170-896: The Oak Point Link, also known as the South Bronx–Oak Point Link , is a 1.9-mile (3.1 km) long railroad line in the Bronx , New York City , United States, along the east bank of the Harlem River . It connects the Metro-North Railroad 's Hudson Line (on the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad section) with the Harlem River Intermodal Yard and the CSX Transportation Oak Point Yard at
340-407: A cloverleaf interchange providing access to Saratoga Spa State Park and downtown Saratoga Springs. I-87 turns slightly to the northeast and begins to loosely parallel the northwestern edge of Saratoga Lake as it crosses Kayaderosseras Creek and enters Saratoga Springs . As the route travels the east side of Saratoga Springs, it meets NY 9P at exit 14. The junction is adjacent to
510-408: A crank on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by heritage railways . Electric locomotives draw power from a stationary source via an overhead wire or third rail . Some also or instead use a battery . In locomotives that are powered by high-voltage alternating current ,
680-586: A dining car . Some lines also provide over-night services with sleeping cars . Some long-haul trains have been given a specific name . Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds. Commuter trains serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily commuting service. Airport rail links provide quick access from city centres to airports . High-speed rail are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways,
850-731: A fourth rail system in 1890 on the City and South London Railway , now part of the London Underground Northern line . This was the first major railway to use electric traction . The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the City of London , under the River Thames , to Stockwell in south London. The first practical AC electric locomotive was designed by Charles Brown , then working for Oerlikon , Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using three-phase AC , between
1020-542: A funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Fortress in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel . The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway. Wagonways (or tramways ) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate
1190-492: A hydro-electric plant at Lauffen am Neckar and Frankfurt am Main West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for Jean Heilmann on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that three-phase motors had a higher power-to-weight ratio than DC motors and, because of the absence of a commutator , were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than
1360-431: A steam engine that provides adhesion. Coal , petroleum , or wood is burned in a firebox , boiling water in the boiler to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the smokebox before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a piston that transmits power directly through a connecting rod (US: main rod) and a crankpin (US: wristpin) on the driving wheel (US main driver) or to
1530-469: A transformer in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the traction motors that power the wheels. Modern locomotives may use three-phase AC induction motors or direct current motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for
1700-474: A "Parclo A2" Partial cloverleaf interchange , before crossing the Hudson River and entering Warren County . Between the bridge and exit 18, I-87 passes two rest areas, one for each direction. The road's northward course quickly brings it to the outskirts of Glens Falls , and as such the highway heads across another swath of residential neighborhoods. Exits 18 and 19 are the main exits for
1870-688: A TOFC facility at the Harlem River Yard and to provide clearance improvements between Highbridge Yard and Oak Point Yard. On December 3, 1981, the USCG published a Notice of Intent in the Federal Register to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. The project's funding was provided by the 1974 Rail Preservation Bond Act and the 1979 Energy Conservation Bond Issue, and from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Prior to
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#17327730291972040-736: A backdrop to a straight stretch of highway. While US 9 heads northwest into the Warrensburg to connect to NY 28 , I-87 turns northward to follow the east bank of the Schroon River for 17 miles (27 km) through a deep, remote valley. The Northway reaches exit 24 while in this valley, which once again serves the town of Bolton Landing . Exit 25 serves NY 8 at a diamond interchange . The stretch away from US 9 ends at exit 26, where I-87 reconnects to US 9 in Pottersville . At this point, I-87 makes
2210-524: A diamond interchange just west of the village limits. I-87 takes a northerly track from US 11, crossing the Chazy River and briefly entering the village limits, where it runs past a series of homes and businesses built up along nearby US 9. As both roads head north out of the village, US 9 connects to the Northway one last time (also the northern terminus of US 9) at exit 43,
2380-550: A diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through
2550-478: A double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London. William Jessop had earlier used a form of all-iron edge rail and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the Charnwood Forest Canal at Nanpantan , Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in
2720-437: A large turning radius in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of heritage railways continue to operate as part of living history to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains. A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along
2890-498: A larger locomotive named Galvani , exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors , with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators . It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It
3060-423: A locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient tractive force to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A push–pull train has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of
3230-399: A marshy area surrounding Dead Creek, a stream feeding into nearby Plattsburgh Bay . Access to the bay shore is provided off to the northeast by exit 39, a modified cloverleaf interchange for NY 314 . Continuing away from the junction, I-87 comes within one mile (1.6 km) of Lake Champlain as it follows US 9 away from Plattsburgh and northward across open, rolling fields in
3400-529: A modified diamond interchange serving County Route 151 (CR 151, named Albany Shaker Road) and Albany International Airport . Wolf Road ends south of the exit; however, another section begins north of the junction, carrying NY 155 away from the airport. Prior to the Northway, there was no break in Wolf Road; in essence, exit 4 was built on top of Wolf Road's intersection with Albany Shaker Road. I-87 and NY 155 meet at exit 5, with
3570-477: A number of trains per hour (tph). Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours). Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as
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#17327730291973740-547: A one-track concrete trestle running from Highbridge Yard to Lincoln Avenue for 1.7 miles (2.7 km). To provide a clearance of 17.5 feet (5.3 m), several highway bridges would have needed to be modified and the shoreline would need to be stabilized. In addition, three bridge crossings over the Harlem River would have needed to be modified. This option would have cost $ 58.5 million. This option would have eliminated 20 parking spaces at Yankee Stadium, would have restricted
3910-676: A piece of circular rail track in Bloomsbury , London, the Catch Me Who Can , but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray 's rack locomotive Salamanca built for the Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive
