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67-823: The republic was proclaimed during the Bolshevik invasion of Ukraine immediately before Bolshevik forces pushed the Ukrainian government out of Kiev and Sfatul Țării proclaimed the independence of the Moldavian Democratic Republic . The Odessa Soviet's governing body was the Rumcherod , formed in May 1917 shortly after the February Revolution . After its Second Congress, the OSR's Soviet

134-672: A Red Army counteroffensive led by Semyon Budyonny . The Ukrainians and Poles were pushed back across the Zbruch River and past Zamość toward Warsaw but a counter-offensive pushed the Soviets to Minsk . The Poles signed a armistice with the Soviets on October 12. By 1921, the Polish author of the Polish-Ukrainian alliance, Józef Piłsudski , was no longer the Polish head of state, and only participated as an observer during

201-764: A preliminary peaceful agreement yet it did not stop the aggression from the Russian side due to poor communication between the delegation in Moscow and the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic . On December 28, 1918, the Central Committee of the Left UPSR officially declared the mobilization of forces in the support of the Soviet government by an armed staging. From the beginning of January 1919

268-613: A rail station in Bakhmach with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of

335-737: A real Old Guard Bolshie. He was with Antonov-Ovseyenko in the storming of the Winter Palace in '17; you understand what that means in Russia." "It means you are an expendable hero." In the initial government formed by Vladimir Lenin after the Bolsheviks had seized power, Antonov-Ovseenko was appointed to the Military Committee of Sovnarkom . He was sent to lead the Bolshevik side in the first, relatively bloodless engagement of

402-1188: A region to which it laid claim. It ceased to exist altogether when it was sacked by German and Austro-Hungarian troops on 13 March 1918, two months after its creation, following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the Central Powers , Ukrainian People's Republic and Petrograd Sovnarkom . The government and army evacuated first to Nikolayev , then to Sevastopol and finally to Rostov-on-Don . 49°54′N 36°18′E  /  49.900°N 36.300°E  / 49.900; 36.300 Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet War Bolshevik victory [REDACTED]   Ukrainian People's Republic [REDACTED]   Austria-Hungary (1918) [REDACTED]   Russian SFSR [REDACTED]   Ukrainian SSR [REDACTED]   Poland (1918–19) [REDACTED] White movement (1919–20) [REDACTED]   Ukrainian State (1918) Various independent rebels The Ukrainian–Soviet War ( Ukrainian : радянсько-українська війна , romanized :  radiansko-ukrainska viina )

469-649: A rival All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kiev, Odessa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, Sovnarkom , which had initiated peace talks with Central Powers earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, Reingold Berzins led his troops from Minsk towards Kharkov to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at

536-541: Is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917 and 1921, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks ( Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR ). The war ensued soon after the October Revolution when Lenin dispatched Antonov 's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia . Soviet historiography viewed

603-607: The Baltic Fleet invaded Ukraine. The Bolsheviks, numbering around 30,000 and composed of Russian army regulars stationed at the front, a number of garrisoned units, and Red Guard detachments composed of laborers from Kharkov gubernia and the Donbass, began by advancing from the northeast led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko and Mikhail Muravyov . The Ukrainian forces at the time of the invasion consisted of about 15,000 made up from volunteer detachments and several battalions of

670-707: The Bolsheviks and was briefly head of the party organisation in Helsingfors and Chairman of the Northern Congress of Soviets. He was arrested after the pro-Bolshevik riots in July, and detained, with Trotsky, in Krestny prison. He was freed on the day that the right wing military revolt led by General Kornilov collapsed, and returned to Helsingfors. Antonov-Ovseenko returned to Petrograd in October 1917 and

737-591: The Committee for the salvation of Republic , which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the Kiev Governorate while the bands of Hryhoriv took Oleksandria and Yelyzavethrad . By March 6 the Directorate had relocated to Proskurov while yielding most of Polissia and Podillia to the Bolsheviks . Surprisingly, by the end of March

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804-696: The February Revolution of 1917, the nationalities within the Russian Republic (formerly the Russian Empire ) demanded national autonomy from Petrograd . In the summer of 1917, the Russian Provisional Government approved regional administration over some parts of Ukraine. In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as

871-584: The First Winter Campaign in the Kirovohrad region against the Soviet 14th Army . Another significant development of this period was the signing of the Treaty of Warsaw with Poland on April 22, and then beginning of a joint offensive with Polish troops against the Bolsheviks. On May 7, a Ukrainian division under the command of Marko Bezruchko entered Kyiv, but was quickly forced out by

