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79-515: The commune is located in the north-central part of the county, just east of the county seat, Satu Mare . Since 2013, it belongs to the Satu Mare metropolitan area . It is crossed by the national road DN19F  [ ro ] , which connects the county seat to Apa . The Odoreu train station serves the CFR Main Line 400 , which runs from Brașov to Satu Mare. At the 2002 census,

158-407: A continental climate , characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. As the city is in the far north of the country, winter is much colder than the national average, with minimum temperatures reaching −17 °C (1 °F), lower than values recorded in other cities in western Romania like Oradea (−15 °C (5 °F)) or Timișoara (−17 °C (1 °F)). The average annual temperature

237-657: A grain elevator or silo , to be sold later. Grain stores need to be constructed to protect the grain from damage by pests such as seed-eating birds and rodents . When the cereal is ready to be distributed, it is sold to a manufacturing facility that first removes the outer layers of the grain for subsequent milling for flour or other processing steps, to produce foods such as flour, oatmeal , or pearl barley . In developing countries, processing may be traditional, in artisanal workshops, as with tortilla production in Central America. Most cereals can be processed in

316-444: A balanced diet. Many legumes, however, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine , which grains contain. Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians. Such combinations include dal (lentils) with rice by South Indians and Bengalis , beans with maize tortillas , tofu with rice, and peanut butter with wholegrain wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including

395-401: A food trade imbalance and thus food security . Speculation , as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the 2007–2008 financial crises , created rapid inflation of grain prices during the 2007–2008 world food price crisis . Other disruptions, such as climate change or war related changes to supply or transportation can create further food insecurity; for example

474-484: A population of 91,520, making it the 20th largest city in Romania. Ethnic composition of Satu Mare (2021) Religious composition of Satu Mare (2021) Source (where not otherwise specified): Árpád E. Varga The city government is headed by a mayor . Since 2016 , the office is held by Gábor Kereskényi. Decisions are approved and discussed by

553-408: A role. Among the best-known cereals are maize, rice , wheat, barley, sorghum , millet , oat, rye and triticale . Some other grains are colloquially called cereals, even though they are not grasses; these pseudocereals include buckwheat , quinoa , and amaranth . All cereal crops are cultivated in a similar way. Most are annual , so after sowing they are harvested just once. An exception

632-568: A royal town, they were expelled, beginning to resettle in the 1820s. In 1841, several Jews obtained the permission to settle permanently in Sathmar; the first Jewish community was formally established in 1849, and in 1857, a synagogue was built. After a great number of traditional Ashkenazic Jews had settled in the town, the Jewish community split in 1898, when a supporter of the Hasidic movement

711-536: A sugar . In the 20th century, industrial processes developed around chemically altering the grain, to be used for other processes. In particular, maize can be altered to produce food additives, such as corn starch and high-fructose corn syrup . Cereal production has a substantial impact on the environment. Tillage can lead to soil erosion and increased runoff. Irrigation consumes large quantities of water; its extraction from lakes, rivers, or aquifers may have multiple environmental effects , such as lowering

790-522: A total length of 178 km (111 mi) and cover an area of 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi). Satu Mare Rail Station , located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the city centre, is situated on the Căile Ferate Române Line 400 ( Brașov – Siculeni – Deda – Dej – Baia Mare ), on Line 402 ( Oradea – Săcueni – Carei – Satu Mare – Halmeu ) and on Line 417 (Satu Mare – Bixad ). CFR provides direct rail connections to all

869-500: A variety of ways. Rice processing , for instance, can create whole-grain or polished rice, or rice flour. Removal of the germ increases the longevity of grain in storage. Some grains can be malted , a process of activating enzymes in the seed to cause sprouting that turns the complex starches into sugars before drying. These sugars can be extracted for industrial uses and further processing, such as for making industrial alcohol , beer , whisky , or rice wine , or sold directly as

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948-542: A very early date. Due to the economic and commercial benefits it began to receive in the 13th century, Satu Mare became an important centre for craft guilds. In the 18th century, intense urbanisation began; several buildings survive from that period, including the old city hall, the inn, a barracks, the Greek Catholic church and the Reformed church. A Roman Catholic diocese was established there in 1804. In 1823,

1027-620: Is 14 May, which commemorates the devastating floods that affected the city in 1970, although it is also a day of rebirth. Satu Mare has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of county capital. The Satu Mare Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Satu Mare County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of Carei , Ardud , Negrești-Oaș , Tășnad and Livada . Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to