4080-465: A pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive Blücher , also a successful flanged -wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in
4250-558: A result: instead of heading east to NY 9N, it continued north on a parallel routing to US 9. The Northway's former routing to NY 9N, known infrequently today as the Lake George Connector, is now NY 912Q, an unsigned reference route 0.66 miles (1.06 km) in length. NY 912Q has one intermediate interchange with US 9. On March 5, 1967, the Lake George–Pottersville portion of I-87
4420-439: A revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices, as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO 2 emissions . Smooth, durable road surfaces have been made for wheeled vehicles since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were wagonways or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep
4590-739: A single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the prototype for all diesel–electric locomotive control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen ( Royal Saxon State Railways ) by Waggonfabrik Rastatt with electric equipment from Brown, Boveri & Cie and diesel engines from Swiss Sulzer AG . They were classified as DET 1 and DET 2 ( de.wiki ). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were switcher (shunter) locomotives . General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in
4760-416: A slight turn to the northeast to follow US 9 as the latter road runs along the western shoreline of Schroon Lake. Both roads pass a handful of lakefront properties on their way into Essex County and the town of Schroon Lake , where the lake comes to an end and NY 74 begins its eastward trek to Ticonderoga at exit 28. The Schroon River resumes north of the exit, and I-87 and US 9 follow
4930-407: A standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for main-lines across the world. Earliest recorded examples of an internal combustion engine for railway use included a prototype designed by William Dent Priestman . Sir William Thomson examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which
5100-632: A terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away. A funicular railway was also made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the River Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. The Wollaton Wagonway , completed in 1604 by Huntingdon Beaumont , has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham . The Middleton Railway in Leeds , which
5270-482: A toll gantry exists on the exit 16 ramp midway between the Thruway and NY 17 exit 131 ( NY 32 ). Now a completely tolled highway, the Thruway heads northward as it narrows to four lanes, roughly paralleling the Hudson River to the river's west as it serves the city of Newburgh , village of New Paltz , and city of Kingston , indirectly connecting to the short I-587 in the latter. Past Kingston,
Oak Point Link - Misplaced Pages Continue
5440-408: A wheel. This was a large stationary engine , powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate condenser and an air pump . Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising
5610-472: Is capital-intensive and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety. Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway,
5780-410: Is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a diesel engine . Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build electric motors and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains. Steam locomotives are locomotives with
5950-594: Is at the Yonkers–Bronx city line. For the Northway section of I-87, mile 0.00 is just north of the overpass with I-90. The entire route is in Albany County . The entire route is in Warren County . All exits are unnumbered. The road has three current spur routes, all located along the Thruway portion of I-87. I-287 serves as a 99-mile (159 km) bypass around New York City, beginning at
6120-399: Is dominant. Electro-diesel locomotives are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections. Alternative methods of motive power include magnetic levitation , horse-drawn, cable , gravity, pneumatics and gas turbine . A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is
6290-859: Is not contiguous with I-87 in North Carolina . I-87 was assigned in 1957 as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System. The portion of I-87 south of Albany follows two controlled-access highways that predate the Interstate Highway designation, the Major Deegan Expressway (locally known as " the Deegan ") in New York City and the tolled New York State Thruway from the New York City line to Albany. North of Albany, I-87 follows
6460-477: Is one of the two primary means of land transport , next to road transport . It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally, thanks to its energy efficiency and potentially high speed . Rolling stock on rails generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer trains . Power is usually provided by diesel or electrical locomotives . While railway transport
6630-734: Is provided by Thruway exit 1 in Yonkers. At the New York City–Yonkers border, I-87's mainline continues onto the New York State Thruway and northward through Yonkers and southern Westchester County . The first few exits serve various local streets, with exit 1 serving Hall Place, exit 2 providing access to Yonkers Raceway & Empire City Casino and exit 3 serving the Cross County Shopping Center . At exit 4, I-87 connects to
6800-556: Is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes." In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by Priestman Brothers was used on the Hull Docks . In 1906, Rudolf Diesel , Adolf Klose and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer Gebrüder Sulzer founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The Prussian State Railways ordered
6970-667: The Adirondack Northway , a highway built in stages between 1957 and 1967 (finished just in time to bring Americans to the World Exhibition held in Montreal that year). Early proposals for I-87 called for the route to take a more easterly course through the Hudson Valley and extreme southwestern Connecticut between New York City and Newburgh. These plans were scrapped in 1970 when I-87 was realigned onto
Oak Point Link - Misplaced Pages Continue
7140-729: The Cross County Parkway , an east–west parkway providing access to the Saw Mill River, Bronx River , and Hutchinson River parkways. The north–south parkways and I-95 run parallel to the Thruway through Southern Westchester . The Bronx River parkway leaves to the northeast midway through Yonkers, while the Saw Mill and Sprain Brook parkways follow the Thruway out of the city. All three highways take generally parallel tracks to Elmsford , where I-87 directly intersects
7310-713: The Korean War on a low budget of only $ 81 million (equivalent to $ 719 million in 2023 ). Unlike other major bridges in New York metropolitan area , the Tappan Zee was designed to last only 50 years. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a report in October 2011 designating the Tappan Zee's replacement to be a dual- span twin bridge . Construction officially began in October 2013, with
7480-794: The New Jersey Turnpike in Middlesex County, New Jersey , and ending at I-95 (the New England Thruway ) near the Connecticut border in Rye . I-287 and I-87 overlap for 19 miles (31 km) across Westchester and Rockland counties. East of the concurrency, I-287 is known as the Cross Westchester Expressway (it was originally designated as I-187 and I-487). The other two spurs,
7650-779: The Palisades Interstate Parkway and the Garden State Parkway Connector , with the latter providing access to the Garden State Parkway in New Jersey. The Thruway continues generally westward to Suffern , where I-87 and I-287 split at a large semi-directional T interchange (exit 15) only about a half mile (0.80 km) from the New Jersey border. At this point, I-287 heads south into New Jersey while I-87 and
