89-541: Oceanside Transit Center is a major railway interchange in Oceanside, California , serving both intercity and suburban/commuter services. The station is used by Amtrak on the route of its Pacific Surfliner service between San Diego and San Luis Obispo . It is also a terminus for two different regional transit operators – Metrolink , the commuter rail operator for the Los Angeles area, has two of its services,
178-461: A "sinner" and a "most unworthy priest." In one of his sermons in Mexico City, while exhorting his listeners to repent their sins, Serra took out his chain, bared his shoulders and started whipping himself. Many parishioners, roused by the spectacle, began sobbing. Finally, a man climbed to the pulpit, took the chain from Serra's hand and began whipping him self, declaring: "I am the sinner who
267-464: A Christian Indian interpreter, Serra told the Indians that de la Campa would stay at the mission to serve them. According to Stephen Hyslop, "[Serra's] goal and that of his fellow friars was not to confirm Indians in their seeming innocence, like 'Adam in the garden, before sin', but to make them aware of their sins and move them to repent." The motive behind gifts of food, tobacco, and the like was, "in
356-568: A Spanish military victory over the Pames in 1743, Spanish authorities had sent not only Franciscan missionaries, but also Spanish/Mexican soldiers and their families into the Sierra Gorda. The soldiers had the job of pursuing runaway mission Indians and securing the region for the Spanish crown. But the soldiers' land claims clashed with mission lands that Christian Pames were working. Some of
445-608: A certain Melchora de los Reyes Acosta, a married mulattress, an inhabitant of the said mission..... In these last days a certain Cayetana, a very clever Mexican woman of said mission, married to one Pérez, a mulatto, has confessed—she, being observed and accused of similar crimes, having been held under arrest by us for some days past—that in the mission there is a large congregation of [Christian non-Indians], although some Indians also join them, and that these persons, ... flying through
534-555: A feeble mule. On April 28, 1769, Serra arrived at mission San Borja , where he received a warm welcome from friar Fermín Lasuén . Founded just seven years before by the Jesuit Wenceslaus Linck , mission San Borja sat in an unusually arid region of Baja California. Continuing north, Serra stopped on May 5 to celebrate a Mass for the feast of the Ascension in the deserted church at Calamajué , scarcely more than
623-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. Of all households 22.7% were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.33. The age distribution of Oceanside in 2000 was as follows: 27.6% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
712-448: A journey than a loaf of bread and a piece of cheese. For I was there [at mission Loreto] a whole year, in economic matters, as a mere guest to receive the crumbs of the royal soldier commissioner, whose liberality at my departure did not extend beyond the aforementioned articles." Two servants—one named José María Vergerano, a 20-year-old from Magdalena , the other a soldier guard—accompanied Serra on his journey from Loreto, as he rode on
801-575: A population of 167,086. The population density was 3,961.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,529.7/km ). The racial makeup of Oceanside was 109,020 (65.2%) White , 7,873 (4.7%) African American , 1,385 (0.8%) Native American , 11,081 (6.6%) Asian (3.4% Filipino , 0.7% Japanese , 0.7% Vietnamese , 0.6% Chinese , 0.4% Korean , 0.2% Indian ), 2,144 (1.3%) Pacific Islander , 25,886 (15.5%) from other races , and 9,697 (5.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 59,947 persons (35.9%). The Census reported that 166,150 people (99.4% of
890-540: A request from the college of San Fernando to the local headquarters of the Spanish Inquisition . He asked that an inquisitor be appointed to preside over the Sierra Gorda. The next day, Inquisition officials appointed Serra himself as inquisitor for the whole region—adding that he could exercise his powers anywhere he did missionary work in New Spain, as long as there was no regular Inquisition official in
979-610: A ruined hut. The next morning he arrived at Santa María , where he met up with Portolá , friar Miguel de la Campa and several members of their party. In this arid region, whose alkaline land resisted cultivation, lived the "poorest of all" the Indians Serra had encountered in Mexico. On Sunday May 7, Serra celebrated high Mass and preached a sermon at the mission church on the frontier of Spanish Catholicism. After leaving Mission Santa María , Serra urged Portolá to move ahead of
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#17327917828251068-497: A short time Baja California will come to an end." Epidemics, especially syphilis introduced by Spanish troops, were wasting the Indians. But Palóu attributed the ravages of syphilis to God's retribution for the Indians' murder of the two Jesuit priests over 30 years earlier. In 1768 José de Gálvez , inspector general of New Spain, decided to send explorers and locate missions in Alta (upper) California. Gálvez aimed both to Christianize