938-697: The Free Cossacks and the Sich Riflemen . The invasion of pro-Soviet forces from Russia was accompanied by uprisings initiated in Ukraine by the local Bolsheviks in the developed cities throughout the territory of Left-bank Ukraine as well as Right-bank Ukraine . The Bolsheviks led by Yevgenia Bosch conducted a successful uprising in Vinnytsia sometime in December 1917. They took charge of

1005-652: The Hetman government in its place. Ukrainian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies continued making gains, taking back Left Bank Ukraine, Crimea and the Donets Basin. These setbacks forced the Bolsheviks to sign a peace treaty with the Ukrainian government on June 12. During November 1918, troops from the Directorate of Ukraine overthrew the Hetmanate with some help from the Bolsheviks . German forces led by

1072-464: The Julian Calendar still used in Russia at the time), when Red Guards broke into the building where ministers of the Russian Provisional Government (excluding Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky ), had taken refuge, and arrested them. They included Kerensky's Minister for Justice, Pavel Malyantovich, who had given Antonov-Ovseenko sanctuary ten years earlier. There were no lives lost in

1139-405: The October Revolution , and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted similar coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control. The Kiev Military District command tried to prevent a Bolshevik coup, leading to street fights and eventually surrendering of pro-Bolshevik troops in the city. On November 14, 1917,

1206-803: The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and set about organising a military section of the party among graduate officers in five cities. Early in the Russian Revolution of 1905 he led an uprising in Novo-Alexandria in Poland and was arrested for the first time, but escaped to Vienna in spring 1905. There he joined the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP. He returned to Saint Petersburg in May, and

1273-700: The Soldatenrat kept their neutrality during the two-week-long civil war as they were withdrawing from the country, due to the defeat of the German Empire in World War I . The Directorate reestablished the Ukrainian People's Republic . On January 22, 1919, the neighboring Ukrainian Republics united under the Act Zluky . The Central Military- Revolutionary Committee in Kursk on October 22, 1918, issued

1340-583: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and was dismissed from the Red Army in May 1918 for fomenting guerrilla warfare against the advancing German army. He was reinstated as People's Commissar for War in Ukraine in September 1918 and oversaw the defeat of Ukrainian People's Republic and White Army forces in Ukraine, ensuring the creation of the Ukrainian SSR . During that campaign, Antonov-Ovseenko ordered

1407-637: The White Army , and the armies of the Second Polish Republic , Austria-Hungary , and the German Empire , among others. In Soviet historiography and terminology, the armed conflict is depicted as part of the greater Russian Civil War : in Ukraine, this war was fought between the national government (led by Symon Petliura ) and the Russian Bolshevik government (led by Lenin). The war may be divided into three phases: After

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1474-403: The 2nd Guard Corps and moved towards Kyiv to help the Bolsheviks in the city. Pavlo Skoropadsky with a regiment of the Free Cossacks managed to stop them near Zhmerynka , disarm them, and deport them to Russia. The other Bolshevik forces captured Kharkiv (December 26), Yekaterinoslav (January 9), Aleksandrovsk (January 15), and Poltava (January 20) on their way to Kyiv . On January 27,

1541-561: The Bolshevik army groups converged in Bakhmach and then set off under the command of Muravyov to take Kyiv. As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300 ), commanded by Captain Ahapiy Honcharenko, was hastily organized and sent to the front on January 29, 1918, to take part in the Battle of Kruty . The small unit consisted mainly of

1608-511: The Bolshevik bands consistently were crossing the eastern and north-eastern borders to raid. On January 7, 1919, the Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine in full force with an army led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko , Joseph Stalin , and Volodymyr Zatonsky . The Directorate declared war once again against Russia on January 16 after several preliminary ultimatums to the Russian SFSR sovnarkom to withdraw their troops. The two main directions of

1675-512: The Bolshevik government in Petrograd . The following month, the government was liquidated by Mikhail Muravyov and merged with the regional Central Executive Committee Rumcherod . Political instability meant that the OSR was not recognized by any other government, including Russian Bolsheviks, during its brief existence. The Republic failed to stop the Romanian occupation of Bessarabia ,

1742-488: The Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe (including that of Poland ). Conversely, modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed war of independence by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine , non-Bolshevik Russians of

1809-576: The Bolshevik's forces were onto Kyiv and Kharkiv . The Soviet forces were advanced across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied Rylsk and Novhorod-Siversky . On December 21 the Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in Kupiansk . After that, a full-scale advance started between the Dnieper and Oskil Rivers . On January 3, the Red Army took Kharkiv , almost as by