7820-541: The Stockton and Darlington Railway , opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 1830 opening of the first intercity connection in England, was a key component of the Industrial Revolution . The adoption of rail transport lowered shipping costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city. In
7990-663: The Surface Transportation Board to approve an arrangement where CSX will carry freight for D&H over the Oak Point link, though D&H retains trackage rights. D&H in turn will carry freight for CSX from Saratoga, NY to the Canada–US border. Local service from Oak Point Yard runs to an interchange with the New York and Atlantic Railway (NY&A) at Fresh Pond Junction Yard in Queens . From Fresh Pond
8160-615: The United Kingdom , South Korea , Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates
8330-414: The overhead lines and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail. Diesel locomotives use a diesel engine as the prime mover . The energy transmission may be either diesel–electric , diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric
8500-458: The puddling process in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the rolling process , which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was hot blast developed by James Beaumont Neilson (patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of coke (fuel) or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron
8670-418: The rotary phase converter , enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks. An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as
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#17327730291978840-540: The 1880s, railway electrification began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by diesel locomotives . The first high-speed railway system was introduced in Japan in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities in Europe , East Asia , and the eastern United States . Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had
9010-521: The 1930s (the famous " 44-tonner " switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. In 1929, the Canadian National Railways became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse. Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before
9180-508: The 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful. The first electrified high-speed rail Tōkaidō Shinkansen was introduced in 1964 between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan. Since then high-speed rail transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, France , Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China),
9350-464: The 40 km Burgdorf–Thun line , Switzerland. Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed
9520-399: The Bronx to have vertical clearances of at least 17.5 feet (5.3 m); this project was estimated to be completed in 1982. The increased vertical clearance was intended to allow 25% of conventional boxcars and trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC) fleets to operate along New York City's freight lines; TOFCs could only reach New York City from rail terminals in New Jersey. At the time, freight access via
9690-620: The Bronx, 65th Street Yard in Brooklyn and Sunnyside Yard in Queens), and it was decided to build it at Harlem River Yard. A new main line track would have been constructed along the southern perimeter of the TOFC yard for trains to and from Oak Point and Long Island. The line, constructed and owned by the State of New York , opened in 1998 to allow better freight rail access to the city by eliminating
9860-530: The Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was Lake Lock Rail Road in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers. These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became
10030-775: The Canada–United States border. The total cost to build the Adirondack Northway was $ 208 million (equivalent to $ 1.45 billion in 2023 ). Another gap in I-87 existed in downstate New York, as the plan to build I-87 along the proposed Hudson River Expressway had been scrapped by 1962. Instead, I-87 was now proposed to begin in Port Chester and follow a new routing through Purchase , Armonk , and Katonah to Brewster , where it would join I-84. The routing
10200-466: The DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor bogies : they could only be carried within locomotive bodies. In 1894, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Kandó developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in Évian-les-Bains (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. In 1896, Oerlikon installed
10370-461: The Hudson Division was limited by overhead clearances of 15.25 feet (4.65 m) and capacity limitations due to passage over the New Haven, Harlem and Hudson commuter rail lines. New York State's Intermodal Study found that 9.6 percent of conventional rail cars in the United States were too high to use the Hudson Division in 1977, a number that increased to 15.4 percent in 1979 and was expected to soon increase to 40 percent. To avoid clearance issues on
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#173277302919710540-408: The Hudson Division, 6,000 cars were rerouted via Springfield, Massachusetts and New Haven, Connecticut, a route that provided an addition 3 inches (7.6 cm) of clearance, but delayed shipments by 24 to 36 hours and added 100 miles (160 km) of travel. In September 1981, an Environmental Assessment was published by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the NYSDOT to address the development of
10710-423: The Hudson River c. 1961 . The US 9–NY 149 section of the highway was finished on May 26, 1961, at a total cost of $ 9.5 million (equivalent to $ 74.2 million in 2023 ). Work on the Latham–Malta segment concluded on November 22 of that year with the opening of a $ 6.6-million (equivalent to $ 51.5 million in 2023 ) piece between NY 146 and NY 67. When the Latham–Malta segment
10880-410: The Hudson River Expressway proposal was cancelled in the 1960s, the alignment of I-87 was shifted farther east to follow a newly completed freeway in the Route 22 corridor that started at I-287 in White Plains, then cut north through the extreme southwest corner of Connecticut before reentering New York and reaching I-84 at Brewster. I-87 then followed I-84 west to Newburgh. In 1970, the I-87 designation
11050-409: The Major Deegan Expressway date back to 1936 when the Regional Plan Association concluded that in order to relieve New York City 's traffic problems, a limited-access, truck-accessible expressway should be built on the west side of the Bronx . This route would connect the brand-new Triborough Bridge to the proposed New York State Thruway in Westchester County . A 1.5-mile (2.4 km) section of
11220-418: The Major Deegan Expressway. The Market Route East subalternative would have started at the southern end of Highbridge Yard using the existing single track servicing the Bronx Terminal Market and would have passed along the east edge of the overflow parking area at Yankee Stadium before running parallel to the Hudson Division, crossing Exterior Street to the shore at the East 149th Street Bridge, and then following
11390-501: The NY&A takes freight to customers on the Long Island Rail Road , as well as the city-owned 65th Street Yard in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , via the Bay Ridge Branch . 40°48′0″N 73°54′47″W / 40.80000°N 73.91306°W / 40.80000; -73.91306 Railroad Rail transport (also known as train transport ) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks , which usually consist of two parallel steel rails . Rail transport