1157-530: A thousand, were attending neither confession nor Mass . The two missionaries set about learning the Pame language from a Mexican who had lived among the Pames. But the statement by Palóu that Serra translated the catechism into the Pame language is questionable, as Serra himself later admitted he had great difficulties learning indigenous languages. Serra involved Pames parishioners in the ritual reenactment of Jesus' forced death march. Erecting 14 stations, Serra led
1246-462: A year or more. Now this inflammation has reached halfway up my leg." Portolá again tried to persuade Serra to withdraw from the expedition, offering to "have you carried back to the first mission where you can recuperate, and we will continue our journey." Serra countered that "God ... has given me the strength to come so far. ... Even though I should die on the way, I shall not turn back. They can bury me wherever they wish and I shall gladly be left among
1335-465: Is His yoke," Serra wrote, "and that He will change for them the sorrow they may now experience into great happiness. Now is not the time to muse or fret over the happenings of life but rather to be conformed entirely to the will of God, striving to prepare themselves for that happy death which of all the things of life is our principal concern." Serra asked his colleague to read this letter to his parents, who had never attended school. In 1749, Serra and
1424-399: Is Victor Roy. The current city clerk is Zeb Navarro. The City of Oceanside is a full-service city. It provides police and fire safety, water and sewer services. The city has a municipal airport , a small craft harbor, one of the longest wooden piers in the west, golf courses, swimming pools, numerous parks, community centers, and extensive palm-lined beaches. Oceanside Public Library is
1513-468: Is a beach city in the North County area of San Diego County, California . The city had a population of 174,068 at the 2020 United States census , up from 167,086 at the 2010 census , making it the most populous city in the North County region of San Diego. The city is a popular tourist destination, owing to its historic landmarks, beaches, and architecture. Oceanside's origins date to 1798, when
1602-467: Is a major railway interchange for long distance and commuter rail services. Amtrak 's Pacific Surfliner provides service to San Luis Obispo via Los Angeles and San Diego . Metrolink 's commuter rail service connects Oceanside to many parts of Greater Los Angeles , while Coaster commuter rail serves northern and central San Diego County . The Sprinter hybrid rail service connects Oceanside to Escondido . Oceanside Municipal Airport (OCN)
1691-477: Is built on 12.6 acres (5.1 ha) of land with 35 classrooms totaling 54,490 square feet (5,062 m ) and can accommodate 800 students. A free, independent public charter school, Scholarship Prep, is a new TK-8th grade school which was authorized to open in August 2017 and is sited at the historic San Luis Rey Mission. It offers a full educational experience for Oceanside students. The Oceanside Transit Center
1780-608: Is mainly used as a general aviation field. The nearest international airport is San Diego International Airport , connected to Oceanside via Amtrak and Coaster rail services. Interstate 5 (I-5) travels through Oceanside, connecting to California State Route 76 (SR 76) and California State Route 78 (SR 78) within the city. Jun%C3%ADpero Serra Saint Junípero Serra Ferrer O.F.M. ( / h uː ˈ n iː p ər oʊ ˈ s ɛr ə / ; Spanish: [xuˈnipeɾo ˈsera] ; November 24, 1713 – August 28, 1784), popularly known simply as Junipero Serra ,
1869-500: Is to downtown San Diego . Together with Carlsbad and Vista , it forms a tri-city area. Oceanside experiences a mild semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSk ) that is significantly tempered by maritime winds and the cool currents off the shoreline. The average high temperatures range from 64 to 77 °F (18 to 25 °C), while the average low temperatures range from 45 to 64 °F (7 to 18 °C). The 2010 United States Census reported that Oceanside had
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#17327917828251958-580: Is ungrateful to God who ought to do penance for my many sins, and not the padre [Serra], who is a saint." The man kept whipping himself until he collapsed. After receiving the last sacraments, he later died from the ordeal. During other sermons on the theme of repentance, Serra would hoist a large stone in one hand and, while clutching a crucifix in the other, smash the stone against his chest. Many of his listeners feared that he would strike himself dead. Later, Serra suffered chest pains and shortness of breath; Palóu suggests that Serra's self-inflicted bruises were