1106-404: Is 9.6 °C (49 °F), or broken down by seasons: Spring 10.2 °C (50 °F), summer 19.6 °C (67 °F), autumn 10.8 °C (51 °F) and winter 1.7 °C (35 °F). Atmospheric humidity is quite high. Prevailing wind currents blow in from the northwest, bringing spring and summer rainfall. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there

1185-461: Is a grass cultivated for its edible grain . Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore staple foods . They include rice , wheat , rye , oats , barley , millet , and maize . Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat and quinoa , are pseudocereals . Most cereals are annuals , producing one crop from each planting, though rice is sometimes grown as a perennial . Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in

1264-443: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Satu Mare Satu Mare ( pronounced [ˈsatu ˈmare] ; Hungarian : Szatmárnémeti [sɒtmaːrneːmɛti] ; German : Sathmar ; Yiddish : סאטמאר Satmar or סאַטמער Satmer ) is a city with a population of 102,400 (2011). It is the capital of Satu Mare County , Romania , as well as the centre of the Satu Mare metropolitan area . It lies in

1343-541: Is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). The Hungarian name of the town Szatmár is believed to come from the personal name Zotmar , as the 13th-century Gesta Hungarorum gives the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement at the site of today's Satu Mare as castrum Zotmar ("Zotmar's fort"). The name Satu Mare , which means "great village" in Romanian,

1422-524: Is an important road and rail hub located near the borders with Hungary and Ukraine. The city is connected to other major Romanian cities by road ( [REDACTED] European route E81 , [REDACTED] European route E671 and [REDACTED] European route E58 ) and by rail ( CFR Main Line 400 ). The total number of automobiles registered in Satu Mare was 82,000 in 2008. The city has around 400 streets with

1501-473: Is linked to the clogging of the Pannonian Sea . Layers of soil were created from deposits of sand , loess and gravel , and generally have a thickness of 16 m (52 ft)–18 m (59 ft). Over this base, decaying vegetation gave rise to podsolic soils, which led to favorable conditions for crops ( cereals , vegetables , fruit trees ). The water network around Satu Mare is composed of

1580-517: Is located on the Someș Meadow on both sides of the river, which narrows in the vicinity of the city and widens upstream and downstream from it; flooded during heavy rainfall, the field has various geographical configurations at the edge of the city (sand banks, valleys, micro-depressions). The formation of the current terrain of the city, dating from the late Pliocene in the Tertiary period,

1659-614: Is no frost. Most cereals are planted in tilled soils , which reduces weeds and breaks up the surface of a field. Most cereals need regular water in the early part of their life cycle. Rice is commonly grown in flooded fields, though some strains are grown on dry land. Other warm climate cereals, such as sorghum, are adapted to arid conditions. Cool-season cereals are grown mainly in temperate zones. These cereals often have both winter varieties for autumn sowing, winter dormancy, and early summer harvesting, and spring varieties planted in spring and harvested in late summer. Winter varieties have

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1738-614: Is not required. Rice can be grown as a ratoon crop; and other researchers are exploring perennial cool-season cereals, such as kernza , being developed in the US. Fertilizer and pesticide usage may be reduced in some polycultures , growing several crops in a single field at the same time. Fossil fuel-based nitrogen fertilizer usage can be reduced by intercropping cereals with legumes which fix nitrogen . Greenhouse gas emissions may be cut further by more efficient irrigation or by water harvesting methods like contour trenching that reduce

1817-427: Is often used to make injera . It can be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal like farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor. The table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961, 1980, 2000, 2010, and 2019/2020. (millions of metric tons) Cereals are the most traded commodities by quantity in 2021, with wheat, maize, and rice the main cereals involved. The Americas and Europe are the largest exporters, and Asia

1896-510: Is rice, which although usually treated as an annual can survive as a perennial , producing a ratoon crop. Cereals adapted to a temperate climate , such as barley , oats , rye , spelt , triticale , and wheat , are called cool-season cereals. Those preferring a tropical climate , such as millet and sorghum , are called warm-season cereals. Cool-season cereals, especially rye, followed by barley, are hardy; they grow best in fairly cool weather, and stop growing, depending on variety, when

1975-512: Is the main ingredient of bread and pasta . Maize flour has been important in Mesoamerica since ancient times, with foods such as Mexican tortillas and tamales . Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe, while rice flour is common in Asia. A cereal grain consists of starchy endosperm , germ , and bran . Wholemeal flour contains all of these; white flour