11560-612: The New York City borough of the Bronx , just north of the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge and Grand Central Parkway . From there, the route runs northward through the Hudson Valley , the Capital District , and the easternmost part of the North Country to the Canada–United States border in the town of Champlain . At its north end, I-87 continues into Quebec as Autoroute 15 (A-15). I-87 connects with several regionally important roads: I-95 in New York City, New York State Route 17 (NY 17; future I-86 ) near Harriman , I-84 near Newburgh , and I-90 in Albany . The highway
11730-426: The Northway feeds into a 0.86-mile (1.38 km) expressway spur known locally as Fuller Road Alternate , which links I-87 and I-90 to US 20. Fuller Road Alternate is designated as New York State Route 910F ( NY 910F ), an unsigned reference route , by NYSDOT . In 2004, NYSDOT ceremonially designated the entire 176-mile (283 km) Northway as the Adirondack Veterans Memorial Highway. The Northway,
11900-456: The Northway section of I-87, as this number was reserved for an interchange with the now-canceled I-687 . A project to improve motorist access to the Albany International Airport at exit 4 took place in the late 2010s. The two old deteriorating bridges at exit 4 which had carried 102,000 vehicles a day were replaced. Once the new replacement bridges were built, the old bridges were demolished. Construction began in February 2015 and
12070-482: The Northway through the Adirondack Park had been an unserved zone for cellular telephone service. In 2007, a driver who crashed off the road was unable to summon help, prompting messages from local governments to telephone companies to add new wireless towers to address the problem and warning signs to inform travelers of the so-called "dark zone". Throughout this area, roadside emergency call boxes were located approximately every two miles (3.2 km) on both sides of
12240-610: The Northway through the northern parts of Adirondack Park . I-87 and the Major Deegan Expressway begins in the Bronx at the northern approach to the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge , where it connects to the Bruckner Expressway ( I-278 ) at a directional T interchange . The route heads west from the interchange, paralleling loosely with the Harlem River through Mott Haven . After one mile (1.6 km),
12410-489: The Northway, allowing northbound and traffic direct access to Albany Shaker Road/NY 155 near the Desmond Hotel Albany. Southbound traffic was able to both exit and enter to/from the connector. The southbound entrance for the connector (exit 3) opened on September 27, 2019, while the southbound exit opened the next month. Traffic signals were installed at the intersection of Albany Shaker Road and
12580-557: The Northway, while I-90 merges in from the east to follow the Thruway toward Buffalo and then Pennsylvania . Off the Thruway, I-87 and I-90 overlap for a half mile (0.80 km) along I-90's toll-free path through the Albany area. The brief concurrency ends at exit 1 of the Adirondack Northway in Guilderland , a junction also numbered as exit 1 on I-90. The Adirondack Northway and I-87 are still separate routes that share
12750-568: The Salmon River and intersects NY 22 at exit 36, a junction serving nearby Plattsburgh International Airport . While NY 22 heads northeast into the city of Plattsburgh , I-87 runs north through its western suburbs, passing over the Saranac River and intersecting NY 3 at exit 37. The Northway and NY 22 meet again north of downtown at exit 38. The section of I-87 between exits 38 and 39 crosses
12920-705: The Saw Mill River Parkway at exit 7A. Not far to the north is exit 8, a semi-directional T interchange with I-287 (the Cross Westchester Expressway). I-287 joins the Thruway here, following I-87 west across the Hudson River into Rockland County on the Tappan Zee Bridge . I-87 and I-287 remain overlapped for 15 miles (24 km) through the densely populated southern portion of Rockland County, meeting
13090-666: The Shore Route alignment. This option would have required an at-grade crossing just north of East 150th Street on Exterior Street, would have required the elimination of 80 parking spots at Yankee Stadium, and would have required the relocation of four businesses. Trains would have had to run very slowly through this route. The remaining options were the Shore Route, the Offshore Route, and the Market Route West subalternative. The Shore Route would have consisted of
13260-633: The Shore Route option of getting hit by boats.The Market Route West is subalternative for the section between Highbridge Yard and the East 149th Street Bridge. The Market Route West/Shore Route alternative would cost $ 44.5 million, while the Market Route West/Offshore Route would have cost $ 38.5 million. These options would have been constructed in a fenced alignment using ballasted track. This option would have allowed for enhanced flexibility of market operations if abandoned sidings on
13430-569: The Terminal Market's east edge were reconnected This option would have required the loss of 85 parking spaces at Yankee Stadium, and would have cutoff an access ramp to the Major Deegan Expressway from the north end of Bronx Terminal Market. The construction of these options would have limited the Port Morris Branch for local freight use. Four options were considered for the TOFC plant (Oak Point Yard and Harlem River Yard in
13600-437: The Thruway and NY 7 near Latham . This segment was open to traffic by 1960, by which time work had begun on two additional segments from Latham to Malta (at NY 67 ) and from US 9 in northern Saratoga County to US 9 and NY 149 midway between Glens Falls and Lake George village. The expressway was completed between Latham and Clifton Park ( NY 146 ) and from US 9 south of Glens Falls to
13770-505: The Thruway between Westchester County and Newburgh. I-87 makes up most of the major strategic corridor between New York City , the largest metropolitan area in the US, and Montreal , the second-largest metropolitan area in Canada (formerly the largest). The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) considers the route important for commerce, as it connects with numerous highways in
13940-594: The Thruway turn northward into the valley of the Ramapo River . The Thruway continues north as a six-lane tollway through the river valley toward Harriman , where it encounters the Woodbury toll gantry , the southeastern end of the main line's major closed toll system. The barrier is located on the mainline within exit 16 ( NY 17 ), a trumpet interchange . Along with the mainline barrier in Harriman,
14110-521: The Zig Zag route, it would have required the installation of crossovers, the raising of bridges in some locations, and the depression of the track in others. This route would have also resulted in conflicts with passenger service, albeit somewhat less than the Zig Zag Route. This route would have required the construction of a rail trestle with steep grades to avoid conflicts with structures such as
14280-566: The city, with the latter connecting to NY 254 near Aviation Mall , located on NY 254 just west of the route's junction with US 9. A northwestern turn in the freeway takes I-87 past the Great Escape amusement park and lodge , both of which are accessed from exit 20 and NY 149 . Past exit 20, I-87 runs across increasingly remote areas of Queensbury as the road enters Adirondack Park and heads toward Lake George . The freeway closely follows US 9 northwest to
14450-470: The connector. The northbound exit opened in November 2019. Other changes completed as part of the project include: Afternoon traffic was expected to be reduced by 54 percent, and morning traffic was expected to decrease by 29 percent. During construction, the project received criticism over the fact that some of the ramps were built on sacred Indian land. Murals were supposed to be installed on
14620-454: The day, which would have hindered service via the Port Morris Branch. Three options were considered, but were dismissed at the beginning of the planning process. The Zig Zag Route would have made improvements to the existing Port Morris Branch, including the installation of crossovers, the raising of bridges in some locations, and the depression of the track in others. This option was deemed unacceptable due to conflicts with passenger traffic along