2047-769: The Oceanside Unified School District , Vista Unified School District , Bonsall Union School District , Carlsbad Unified School District , Fallbrook Union High School District, or Fallbrook Union Elementary School District, depending on their address. The Oceanside Unified School District provides instrumental music programs in grades 4–12. The Oceanside Unified School District has two comprehensive high schools, El Camino High School off Rancho Del Oro and Oceanside High School off Mission Avenue. High school students are also served by Ocean Shores Continuation High School and Clair Burgener Academy . OUSD has 24 schools plus three charter schools, including
2136-674: The Orange County Line and Inland Empire–Orange County Line , that terminate at Oceanside (the only Metrolink station in San Diego County), while the North County Transit District (NCTD), the operator for most of the public transport in the North County , has its COASTER and SPRINTER services also terminating at Oceanside. Oceanside Transit Center is also served by Greyhound Lines and numerous NCTD BREEZE buses. Oceanside Transit Center
2225-495: The Pame people and a scattering of Spanish colonists. The Pames—who centuries earlier had built a civilization with temples, idols and priests—lived mainly by gathering and hunting, but also pursued agriculture. Many groups among them, adopting mobile guerrilla tactics, had eluded conquest by the Spanish military. Serra and Palóu, arriving at the village of Jalpan , found the mission in disarray: The parishioners, numbering fewer than
2314-570: The Passion of Christ . He wore a sackcloth spiked with bristles, or a coat interwoven with broken pieces of wire, under his gray friar's outer garment. In his austere cell, Serra kept a chain of sharp pointed iron links hanging on the wall beside his bed, to whip himself at night when sinful thoughts ran through his mind. His nightly self-flagellations at the college of San Fernando caught the ears of some of his fellow friars. In his letters to his Franciscan companions, Serra often referred to himself as
2403-571: The School of Business and Technology , and two brand new schools, Louise Foussat Elementary School and Cesar Chavez Middle School , that opened in the Fall of 2007. Cesar Chavez Middle School, which is on the corner of Frazee and Oleander, will be built on 14 acres (5.7 ha), house 11 buildings totaling 84,000 square feet (7,800 m ), and will serve 1,000 6th–8th grade students. The other school, Louise Foussat Elementary School, located on Pala Road,
2492-597: The United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture , later called the Section of Fine Arts , of the Treasury Department . Oceanside continues to be known as a vacation home market. In the 2010s, several mid-rise and high-rise housing and lodging projects were completed in the downtown area, with more to come. In 2021, two large Hyatt resorts were completed, bringing more tourists to
2581-570: The poverty line , including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. According to the city's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The city operates under the council-manager form of government. The city council consists of four members elected from districts and one mayor elected at large. The current council is composed of: Esther Sanchez (mayor), Ryan Keim (deputy mayor)(District 3), Peter Weiss(District 4), Eric Joyce(District 1), and Rick Robinson(District 2). The current city treasurer
2670-601: The 20 Franciscan friars to ride up the Camino Real. All accepted the offer, except for Serra and one companion, a friar from Andalusia . Strictly following the rule of his patron saint Francis of Assisi that friars "must not ride on horseback unless compelled by manifest necessity or infirmity," Serra insisted on walking to Mexico City. He and his fellow friar set out on the Camino Real with no money or guide, carrying only their breviaries . They trusted in Providence and
2759-583: The Franciscan missionary team landed in Veracruz , on the Gulf coast of New Spain (now Mexico). To get from Veracruz to Mexico City, Serra and his Franciscan companions took the Camino Real (English: royal path ), a rough road stretching from sea level through tropical forests, dry plains, high plateaus and volcanic sierra mountains to an altitude of 7,400 feet (2,300 meters). Royal officials provided horses for
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2848-781: The Friars Minor, a reform movement in the order. The slight and frail Serra now embarked on his novitiate period, a rigorous year of preparation to become a full member of the Franciscan Order. He was given the religious name of Junípero in honor of Brother Juniper , who had been among the first Franciscans and a companion of Francis of Assisi . The young Junípero, along with his fellow novices, vowed to scorn property and comfort, and to remain celibate . He still had seven years to go to become an ordained Catholic priest . He immersed himself in rigorous studies of logic, metaphysics, cosmology, and theology. The daily routine at
2937-752: The Inquisition following his 1752 appointment: his preaching in Oaxaca in 1764, and his partial handling of the case of a Sierra Gorda mulatto accused of sorcery in 1766. In 1758, Serra returned to the College of San Fernando. Over the next nine years he worked in the college's administrative offices, and as a missionary and inquisitor in the dioceses of Mexico, Puebla, Oaxaca, Valladolid, and Guadalajara. Emulating an earlier Franciscan missionary and saint, Francisco Solano , Serra practiced various habits of penance, to purify his spirit and cultivate communion with