1876-566: The Directory and other state officials, it was decided to declare War against Soviet Russia. The only person who was against it, was the chairman of the Directory Volodymyr Vynnychenko , while Shapoval, for example, for some reason was simply requesting the prompt creation of the Soviet government. Denikin later commented that the war declaration did not change absolutely anything on the frontlines and only reflected

1943-721: The Riga negotiations, which he called an act of cowardice . Petliura's forces kept fighting. They lasted until October 21, when they were forced to cross the Zbruch River and enter Polish-controlled Galicia . There they were disarmed and placed in internment camps . The last action of the UNR against the Soviets was a raid behind the Red Army lines in November 1921 known as the Second Winter Campaign . This campaign

2010-662: The Russian Republic and scheduled the January 9, 1918 elections to a Ukrainian Constituent Assembly . The Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura expressed his intentions to unite both the Southwestern and Romanian fronts that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of Colonel General Dmitry Shcherbachev . On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned

2077-468: The Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3. After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces, in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle. On February 8

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2144-774: The Student Battalion ( Kurin ) of Sich Riflemen , a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a Haidamaka detachment. About half of the 500 men were killed during the battle. On January 29, 1918, the Kiev Arsenal January Uprising , a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the Kiev Arsenal factory . The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and

2211-452: The Ukrainian Central Rada issued its "Appeal of the Central Council to the citizens of Ukraine" in which it sanctioned transfer of the state power in Ukraine to itself. On November 16, a joint session of the Rada and executive committee of the local workers and soldiers soviets recognized the Central Rada as the regional authority in Ukraine. On November 20, 1917, the Rada declared Ukraine the Ukrainian People's Republic as an autonomous part of

2278-448: The Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking Sarny , Zhytomyr , Korosten , and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied Kherson and March 12 he was already in Mykolaiv . By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from Odessa which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the Podolia region. The Red Army retaliated against

2345-447: The Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9. Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in Right-Bank Ukraine . However, on February 9 the UNR signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and thus received aid from German and Austro-Hungarian troops in late February, over 450,000 troops. In exchange for military aid,

2412-410: The Ukrainian offensive, recapturing Proskurov on 5 July and putting the temporary capital Kamianets-Podilskyi under threat. However, Ukraine was strengthened by the arrival of general Yurii Tiutiunnyk and his experienced troops. The Ukrainian army launched a counterattack, pushing the Red Army back to Horodok . Troops of the Ukrainian Galician Army who had crossed the Zbruch on 16–17 July joined

2479-412: The Ukrainians were to deliver foodstuffs to the Central Powers . Under the command of Symon Petlura , the combined forces pushed the Bolsheviks out of Right Bank Ukraine and retook Kyiv on March 1. Because of the socialist policies of the Rada, mainly the policy of land nationalization which affected food exports to the Central Powers, on April 28 the German forces disbanded the Central Rada and installed

2546-432: The army and desertions to the Bolsheviks. Bolbochan with the remnants of the Zaporizhian Corps retreated to Poltava which was holding off the Red Army for a couple of weeks more. On January 6, 1919, the government of Pyatakov officially declared the creation of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic . Yet his government continued to stay in Kursk until January 24. On January 4 the Bolsheviks Army Group Ukrainian Front

2613-423: The civil war at Gatchina , against Kerensky and a detachment of Cossacks, but had to be replaced after he virtually collapsed from nervous exhaustion. On 21 December 1917, Antonov-Ovseenko was put in charge of the Revolutionary forces in Ukraine and southern Russia . The army subsequently captured Kharkiv , where Soviet power in Ukraine was proclaimed. He opposed Lenin's decision to end the war with Germany under

2680-454: The creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets . It called the Central Rada of Ukraine an enemy of the people declaring war against it on January 2. The Rada then broke all ties with Petrograd on January 22, 1918, and declared independence, thereby commencing the Ukrainian War of Independence . It was around this point that Bolshevik troops began invading Ukraine from Russia. Russian military units from Kharkov, Moscow , Minsk and

2747-407: The execution of the tsarist general Paul von Rennenkampf , after he refused an offer by the Bolsheviks to command a unit in the Red Army, with refusal implying death. By the end of the Russian Civil War , Antonov-Ovseenko was in charge of the Tambov Governorate , brutally suppressing the 1920–21 Tambov Rebellion , alongside Mikhail Tukhachevsky , with the use of chemical weapons . In 1921, he

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2814-437: The fight against the Bolsheviks. Their arrival resulted in Ukraine having a combined force of 85,000 Ukrainian army regulars, and 15,000 partisans. By October 1919, about 70% of the Directorate's troops and more than 90% of the allied Ukrainian Galician Army fell to typhus . From December 6, 1919, to May 6, 1920, the UNR Army under the command of Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko carried out an underground operation known as