14790-430: The duty of a guard/train manager/conductor . Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as
14960-402: The end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets. In 1784 James Watt , a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a steam locomotive . Watt had improved the steam engine of Thomas Newcomen , hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a reciprocating engine in 1769 capable of powering
15130-471: The end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways. The first passenger horsecar or tram , Swansea and Mumbles Railway , was opened between Swansea and Mumbles in Wales in 1807. Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until
15300-527: The engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large flywheel to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales . Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon
15470-475: The era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The open hearth furnace began to replace the Bessemer process near
15640-459: The exit 3 overpass, but the murals had still not been installed after the completion of all work on exit 3 in late 2020. The murals were finally installed in early 2021. The mileposts below follow actual signage, even though the route is continuous. For the Bronx section of I-87, mile 0.00 is just north of the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge. For the Thruway section of I-87, mile 0.00
15810-561: The exits become farther apart. Here, the Northway narrows from six to four lanes, preparing for the more rural areas and rugged terrain that follow. North of Lake George, the Northway runs alongside US 9 to Warrensburg , a small town on the Schroon River served by exit 23. The view straight ahead on the northbound side from this interchange acts as an unofficial gateway to the Adirondacks, with tall mountains acting as
15980-581: The expressway from the bridge to the Grand Concourse was completed in April 1939. The highway was adorned with Whitestone-style light posts placed every 75 feet (23 m) of the six-lane highway, each of which were 12 feet (3.7 m) in width. The expressway was designated as New York State Route 1B ( NY 1B ) c. 1941 ; however, the designation was removed by 1947. In 1945, public works planner Robert Moses proposed extending
16150-522: The first commercial example of the system on the Lugano Tramway . Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide regenerative braking , and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with Walter Boveri ) in 1899 on
16320-632: The freeway gains a pair of service roads and heads north to the New York City line, where it becomes the New York State Thruway as it passes into Westchester County . The last northbound exit on the Deegan connects to McLean Avenue, located north of the city line in Yonkers . The exit 14 ramp leads to the service road in the Bronx but does not meet McLean Avenue until it crosses the county line. Southbound access to McLean Avenue
16490-548: The governor's middle initial in the name. In the wake of former New York Yankees player Joe DiMaggio 's death on March 8, 1999, Governor George Pataki proposed renaming the Deegan Expressway to the "Joe DiMaggio Highway." However, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani favored renaming the West Side Highway for DiMaggio instead. Pataki agreed to Giuliani's proposal one week later. A long stretch of
16660-493: The highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible. Major Deegan Expressway Interstate 87 ( I-87 ) is a 333.49-mile-long (536.70 km) north–south Interstate Highway located entirely within the US state of New York . I-87 is the main highway that connects New York City and Montreal . The highway begins at exit 47 off I-278 in
16830-565: The highway makes a turn to the north, mirroring a change in the nearby river's course. It passes by Yankee Stadium on its way to Highbridge , where the Deegan connects to the Cross Bronx Expressway ( I-95 and US Route 1 [US 1]) at the eastern approach to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge . The Deegan remains in close proximity to the Harlem River until the waterway turns westward at Kingsbridge to form
17000-631: The highway runs closer to the river as it parallels US 9W through the towns of Saugerties , Catskill , Coxsackie , and Ravena . Just north of Ravena, the Thruway meets the west end of the Berkshire Connector, a spur linking the Thruway mainline to the Massachusetts Turnpike 25 miles (40 km) to the east. The highway continues into the vicinity of Albany , where it connects to Troy via I-787 at exit 23 and intersects I-90 at exit 24. The latter of
17170-516: The highway to the proposed Thruway. Construction on the extension began in 1950, and the new route was opened in 1956. The Major Deegan Expressway is named for William Francis Deegan , who died in 1932. He was an architect, a major in the Army Corps of Engineers , and a Democratic political leader in New York City. I-87 was assigned on August 14, 1957, as part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System. The highway initially utilized
17340-589: The highway's construction, Saratoga County has become the fastest growing area of the Capital District, and indeed all of upstate New York. For its first few miles in Saratoga County, I-87 runs across lightly developed parts of the towns of Halfmoon and Clifton Park . Near exit 9, however, the freeway passes through the commercial center of Clifton Park as it connects to NY 146 . Clifton Park Center , one of several shopping plazas at
17510-410: The junction, is situated southwest of the exit. Past exit 9, the commercial development subsides as I-87 traverses another area dominated by housing tracts. Just north of the exit, the freeway passes a rest area for northbound traffic. The freeway continues on, passing to the west of the centers of Round Lake at exit 11 and Malta at exit 12. The roadway then meets US 9 at Exit 13,
17680-559: The last interchange on I-87 before the Canada–United States border. Past the exit, the highway doubles in width, becoming eight lanes wide as it begins to run past the customs facilities on the American side of the border. The Northway and I-87 end shortly thereafter at the Canada–United States border, where the highway continues past the Champlain–St. Bernard de Lacolle Border Crossing into Quebec as A-15 toward Montreal. The origins of
17850-536: The latter routed along Watervliet Shaker Road. After a brief stretch of housing tracts, I-87 connects to NY 2 and NY 7 at exit 6, a single-point urban interchange , in a commercialized part of Latham . NY 7 joins I-87 here, following the freeway for roughly 0.8 miles (1.3 km) to exit 7, the west end of a limited-access highway previously known locally as Alternate Route 7. While NY 7 heads east toward Troy , I-87 continues north past gradually less commercialized areas as it approaches
18020-1230: The limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia. Magnetic levitation trains such as the Shanghai maglev train use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy. High kinetic energy translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing cut and fill and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with
18190-456: The line and the high tides on the Harlem River. Construction of the line began in 1983 and cost $ 187 million to complete. Including that sum, more than $ 375 million of public money has been spent to upgrade track to TOFC clearance between Selkirk Yard near Albany and Fresh Pond Junction yard on Long Island. The line also gives Canadian Pacific Railway (CP)'s subsidiary Delaware and Hudson Railway (D&H) access to New York City. The access
18360-429: The locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A railroad car is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight. A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A railcar