3026-515: The Inquisition is the only letter of his that has survived from eight years of mission work in the Sierra Gorda. Serra's first biographer, Francisco Palóu , wrote that Serra, in his role of inquisitor, had to work in many parts of Mexico and travel long distances. Yet the Archivo General de la Nación in Mexico City, with over a thousand volumes of indexed documents on the Inquisition, apparently contains only two references to Serra's work for
3115-633: The Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly even as he removed them under the king's orders. Into the vacuum created by the Jesuits' expulsion from Mexico , stepped Franciscan missionaries. In July 1767, the guardian of the college of San Fernando appointed Serra president of the missions of Baja California , heading a group of 15 Franciscan friars; Francisco Palóu served as his second in command. Jesuit priests had developed 13 missions on that long and arid peninsula over seven decades. Two Jesuits had died at
3204-474: The Pames' traditional belief system. On his 1752 visit from the Sierra Gorda mission to the college of San Fernando in Mexico City, Serra joyfully carried a goddess statue presented to him by Christian Pames. The statue, showing the face of Cachum, mother of the sun, had been erected on a hilltop shrine where some Pame chiefs lay buried. Back in the Sierra Gorda, Serra faced a conflict between Spanish soldiers, settlers, and mission natives or "Indians". Following
3293-561: The Spanish founded the village of San Luis Rey with the establishment of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia by Fermín de Lasuén . During the Spanish period, Mission San Luis Rey grew to be the largest of all the Californian missions , but following the Mexican secularization act of 1833 the mission and its community declined. Following the U.S. conquest of California , the former mission lands were developed into an oceanfront resort and
3382-476: The air at night, are in the habit of meeting in a cave on a hill near a ranch called El Saucillo, in the center of said missions, where they worship and make sacrifice to the demons who appear visibly there in the guise of young goats and various other things of that nature. ... If such evil is not attacked, the horrible corruption will spread among these poor [Indian] neophytes who are in our charge." According to modern Franciscan historians, this report by Serra to
3471-450: The cause. While preaching of hell and damnation, Serra would sear his flesh with a four-pronged candle flame—emulating a famed Franciscan preacher, John of Capistrano . Palóu described this as "quite violent, painful, and dangerous towards wounding his chest." Serra did not stand alone among Catholic missionaries in displaying self-punishment at the pulpit. The more zealous Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries did likewise. But few took it to
3560-480: The church of San Bernardino within a block of the Serra family house. Attending the friars ' primary school at the church, Miquel learned reading, writing, mathematics, Latin, religion and liturgical song , especially Gregorian chant. Gifted with a good voice, he eagerly took to vocal music. The friars sometimes let him join the community choir and sing at special church feasts. Miquel and his father Antonio often visited
3649-409: The city was 66.4% White , 6.3% African American , 5.5% Asian , 1.2% Pacific Islander , 0.4% Native American or Alaskan Native , 0.1% from another race alone, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 30.2%. In 2000, there were 56,488 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 11.0% had
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3738-725: The city's public library system, with the main branch located in the civic center. In the California State Legislature , Oceanside is in the 38th Senate District , represented by Democrat Catherine Blakespear , and in the 74th Assembly District , represented by Republican Laurie Davies . In the United States House of Representatives , Oceanside is in California's 49th congressional district , represented by Democrat Mike Levin . Residents of Oceanside may attend schools in
3827-482: The city. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 42.2 square miles (109 km ), of which 41.2 square miles (107 km ) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km ), comprising 2.23%, is water. Traveling north on Interstate 5 , Oceanside is the last city before Orange County . As the crow flies, it is roughly the same distance from Aliso Viejo as it
3916-662: The college of San Fernando, he had cattle, goats, sheep, and farming tools brought to the Sierra Gorda mission. Palóu supervised the farm labor of men of the mission; the women learned spinning, sewing and knitting. Their products were collected and rationed to the mission residents, according to personal needs. Christian Pames sold their surplus products in nearby trading centers, under the friars' supervision to protect them from cheaters. Pames who adapted successfully to mission life received their own parcels of land to raise corn, beans and pumpkins, and sometimes received oxen and seeds as well. Within two years, Serra had made inroads against