2881-501: The former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kiev, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided to go to war. Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko

2948-456: The incident, which took on something like mythical status in Soviet history. It formed the climax of the classic 1928 silent movie October , directed by Sergei Eisenstein , in which Antonov-Ovseenko took a starring role, playing himself. It is also mentioned in the 1964 spy novel, Funeral in Berlin , by Len Deighton , in which two British officials are discussing a possible defector from the Soviet Union: "Stok's an interesting case, you know;

3015-479: The meeting of the Ukrainian chief of staff was called in Kyiv headed by Otaman Osetsky and including the Chief Otaman Petliura, Colonel Bolbachan, Colonel Shapoval, Sotnik Oskilko. They were discussing the border security and formed a plan in case of threat from all sides. To stop the coming war with the Bolsheviks, the government of Chekhivsky sent a delegation to Moscow led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Semen Mazurenko . The delegation succeeded in signing

3082-404: The next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets. They were aided by Polish intelligence (see Prometheism ); however, they were not successful. The last active Ukrainian movements would be mostly eradicated during the Holodomor . Further, the relative lack of Polish support for the Ukrainian cause would cause a growing resentment on

3149-416: The order to form two divisions under the Army Group the Ukrainian Front or the Group of the Kursk Direction. The group was assigned the Worker's Division of Moscow , the 9th Soviet Division, 2nd Orlov Brigade, and two armored trains. According to Antonov-Ovsiyenko the Army accounted for some 6,000 soldiers, 170 artillery guns, 427 machine guns, 15 military planes, and 6 armored trains. On December 15, 1918,

3216-434: The part of the Ukrainian minority in Poland towards the Polish interwar state. Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko Vladimir Alexandrovich Antonov-Ovseenko ( Russian : Владимир Александрович Антонов-Овсеенко ; Ukrainian : Володимир Олександрович Антонов-Овсієнко ; 9 March 1883 – 10 February 1938), real surname Ovseenko , party aliases 'Bayonet' (Штык) and 'Nikita' (Никита), literary pseudonym A. Galsky (А. Гальский),

3283-600: The political crisis inside the Ukrainian government with the victory of the military party of Petliura- Konovalets -Hrekov over Vynnychenko-Chekhivsky. On January 20 the Soviet Army took Poltava while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to Kremenchuk . On January 26 Dybenko took Katerynoslav . The Soviets took Left-Bank Ukraine , and then marched on to Kyiv. On February 2 they forced the Directorate to move to Vinnytsia while troops of Schors and Bozhenko occupied Kyiv three days later. Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in Kamianets-Podilskyi

3350-507: The printers' union in Moscow, until his next arrest, after which he emigrated to Prussia, in July 1910, but was deported, and settled in Paris , where he acted as secretary of the Menshevik bureau. Soon after the outbreak of World War I , Antonov-Ovseenko broke with the Mensheviks, and founded the anti-war paper Golos ( Голос – 'Voice'), later renamed Nashe Slovo ( Наше слово – Our Word), which he co-edited with Leon Trotsky and Julius Martov . He returned to Russia in June 1917, joined

3417-431: The same scenario when Bolsheviks had occupied Kyiv in February 1918. The Ukrainian forces consisted of two regular troop formations, the Zaporozhian Corps and the Sich Riflemen , as well as partisan detachments. These partisans were led by unreliable atamans which occasionally sided with the Bolsheviks, such as Zeleny, Anhel, and Hryhoriv . The army which had over 100,000 men, fell to about 25,000 due to peasants leaving

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3484-411: The struggle for succession. He was a signatory of The Declaration of 46 in October 1923, which called for greater party democracy. In December, after one of his subordinates had been sacked for criticising the leadership, he wrote an angry letter to the Central Committee exclaiming that "we are not courtiers to the throne of party hierarchs!" In January 1924, he was summoned before the Orgburo , which

3551-409: The supply of Soviet aid to the Second Spanish Republic and where he organized the repression against the POUM party. He was recalled to Moscow in August 1937, where he talked with Joseph Stalin about the events in Spain. After a month without a job he was appointed People's Commissar for Justice of the Russian SFSR in September 1937, but, after just one month in that post, he was arrested during

3618-407: The territory of Ukraine is between the armies of Directorate and the Ukrainian Soviet Government which is completely independent. On January 12, the troops under the command of Mykola Schors occupied Chernihiv while other units under command of Pavlo Dybenko took Lozova , Pavlohrad , Synelnykove , and established contact with Nestor Makhno . After some long discussion between the members of