18530-569: The main portion of the B&;O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified. The London Underground , the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using
18700-433: The mid-1920s. The Soviet Union operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the E el-2 ) proved technically viable. A significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when Hermann Lemp , a General Electric electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable direct current electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used
18870-570: The need to use the Port Morris Branch , a more circuitous route that crossed busy commuter lines and whose tight turns (at Mott Haven and Melrose) limited the length of freight cars. It was funded in part by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . The new line was built with a structure gauge high enough for trailer-on-flat car (TOFC) intermodal freight transport service, but is not high enough for double stack container service, due to limits imposed by city bridges crossing over
19040-542: The new Tappan Zee Bridge became one of the longest cable-stayed spans in the nation. In June 2017, the Tappan Zee Bridge was renamed the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge. The renaming resulted in controversy from the public who wanted to keep the name to honor Tappan Indians and Dutch who previously resided in the area. In August 2019, some signs for the bridge were replaced because they did not include
19210-508: The new spans being built to the north of the existing bridge. The new bridge connects to the existing highway approaches of I-87 and I-287 on both river banks. The northbound/westbound span opened on August 25, 2017. Southbound/eastbound traffic remained on the old bridge until October 6, 2017. At that point, southbound/eastbound traffic shifted to the westbound span of the new bridge and the old bridge closed. The bridge's eastbound span opened to traffic on September 11, 2018. Upon completion,
19380-412: The noise they made on the tracks. There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century. Such a transport system was later used by German miners at Caldbeck , Cumbria , England, perhaps from the 1560s. A wagonway was built at Prescot , near Liverpool , sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to
19550-603: The north end of the Hell Gate Bridge . In 1975, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) began planning a set of improvements to modernize the freight system for the New York City and Long Island area to promote increased rail freight service and to expand and stabilize the existing industrial job base. A key element of the plan was the raising of 18 low overhead bridges between Selkirk Yard near Albany and Highbridge Facility in
19720-538: The northern county line. The businesses ultimately give way to stretches of homes and subdivisions as the highway crosses into Saratoga County by way of the Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge , called by locals "the twin bridges ", spanning the Mohawk River . The northern portion of the Northway through Colonie and Saratoga County is now a heavily traveled commuter route as a six-lane freeway. Since
19890-488: The northern edge of Manhattan . North of Kingsbridge, the expressway follows a generally northeasterly alignment, passing through the center of Van Cortlandt Park as it connects to Mosholu Parkway and Jerome Avenue . Mosholu Parkway also links the Deegan to the Henry Hudson and Saw Mill River parkways, which run parallel to the Major Deegan Expressway through the western Bronx and Manhattan. Past Jerome Avenue,
20060-403: The northern part of Lake George. At the time, I-87 curved around the western outskirts of the village to end at NY 9N north of the village on a highway built c. 1964 . In mid-1966, the state opened a $ 23-million (equivalent to $ 165 million in 2023 ) section of the Northway between Lake George and exit 26 at Pottersville . I-87 was reconfigured slightly near Lake George as
20230-662: The northwest, bypassing the village to cross the Ausable River and enter Clinton County. Just across the county line, I-87 intersects NY 9N again at exit 34 in Keeseville , finally leaving the more rural, mountainous areas of the Adirondack Mountains and entering a more populated region. Exit 34 is the southernmost junction to feature bilingual guide signs in English and French due to
20400-468: The options, with the exception of the options to remove clearance restrictions were quickly rejected. The Harlem Line option was dismissed since it would have required the lifting of 53 bridges, with many of the bridges to be lifted located every other block in a 3 miles (4.8 km)-long stretch in the Central Bronx, requiring the lifting of adjacent streets and properties. The New Haven Line option
20570-466: The part from Katonah to Goldens Bridge, was completed by 1971. On January 1, 1970, I-87 was rerouted between Elmsford and Newburgh to follow the mainline of the Thruway instead, leaving the Purchase–Brewster freeway to become I-684 . The original Tappan Zee Bridge , carrying the concurrency of New York State Thruway , I-87, and I-287 , was a cantilever bridge built during 1952–55. The bridge
20740-424: The part of Interstate 87 (I-87) north of the New York State Thruway, was built in segments, which became I-87 as they were completed and linked to the pre-existing route. Construction began in the late 1950s on the portion of the Northway between the Thruway and NY 7 near Latham . This segment was open to traffic by 1960. Fuller Road Alternate, the lone portion of the Adirondack Northway not part of I-87,
20910-525: The possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee William Murdoch produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year. The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick , a British engineer born in Cornwall . This used high-pressure steam to drive
21080-540: The preexisting New York State Thruway from Albany to Newburgh and in lower Westchester County, and the Major Deegan Expressway in New York City. From Newburgh to the Elmsford area, I-87 was to follow a new highway running parallel to US 9 northward along the eastern bank of the Hudson River to Fishkill . I-87 would then have followed the proposed I-84 across the Hudson to rejoin the Thruway outside of Newburgh. After
21250-606: The region and serves approximately 80 million people in the Mid-Atlantic states , New England , and Quebec . Motorists can connect to multiple highways to travel farther south along I-95 through the Mid-Atlantic states or farther east into New England. The highest traffic counts on the highway are between the Bruckner Expressway and the George Washington Bridge in New York City. The remainder of
21420-500: The regionally popular Saratoga Race Course and thus receives heavy traffic during the racing season. A southbound-only entrance ramp exists off Nelson Avenue Extension about one mile (one point six kilometres) south of exit 14, designed to handle traffic exiting the track at Saratoga Race Course and the Saratoga Casino Hotel . The highway continues around the eastern edge of Saratoga Springs to exit 15, where
21590-448: The relatively undeveloped areas east of I-87 are briefly replaced by Wilton 's commercial district along NY 50 . As I-87 continues northeast through Wilton, it heads across significantly less developed areas, with open fields becoming the most common feature along the road. It continues into Moreau , connecting to US 9 and serving Moreau Lake State Park by way of exit 17, a once cloverleaf interchange being converted to
21760-482: The resorts of Saratoga Springs and Lake George ; and on to Plattsburgh and Montreal . I-87 heads northeast from I-90 as a six-lane freeway with three lanes in each direction. It immediately traverses the Albany Pine Bush Preserve and passes west of Rensselaer Lake before crossing CSX Transportation 's Hudson Subdivision and running parallel to Wolf Road, a business thoroughfare through