4005-657: The colonial bureaucracy in Madrid, Serra requested that both he and Palóu embark on a foreign mission. After weathering some administrative obstacles, they received permission and set sail for Cádiz , the port of departure for Spain's colonies in the Americas. While waiting to set sail, Serra wrote a long letter to a colleague back in Majorca, urging him to console Serra's parents—now in their 70s—over their only son's pending departure. "They [my parents] will learn to see how sweet
4094-714: The community's name gradually changed to Oceanside. Originally inhabited by Native Americans, Oceanside was first settled by the Luiseño peoples, or the Payomkawichum . The city of Oceanside sits on the locality on the San Luis Rey River that the Luiseño called Tacayme, which contained the villages of Qée'ish (Keish) and 'ikáymay (Ikamal), in the San Luis Rey Mission area, Wiyóoya (Wiawio) at
4183-459: The construction of a splendid church in Jalpan . Gathering masons, carpenters, and other skilled craftsmen from Mexico City, Serra employed Christian Pames in seasonal construction work over the course of seven years to complete the church. Serra pitched in himself, carrying wooden beams and applying mortar between the stones forming the church walls. During his 1752 visit to Mexico City, Serra sent
4272-636: The expedition, and wrote to Gálvez about Serra's condition. Serra's fellow friar and former student Francisco Palóu also became concerned, gently suggesting to Serra that he stay in Baja California and let the younger and stronger Palóu make the journey to San Diego in his place. Serra rebuffed both Portolá's and Palóu's doubts. He chided Palóu for his suggestion: "Let us not speak of that. I have placed all my confidence in God, of whose goodness I hope that He will grant me to reach not only San Diego to raise
4361-647: The extensive Indian populations and serve Spain's strategic interest by preventing Russian explorations and possible claims to North America's Pacific coast. Gálvez chose Serra to head the missionary team in the California expedition. Serra, now 55, eagerly seized the chance to harvest thousands of pagan souls in lands previously untouched by the church. But as the expedition gathered in Loreto , Serra's foot and leg infection had become almost crippling. The commander, Gaspar de Portolá , tried to dissuade him from joining
4450-458: The extremes that Serra did. The regulations of the college of San Fernando said that self-punishment should never be carried to the point of permanently incapacitating oneself. On June 24, 1767, the Viceroy of New Spain, Carlos Francisco de Croix , read a Spanish royal decree to Mexico's archbishop and assembled church officials: "Repair with an armed force to the houses of the Jesuits. Seize
4539-523: The fall. ... We treated with them for a long time; and although they saw all of us clothed, they nevertheless showed not the least trace of shame in their manner of nudity." Serra placed both hands upon their heads as a token of paternal affection. He then handed them figs, which they ate immediately. One of the Indian men gave Serra roasted agave stalks and four fishes. In return, Portolá and his soldiers offered tobacco leaves and various food items. Through
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#17327917828254628-430: The friary followed a rigid schedule: prayers, meditation, choir singing, physical chores, spiritual readings, and instruction. The friars would wake up every midnight for another round of chants. Serra's superiors discouraged letters and visitors. In his free time, he avidly read stories about Franciscan friars roaming the provinces of Spain and around the world to win new souls for the church, often suffering martyrdom in
4717-524: The friary for friendly chats with the Franciscans. At age 16, Miquel's parents enrolled him in a Franciscan school in the capital city, Palma de Majorca , where he studied philosophy. A year later, he became a novice in the Franciscan order. On September 14, 1730, some two months before his 17th birthday, Serra entered the Franciscan Order at Palma, specifically, the Alcantarine branch of
4806-487: The hands of Indians in the revolt of 1734–36. In March 1768, Serra and his missionary team boarded a Spanish sloop at San Blas , on Mexico's Pacific coast. Sailing over 200 miles up the Gulf of California , they landed at Loreto two weeks later. Gaspar de Portolá , governor of Las Californias, welcomed them at the Loreto mission , founded by Jesuits in 1697. While he gave control of the church to Serra, Portolá controlled
4895-417: The hospitality of local people along the way. During the trek Serra's left foot swelled up, and a burning itch tormented him. Arriving at a farm at day's end, he could hardly stand. He attributed the swelling to a mosquito bite. His discomfort caused him to stay over at the farm another night, during which he scratched his foot and leg to excess, desperately trying to relieve the itch. The next morning his leg