3685-445: The village of Leonivka. When they began to run low on supplies they decided to return. However, on its return west, it was intercepted by a Bolshevik cavalry force under the command of Grigore Kotovski at Bazar and routed in battle near Mali Mynky on November 17. 443 soldiers were captured by the Soviets during the battle. 359 were shot on November 23 near the town of Bazar , and 84 were passed on to Soviet security forces. This

3752-421: The war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which, on December 30, 1922, was one of the founding members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Parts of Western Ukraine fell under the control of the Second Polish Republic , as laid out in the Peace of Riga . The UNR government, led by Symon Petlura , was forced into exile. For

3819-427: Was a prominent Bolshevik leader, Soviet statesman, military commander, and diplomat. He was born in Chernigov , the son of an infantry officer and nobleman. He was an ethnic Ukrainian . He studied at the secondary military school of Voronezh, but left the army in 1901 and joined a student Marxist circle in Warsaw . He graduated from military college in Saint Petersburg in 1904. In 1902 he secretly joined

3886-426: Was appointed by Vladimir Lenin the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ( Bryansk – Belgorod ) Red troops began to gather. The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic . They then declared this meeting the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets that announced

3953-448: Was appointed secretary of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet . That meant that he played a pivotal role in military preparations for the October Revolution . Trotsky, who witnessed him in action, described him as "politically shaky, but personally courageous – impulsive and disorderly, but capable of initiative..." He personally led the famous storming of the Winter Palace on 7 November (25 October according to

4020-430: Was chaired by Vladimir Yudovsky. He had been installed after a pro-Bolshevik coup d'état organized by the Narkom Nikolai Krylenko . In January 1918, Yudovsky was appointed Chairman of the local Council of the People's Commissars and formed a government that included Bolsheviks , anarchists and members of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party . The government proclaimed Odessa a free city and pledged allegiance to

4087-425: Was controlled by Joseph Stalin , and sacked. Later in 1923, Antonov-Ovseenko was sent on a mission to China – the start of an 11-year career as a diplomat. In 1925, he was recalled and appointed Soviet representative in Czechoslovakia. He was one of a large group of Trotsky's supporters expelled from the CPSU in December 1927, but was one of the first to recant and seek readmission to the party during 1928. Later he

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4154-417: Was envoy in Poland, but in May 1934 was recalled to Moscow to serve as a Public Prosecutor. In this capacity, he observed the first of the great Moscow show trials , in which Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev were the main defendants, and signed an article in Izvestia calling for them to be shot. He was then posted to Barcelona , as Soviet Consul General, during the Spanish Civil War , where he directed

4221-497: Was made chairman of the military organisation of the RSDLP Saint Petersburg committee. Rearrested in April 1906, he broke out of jail five days later, and moved to Sevastopol , on Crimea, where he organised a military revolt. Arrested and sentenced to death, his sentence was later commuted to 20 years hard labour in Siberia . He escaped in June 1907, and hid out in Moscow, in the home of a sympathetic lawyer, Pavel Malyantovich . For three years, he worked among co-operatives and with

4288-587: Was meant to incite a general uprising amongst the Ukrainian peasants , who were already disgruntled with the Soviets, and to unify partisan forces against the Bolsheviks in Ukraine. The commander of the Ukrainian forces was Yurii Tiutiunnyk . Two expeditionary forces were established, one from Podolia (400 men) and one from Volhynia (800 men). The Podolia group only made it to the village of Vakhnivka, before returning to Polish territory through Volhynia on November 29. The Volhynia group started out on November 4, captured Korosten on November 7 and made its way to

4355-437: Was put in charge of famine relief in the Samara region. In 1922, Antonov-Ovseenko was given the highly sensitive post of head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army , despite his public opposition to Lenin's New Economic Policy , which he denounced in a speech to the April 1922 Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (CPSU) as a sell-out to the peasants. During Lenin's terminal illness he backed Trotsky in

4422-421: Was reformed into the unified Ukrainian front under the command of Antonov-Ovsiyenko with his deputies Kotsiubynsky and Schadenko. On the several inquiries about the purpose of the Russian Army in Ukraine that the Directory was sending to Moscow, Chicherin finally responded on January 6: ...there is no army of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in Ukraine. At this time the military action that takes place on

4489-560: Was the last operation of the UNR army against the Soviets. The end of the Second Winter Campaign brought the Ukrainian-Soviet war to a definite end, however partisan fighting against the Bolsheviks continued until mid-1922 and in response the Red Army terrorized the countryside. Local supporters of Ukrainian People's Republic created anti-Russian and anti-Bolshevik rebellion states on occupied territories like Independent Medvyn Republic or Kholodny Yar Republic . They kept fighting with Russians and collaborators until 1923. The end of

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