21930-427: The river and its rural valley to the northeast for 15 miles (24 km) to the town of North Hudson . In North Hudson, the valley becomes less pronounced as the Schroon River reaches its source near exit 30. Here, US 9 and I-87 cross paths again, with the former heading northwest toward Keene and the latter continuing northeast in a narrow valley formed by Ash Craft Brook. After five miles (8.0 km),
22100-419: The road's proximity to Quebec . Beyond NY 9N, the Northway curves to the north, running along the west side of Keeseville before entering another rural but fairly level stretch that follows I-87 out of Adirondack Park. Now outside the park, the highway encounters more frequent pockets of development as it follows NY 22 into the town of Plattsburgh . Just inside the town line, the Northway crosses over
22270-464: The roadway. These boxes used a two-way ultra high frequency radio network to connect directly to New York State Police dispatchers. In February 2023, the New York State police announced that the call box system was being decommissioned and would be removed complete by Fall 2023. The first of 13 new cellular phone towers along I-87 was installed in October 2008. A second cellular phone tower
22440-556: The route in New York City and its suburbs (mainly Suffern and south) also has particularly high traffic counts, especially over the Tappan Zee Bridge as it goes over the Hudson River . Upstate, the most used sections are in Albany and Saratoga , as those are the most populated areas in the north. The least used sections of I-87 are the portions of the Thruway between Newburgh and the Berkshire Connector , followed by
22610-530: The route, and Conrail and the MTA informed NYSDOT that they would refuse to consider clearance improvements along this route due to the conflicts. Projects for passenger traffic in 2000 would have limited freight movement along this route to a few hours at night. The 138th Street Connector would have connected Harlem River Yard with the Hudson Division at East 138th Street, avoiding Melrose Junction, and like
22780-429: The same path; the Northway itself actually begins not at I-87/I-90 but about one mile (1.6 km) south from its interchange, the Northway reaches its southern terminus at Western Ave ( US 20 ), and then joins with I-87 for the rest of its route. I-87 turns to head north toward the Canada–United States border at Champlain while I-90 continues east toward downtown Albany and Rensselaer County . South of this point,
22950-441: The standard for railways. Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The wrought iron invented by John Birkinshaw in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until Henry Cort patented
23120-692: The stream reaches its source at Lincoln Pond, leaving the Northway to climb in elevation and wind its way northeastward across the surrounding mountains. It reaches slightly more level ground in Westport , where I-87 connects to NY 9N at exit 31. From here, the highway takes a generally northerly track across the Boquet River to the town of Lewis , rejoining US 9 as both roads head toward Clinton County . They split again after seven miles (11 km) as US 9 veers more easterly than I-87 to serve Keeseville . The Northway, meanwhile, heads to
23290-646: The study conducted by the USCG and the NYSDOT, options to ameliorate the issue included a new rail tunnel under the Hudson River, the rehabilitation of the Poughkeepsie Bridge , the use of the North River Tunnels , a cross-harbor rail ferry, the use of low-profile piggyback equipment and the use of the Harlem, New Haven, and Hudson Divisions through the removal of clearance restrictions. All of
23460-475: The time, was Liverpool and Manchester Railway , built in 1830. Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century. The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and it was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built
23630-472: The town of Colonie . Wolf Road itself begins adjacent to exit 2, a cloverleaf interchange with NY 5 (Central Avenue). Heading northbound, the ramp for exit 2E feeds directly into the intersection of NY 5 and Wolf Road, located just west of Colonie Center , one of the Capital District 's largest enclosed shopping malls. I-87 continues to run alongside Wolf Road to exit 4,
23800-423: The towns of Beekmantown and Chazy . Outside of the hamlet of Chazy, the Northway begins to run across a series of wetlands along the west side of US 9. The marshy terrain follows I-87 into the town of Champlain, where I-87 encounters the northernmost community along its course, the village of Champlain . I-87 veers slightly westward to avoid the village, and in doing so it meets US 11 at exit 42,
23970-543: The track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for maintenance-of-way purposes. The engine driver (engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although people movers and some rapid transits are under automatic control. Traditionally, trains are pulled using
24140-471: The transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by Georgius Agricola in his work De re metallica . This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons Hunde ("dogs") from
24310-403: The two junctions is the busiest of the Thruway's exits, serving an estimated 27 million vehicles a year. I-87 then widens to six lanes and runs across the capital city's residential suburbs for six miles (9.7 km) to exit 24, a complex interchange with I-90. At this point, I-87 leaves the Thruway to access the nearby south end of the toll-free Adirondack Northway, also known simply as
24480-644: The two-mile (3.2 km) I-587 and the 10-mile (16 km) I-787 , link I-87 to the cities of Kingston and Albany , respectively. Two other spurs of I-87 were planned but never constructed, with no plans to sign them in the near future. In the Hudson Valley, I-487 would have run along the Hudson River from I-87 and I-287 in Tarrytown to I-84 east of Beacon . The other spur, I-687 , would have connected I-90 in Albany to I-87 near Albany International Airport in Colonie . Both routes were canceled in
24650-416: The use of a portion of the Bronx shoreline, and would have disrupted some nearby businesses. Construction on this option was expected to take 2 to 2.5 years. The Offshore Route would be very similar to the Shore Route, with the exception that it would have been constructed beyond the bulkhead and pier line from Highbridge Yard to the East 138th Street Bridge, a distance of 0.9 miles (1.4 km). This option
24820-425: The village of Lake George , where I-87 meets NY 9N via exits 21 and 22. Route 9N veers to the northeast along the shore of Lake George as "Lake Shore Drive", toward the town of Bolton Landing , a popular village on the shore of Lake George with shops and restaurants. Exit 22 is the last exit before the Northway begins traversing approximately 90 miles (140 km) of mostly rural areas where
24990-629: The wheels on track. For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos paved trackway transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were also later built in Roman Egypt . In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug ,
25160-432: The world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive Rocket , which entered in and won the Rainhill Trials . This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe. The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all
25330-457: Was a soft material that contained slag or dross . The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the Bessemer process , enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to
25500-426: Was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels. Puffing Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence. In 1814, George Stephenson , inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the Killingworth colliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine. Stephenson played