4984-530: The households 14,117 (23.8%) were made up of individuals, and 6,161 (10.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 40,259 families (68.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.32. The population was spread out, with 39,817 people (23.8%) under the age of 18, 19,028 people (11.4%) aged 18 to 24, 45,797 people (27.4%) aged 25 to 44, 40,943 people (24.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 21,501 people (12.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
5073-611: The introduction of farming and grazing changed the landscape of what would become Oceanside. Following the Mexican secularization act of 1833 , the Californian missions were nationalized, transferring their ownership from the Franciscan Order of the Catholic Church to the Mexican Government. A mission administrator was appointed to each mission to oversee the process of secularization, the removal of
5162-471: The intrusive colony. But the townspeople protested and stayed put. The government set up commissions and looked into alternative sites for the colony. It ordered the settlers to keep their cattle out of the Pames' fields, and to pay the Pames fairly for their labor (with the friars supervising payment). After a protracted legal struggle, the settlers moved out, and in 1755 the Pames and friars reclaimed their land. Crowning his Sierra Gorda mission, Serra oversaw
5251-717: The late 1850s, Andrew Jackson Myers, an emigrant from Illinois, lived in San Joaquin County , but he returned in the late 1880s and lived in San Luis Rey . In 1882 Myers moved on the land that was the original townsite for Oceanside. A patent for the land was issued in 1883 by the federal government. It was incorporated on July 3, 1888. The city hall as of the early 21st century stands on the former Myers homestead. The town post office contains an oil-on-canvas mural, Air Mail , painted in 1937 by Elsie Seeds. Federally commissioned murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in
5340-402: The line opened on February 27, 1995 and Metrolink's Inland Empire–Orange County Line began serving this station regularly in the early 2000s after serving the station on a temporary basis from that line's opening on October 2, 1995, until the early 2000s and North County Transit District's SPRINTER hybrid rail service began serving this station when it opened on March 9, 2008. To enhance
5429-458: The living quarters and rationed out food to the friars, charging their costs to the mission. Serra and Palóu found—to their unpleasant surprise—that they ruled only on spiritual matters: everyday management of the mission remained in the hands of the military, who had occupied the Baja missions since evicting the Jesuits. In August 1768, New Spain's inspector general José de Gálvez , displeased with
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#17327917828255518-472: The mouth of the river, and Wi'áasamay (Wiasamai) and Waxáwmay (Wahaumai) at Guajome. The first European explorers arrived in 1769. Spanish missionaries under Father Junípero Serra founded Mission San Luis Rey de Francia on a former site of a Luiseño Indian village on the banks of the San Luis Rey River called Keish according to the Portolà expedition who visited in the 1769. In the early 19th century,
5607-469: The news of my death shall have reached your ears, I ask you to say for the benefit of my soul: 'May he rest in peace.' Nor shall I omit to do the same for you so that all of us will attain the goal for which we have been created." Serra was considered intellectually brilliant by his peers. He received a doctorate in theology from the Lullian College (founded in the 14th century by Ramon Lull for
5696-557: The penalty of death." Spain's king Carlos III had plotted the expulsion of Jesuits throughout his empire five months earlier. On the Baja California peninsula , newly appointed governor Gaspar de Portolá had to notify and remove the Jesuits from the chain of missions they had developed in forbidding territory over 70 years. By February 1768, Portolá gathered the 16 Baja Jesuit missionaries in Loreto , from where they sailed to mainland Mexico for deportation. Sympathetic to
5785-417: The persons of all of them and, within 24 hours, transport them as prisoners to the port of Veracruz. Cause to be sealed the records of said houses and records of such persons without allowing them to remove anything but their breviaries and such garments as are absolutely necessary for their journey. If after the embarkation there should be found one Jesuit in that district, even if ill or dying, you shall suffer
5874-460: The population 97,645 people (58.4%) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 68,505 people (41.0%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 161,029 people, 56,488 households, and 39,259 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,967.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,531.7/km ). There were 59,581 housing units at an average density of 1,467.9 units per square mile (566.8 units/km ). The racial makeup of
