: The institutions of a modern nation, all were, in fact, shallow elements of fashion: Before we had any village teachers, we created village schools, and before we had any professors, we opened universities, and [thus] we falsified public instruction. Before we had a culture outside of the schools, we created the Romanian Atheneum and cultural associations, and we despised the spirit of the literary societies. Before we had even

3216-481: The landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land’s natural product." George believed land belonged to everyone and supported a public tax on economic rent , which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished. Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for monopolization . Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In

3283-506: The major figures connected with the society ( Eminescu , Caragiale , Creangă etc.) and secondary Junimists such as the materialist philosopher Vasile Conta . Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia The unification of Moldavia and Wallachia ( Romanian : Unirea Moldovei și Țării Românești ), also known as the unification of the Romanian Principalities (Romanian: Unirea Principatelor Române ) or as

3350-445: The meaning of "good and substantial repair". Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment". All businesses which are tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 which gives them "business security of tenure". If not, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for

3417-496: The old school of criticism in this respect as well. (...) Instead, Mr. Maiorescu was neither a Romanticist, nor a democrat, and neither did he fight as much (...) for maintaining originality in language and literature: as such, Mr. Maiorescu did not look into the Poporanist current, and treated with a certain disdain or, in any case, with indifference the traditional current. The officially sanctioned criticism of Junimea during

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3484-404: The overall diminishing domain of social housing , exceptionally, lessees widely acquire over time the Right to Buy for a fixed discount on the market price of the home. In commercial property much of the law, especially as to disputes and basic responsibilities, is based on freedom of contract of the common law including the implied terms of precedent decisions of wide-ranging case law such as

3551-462: The owner of natural resources alone (e.g., land, not buildings) from which an economic rent , a form of passive income , is the income received. The concept of a landlord may be traced back to the feudal system of manoralism ( seignorialism ), where a landed estate is owned by a Lord of the Manor ( mesne lords ), usually members of the lower nobility which came to form the rank of knights in

3618-519: The people's literature, which contains Romanticist elements, and from the past, as all Romanticists did; that is why the Romanticist Eminescu resembles the old school of criticism in this respect. Being democrats , it was natural that they would turn towards "the people". And as defenders of the originality of language and literature, it was also the people (...) and history (...) that they needed to take inspiration from. Eminescu resembles

3685-443: The property. The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government compulsory purchase powers in many countries enable slum clearance to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods. The term 'accidental landlord'

3752-617: The rendition of words in Romanian, favoring a phonetic transcription over the several versions in circulation after the discarding of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet . Maiorescu entered a polemic with the main advocates of a spelling that was reflecting pure Latin etymology rather than the spoken language, the Transylvanian group around August Treboniu Laurian : There is but a single purpose for speaking and writing: sharing thought. The faster and more accurately thought

3819-465: The requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. Private sector renting

3886-442: The residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a recession . Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant social stigma as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain

3953-448: The starting point and its development are equally wrong, and originate yet again with the empty formalism of theory, to which the real language of the people has never attached itself. Accordingly, Junimea heavily criticized Romanian Romantic nationalism for condoning excesses (especially in the problematic theses connected to the origin of Romanians ). In the words of Maiorescu: In 1812, Petru Maior (...) wrote his The History of

4020-490: The tenant and performing repairs as needed. In the United States , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . State law and, in some places, city law or county law, sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord or landlady can evict his or her tenant before

4087-786: The term used is licensed victualler or simply "licensee". The Licensed Trade Charity , formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes, exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex . As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers' School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for

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4154-515: The unifications of Romania with the regions of Bessarabia , Bukovina and Transylvania in 1918 during or following the end of World War I . It is also commemorated every 24 January through the Day of the Unification of the Romanian Principalities in both Romania and Moldova . Landlord A landlord is the owner of a house , apartment , condominium , land, or real estate which

4221-593: Was allowed at the moment it happened. The unification of these two states began a political struggle in the new country to find out which of the two regions would obtain "supremacy" and met some opposition in Moldavia by the so-called "separatists". Nowadays, in Romania , the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia is regarded as a prelude to the Great Union , a name used in Romanian historiography to refer to

4288-585: Was dubbed as useless since it had no class to represent. Also, socialism was thought to be the product of an advanced society in Western Europe, and argued to have yet no reason of existence in Romania, where the proletariat made up a small part of the population – Junimea saw socialism in the context of Romania as an "exotic plant", and Maiorescu engaged in a polemic with Marxist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea . While this criticism

4355-400: Was formed of the Iaşi intellectuals, students, lawyers, professors, government officials, etc. In 1867 Junimea started publishing its own literary review, Convorbiri Literare . It was to become one of the most important publications in the history of Romanian literature and added a new, modern vision to the whole Romanian culture. Between 1874 and 1885, when the society was frequented by

4422-424: Was indeed similar to political conservatism , Junimea' s purposes were actually connected with gradual modernization that was meant to lead to a Romanian culture and society able to sustain a dialogue with their European counterparts. Unlike the mainstream Conservative Party , which sought to best represent landowners, the politically active Junimists opposed excessive reliance on agriculture, and could even champion

4489-572: Was part of Austria-Hungary ). It ceased to exist around 1916, after becoming engulfed in the conflict over Romania's participation in World War I; leading Junimists (Carp first and foremost) had supported continuing Romania's alliance with the Central Powers , and clashed over the issue with pro-French and anti-Austrian politicians. The first major review of Junimism came with the rise of Romanian populism ( Poporanism ), which partly shared

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