25670-459: Was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an overhead wire and the line was extended to Berlin-Lichterfelde West station . The Volk's Electric Railway opened in 1883 in Brighton , England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram opened near Vienna in Austria. It
25840-523: Was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in Lewiston, New York . In the late 1760s, the Coalbrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast iron to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of gauge to be used. At first only balloon loops could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching. A system
26010-434: Was chosen as America's Most Scenic New Highway of 1966 by Parade . It became the second New York highway to win the award, as a stretch of NY 17 in Broome and Delaware counties was selected for the title in 1964. The gap in the Northway between Pottersville and Keeseville was narrowed considerably by July 1967 with the completion of a 25-mile (40 km) segment from Pottersville to exit 30 at Underwood. It
26180-437: Was closed further on July 25, 1967, with the opening of a three-mile (4.8 km) stretch near Keeseville between exits 34 and 33. The last section of the Northway to be built, a 30-mile (48 km) stretch between Underwood and Keeseville (exit 33), was finished on August 31, 1967. The completion of the Northway linked New York City with Montreal by way of a direct, limited-access highway, with I-87 becoming A-15 at
26350-405: Was completed just one month later. Exit 6 on the Adirondack Northway was originally a diamond interchange . Construction to convert the junction into a single-point urban interchange began in mid-2008 and was completed on September 12, 2010. The total cost of the project was $ 41.9 million (equivalent to $ 57.2 million in 2023 ). Until October 2019, there was no exit 3 on
26520-415: Was completed on October 31, 2015. In August 2018, plans were announced to build a new exit 3 on the Northway, providing more direct access from both directions to Albany International Airport. The project was completed by Lancaster Development and Tully Construction at a cost of $ 50 million, with a target completion date of mid-2020. As part of the interchange, a flyover ramp was constructed over
26690-519: Was dismissed due to a conflict with passenger service as the line's catenary would have to be raised, requiring a great expenditure and disrupting service on the Northeast Corridor. Multiple alternatives were considered to achieve the project's goals during the project's engineering studies, all using the Hudson Division between Selkirk and Highbridge Yards. The alternatives decided upon took into account expected expansion of commuter and intercity passenger service through Mott Haven Junction during most of
26860-408: Was estimated to cost $ 45.5 million, and would have required Congressional deauthorization of a portion of the Harlem River channel, which could have taken at least 18 months to complete. This option was expected to be cheaper than the Shore Route as its engineering and construction were simpler and because the cost of required real estate acquisitions was much lower. This option had a greater chance than
27030-413: Was finished on July 19, 1963, and the entire NY 67–US 9 segment was completed by 1964. An extension linking NY 149 to NY 9N south of Lake George village opened in mid-1963. By July 1963, the Northway was completed from the Canada–United States border south to exit 34 at Keeseville . Additionally, the existing Albany–Lake George section was extended slightly by May 1966 to serve
27200-425: Was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as plateways . John Curr , a Sheffield colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by Benjamin Outram for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his Butterley ironworks . In 1803, William Jessop opened the Surrey Iron Railway ,
27370-415: Was light enough to not break the edge-rails track and solved the problem of adhesion by a cog-wheel using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first rack railway . This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by adhesion only. This
27540-462: Was mandated by the Surface Transportation Board to give competition to CSX 's post- Conrail breakup monopoly on New York City and encourage freight in the area to use rail. CP uses trackage rights over CSX and Metro-North from Schenectady south along the east side of the Hudson River to the connection. The first train to use it ran on October 12, 1998, according to The New York Times . In 2010 CSX and CP's Delaware and Hudson subsidiary asked
27710-403: Was modified slightly by 1968: I-87 still began in New York City, then overlapped with I-287 east to Purchase. From there, I-87 headed north along the now-open expressway to Armonk, where it ended at NY 22 . Another portion of the highway, from Goldens Bridge ( NY 138 ) to Brewster, was open as well while the part from Armonk to Katonah was under construction. This segment, as well as
27880-480: Was opened, it featured one of the few railroad grade crossings on an Interstate Highway, just south of the Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge over the Mohawk River. This at-grade crossing was removed within a couple of years when the railroad line was cut backward and the crossing was no longer needed. Construction on the portion of highway between the two segments began c. 1962 . The 1.8-mile (2.9 km) part between NY 9P and NY 50 near Saratoga Springs
28050-443: Was originally intended to be part of the Southern Albany Expressway, a proposed highway which would have connected the Northway to Interstate 787 and run parallel to the Thruway between exits 23 and 24. Exit 1 of the Northway is the only exit on the highway that is within Albany, it connects the highway to Interstate 90 (I-90). The highway connects Albany to the suburbs to the north such as Latham, and Clifton Park ;
28220-401: Was originally intended to be part of the Southern Albany Expressway, a proposed highway which would have connected the Northway with I-787 and run parallel to the Thruway between exits 23 and 24. The Northway was built in segments, which became I-87 as they were completed and linked to the preexisting route. Construction began in the late 1950s on the portion of the Northway between
28390-420: Was shifted to the New York State Thruway between Newburgh and the Deegan Expressway; its previous alignment between Brewster and White Plains was redesignated as I-684 . Meanwhile, all of the Adirondack Northway, the portion of I-87 slated to extend from Albany north to the Canada–United States border, had yet to be built. Fuller Road Alternate, the spur leading south from the Adirondack Northway to US 20 ,
28560-536: Was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways. Werner von Siemens demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line, Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway , opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin , Germany, in 1881. It
28730-423: Was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric trolleys were pioneered in 1888 on the Richmond Union Passenger Railway , using equipment designed by Frank J. Sprague . The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the Baltimore Belt Line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1895 connecting
28900-439: Was three miles (4.8 km) long and spanned the Hudson at its second-widest point. Before its replacement in 2017, the deteriorating structure carried an average of 138,000 vehicles per day, substantially more traffic than its designed capacity. During its first decade, the bridge carried fewer than 40,000 vehicles per day. Part of the justification for replacing the bridge stems from its construction immediately following
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