5963-557: The population) lived in households, 802 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 134 (0.1%) were institutionalized. There were 59,238 households, out of which 20,486 (34.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 30,201 (51.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,947 (11.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,111 (5.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,504 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 472 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . Of
6052-665: The priests, and the selling or granting of the mission lands to private citizens. At Mission San Luis Rey, Padre Antonio Peyrí had presided over the mission for 34 years when soldiers forced his removal in late 1833. Captain Pablo de la Portillà was appointed as administrator of San Luis Rey. Following the departure of Padre Peyrí, relations between the Luiseños and the new civilian administration hugely deteriorated, resulting in their famed refusal to work for Captain Portillà in 1835. In
6141-481: The process. In 1737, Serra became a priest, and three years later earned an ecclesiastical license to teach philosophy at the Convento de San Francisco. His philosophy course, including over 60 students, lasted three years. Among his students were fellow future missionaries Francisco Palóu and Juan Crespí . When the course ended in 1743, Serra told his students: "I desire nothing more from you than this, that when
6230-430: The procession himself, carrying an extremely heavy cross. At each station, the procession paused for a prayer, and at the end Serra sermonized on the sufferings and death of Jesus. On Holy Thursday , 12 Pames elders reenacted the roles of the apostles . Serra, in the role of Jesus, washed their feet and then, after the service, dined with them. Serra also tackled the practical side of mission administration. Working with
6319-431: The region. In September 1752, Serra filed a report to the Spanish Inquisition in Mexico City from Jalpan , on "evidences of witchcraft in the Sierra Gorda missions." He denounced several Christian non-Indians who lived in and around the mission for "the most detestable and horrible crimes of sorcery, witchcraft and devil worship. ... If it is necessary to specify one of the persons guilty of such crimes, I accuse by name
6408-508: The regional transit service, this station underwent a major expansion including building a third track and platform in the middle of the existing tracks, extending all platforms, and adding a passenger walkway. Construction on the project began in 2016, the third platform opened in May 2017, and Platform 1 reopened November 20. [REDACTED] Media related to Oceanside Transit Center at Wikimedia Commons Oceanside, California Oceanside
6497-765: The sacraments for the Fernando Rivera expedition, the overland party that had preceded the Portolá party. The founding celebration took place "with all the neatness of holy poverty," in Serra's words. Smoke from the soldiers' guns, fired in repeated volleys, served as incense. The new mission lacked Indians to convert. A few days later, friar Miguel de la Campa notified Serra that a few natives had arrived. Serra joyously rushed out to welcome twelve Indian, men and boys. "Then I saw what I could hardly begin to believe when I read about it," wrote Serra. "... namely, that they go about entirely naked like Adam in paradise before
6586-438: The sloppy military administration of the Baja missions, ordered them turned over fully to the Franciscan friars. The Franciscans found that the Indian population in the Baja California mission territories had dwindled to about 7,150. By the time the Franciscans had moved north and turned the missions over to Dominican friars in 1772, the Indian population had decreased to about 5,000. "If it goes on at this rate," wrote Palóu, "in
6675-465: The slow pack train, so they could reach Velicatá in time for Pentecost the next day. Portolá agreed, so the small group traveled all day May 13 to reach Velicatá by late evening. The advanced guard of the party greeted them there. On Pentecost day, May 14, 1769, Serra founded his first mission, Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá , in a mud hut that had served as a makeshift church when friar Fermín Lasuén had traveled up on Easter to conduct
6764-681: The soldiers' families tried to establish a town, and the officer in charge of their deployment approved their plan. The Pames objected, threatening to defend their lands by force if necessary. Soldiers and settlers let their cattle graze on Christian Pames' farmlands and bullied Pames into working for them. Serra and the College of San Fernando sided with the Pames—citing the Laws of the Indies , which banned colonial settlements in mission territories. The viceroy , Spain's highest official in Mexico, suspended
6853-590: The standard of the Holy Cross in that port, but also Monterey." Serra suggested that the Portolá party set off without him; he would follow and meet up with them on the way to Alta California. He then assigned friar Miguel de la Campa as chaplain to the Portolá expedition , which set out from Loreto on March 9, 1769. Spending holy week at mission Loreto , Serra set out on March 28. "From my mission of Loreto," wrote Serra, "I took along no more provisions for so long
6942-536: The title of "Apostle of California". Both before and after his canonization, Serra's reputation and missionary work during the Spanish occupation have been condemned by critics, who cite alleged mandatory conversions to Catholicism, followed by abuse of the Native American converts. Serra was born Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer (this name is Catalan , in Castilian it is Miguel José Serra y Ferrer) in
7031-565: The training of Franciscan missionaries) in Palma de Majorca, where he also occupied the Duns Scotus chair of philosophy until he joined the missionary College of San Fernando de Mexico in 1749. During Serra's last five years on the island of Majorca, drought and plague afflicted his home village of Petra. Serra sometimes went home from Palma for brief visits to his parents—now separated—and gave them some financial support. On one occasion he
7120-544: The village of Petra on the island of Mallorca (Majorca) in the Balearic Islands off the Mediterranean coast of Spain. His father Antonio Nadal Serra and mother Margarita Rosa Ferrer were married in 1707. By age seven, Miquel was working the fields with his parents, helping cultivate wheat and beans, and tending the cattle. But he showed a special interest in visiting the local Franciscan friary at
7209-434: The words of Serra's colleague and biographer, Father Francisco Palóu, spiritual conquest meant enticing Indians with food and clothing, by which means they could be indoctrinated as Christians and 'gradually acquire a knowledge of what is spiritually good and evil' ". Back on the road, Serra found it very difficult to stay on his feet because "my left foot had become very inflamed, a painful condition which I have suffered for
7298-802: Was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 25 September 1988 in Vatican City . Amid denunciations from Native American tribes who accused Serra of presiding over a brutal colonial subjugation, Pope Francis canonized Serra on 23 September 2015 at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. , during his first visit to the United States . Serra's missionary efforts earned him
7387-407: Was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 46,301, and the median income for a family was $ 52,232. Males had a median income of $ 34,772 versus $ 27,962 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,329. About 8.2% of families and 11.6% of the population were below
7476-400: Was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. There were 64,435 housing units at an average density of 1,527.8 units per square mile (589.9 units/km ), of which 34,986 (59.1%) were owner-occupied, and 24,252 (40.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. Of
7565-568: Was a Spanish Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order . He is credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . He founded a mission in Baja California and established eight of the 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco , in what was then Spanish-occupied Alta California in the Province of Las Californias of New Spain . Serra
7654-406: Was built in 1984, and serves as a replacement for a 1946-built Santa Fe Depot, which was torn down in 1988. The former station was itself a replacement for an 1886-built Santa Fe Depot. This station became one of the original 9 stations on Metrolink's Orange County Line when that line opened on March 28, 1994, and North County Transit District's COASTER commuter rail began serving this station when
7743-405: Was called home to anoint his seriously ill father with the last rites . In one of his final visits to Petra, Serra found his younger sister Juana María near death. In 1748, Serra and Palóu confided to each other their desire to become missionaries. Serra, now 35, was assured a prestigious career as priest and scholar if he stayed in Majorca; but he set his sights firmly on pagan lands. Applying to
7832-433: Was declined, Serra insisted on living as a novice at San Fernando: "This learned university professor ... would often eat more sparingly in order to replace the student whose turn it was to read to the community. Or he would humbly carry trays and wait on tables with the lay brothers." The Sierra Gorda Indian missions , some 90 miles north of Santiago de Querétaro , were nestled in a vast region of jagged mountains, home of
7921-488: Was raw and bleeding. This wound plagued Serra for the rest of his life. Hobbling into Mexico City, Serra joined up with his fellow friars at the College of San Fernando de Mexico , a specialized training center and regional headquarters for Franciscan missionaries. Serra requested that he do his novitiate year again—despite his academic prestige, and the fact that the college's novices were far younger men. Though his request
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