2054-402: Is without some or all of the germ or bran. Because cereals have a high starch content, they are often used to make industrial alcohol and alcoholic drinks by fermentation . For instance, beer is produced by brewing and fermenting starch , mainly from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley. Rice wines such as Japanese sake are brewed in Asia; a fermented rice and honey wine

2133-459: The Puccinia spp.) and powdery mildews . Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum , is a significant limitation on a wide variety of cereals. Other pressures include pest insects and wildlife like rodents and deer. In conventional agriculture, some farmers will apply fungicides or pesticides Annual cereals die when they have come to seed, and dry up. Harvesting begins once

2212-473: The "organic" movements of the early 21st century, but there is a tradeoff in yield-per-plant, putting pressure on resource-poor areas as food crops are replaced with cash crops . Cereals are grasses, in the Poaceae family, that produce edible grains . A cereal grain is botanically a caryopsis , a fruit where the seed coat is fused with the pericarp . Grasses have stems that are hollow except at

2291-906: The Green Revolution , a technological change funded by development organizations. The strategies developed by the Green Revolution, including mechanized tilling, monoculture , nitrogen fertilizers, and breeding of new strains of seeds. These innovations focused on fending off starvation and increasing yield-per-plant, and were very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but paid less attention to nutritional quality. These modern high-yield cereal crops tend to have low-quality proteins , with essential amino acid deficiencies, are high in carbohydrates , and lack balanced essential fatty acids , vitamins , minerals and other quality factors. So-called ancient grains and heirloom varieties have seen an increase in popularity with

2370-492: The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 disrupted Ukrainian and Russian wheat supplies causing a global food price crisis in 2022 that affected countries heavily dependent on wheat flour. Cereals are the world's largest crops by tonnage of grain produced. Three cereals, maize, wheat, and rice, together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of the global supply of food energy in 2009, while

2449-471: The local council made up of 23 elected councillors. The city is divided into 12 districts laid out radially. One of these, Sătmărel ( Szatmárzsadány ), is a separate village administered by the city. Additionally, as Satu Mare is the capital of Satu Mare County , the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council and the prefect , who is appointed by Romania's central government. Like all other local councils in Romania,

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2528-400: The nodes and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath. The leaf grows from the base of the blade, an adaptation that protects the growing meristem from grazing animals. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic , with the exception of maize , and mainly anemophilous or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play

2607-494: The pagoda tree , native to East Asia (especially China); Pterocarya , also native to Asia; and Paulownia tomentosa , native to central and western China. Fauna is represented by species of rodents ( hamster and european ground squirrel ), reptiles, including Vipera berus in the Noroieni forest, and as avifauna species of ducks , geese , egrets , during passages and systematic occasional wanderings. Satu Mare has

2686-623: The water table and cause salination of aquifers. Fertilizer production contributes to global warming , and its use can lead to pollution and eutrophication of waterways. Arable farming uses large amounts of fossil fuel , releasing greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. Pesticide usage can cause harm to wildlife, such as to bees . Some of the impacts of growing cereals can be mitigated by changing production practices. Tillage can be reduced by no-till farming , such as by direct drilling of cereal seeds, or by developing and planting perennial crop varieties so that annual tilling

2765-540: The Americas. For feeding animals , the amount of crude protein measured in grains is expressed as grain crude protein concentration. Cereals constitute the world's largest commodities by tonnage, whether measured by production or by international trade. Several major producers of cereals dominate the market. Because of the scale of the trade, some countries have become reliant on imports, thus cereals pricing or availability can have outsized impacts on countries with

2844-672: The Bavarian princess Gisela of Hungary . Later, they were joined by more German colonists from beyond the Someș River , in Mintiu. A royal free city since the 13th century, Satu Mare changed hands several times in the 15th century until the Báthory family took possession of the citadel in 1526, proceeding to divert the Someș's waters in order to defend the southern part of the citadel; thus,

2923-533: The Freund petroleum refinery, the brick factory and the furniture factory) prospered in this period, and the city invested heavily in communication lines, schools, hospitals, public works and public parks. The banking and commerce system also developed: in 1929 the chamber of commerce and industry , as well as the commodities stock market were established, with 25 commercial enterprises and 75 industrial and production firms as members. In 1930 there were 33 banks. After

3002-624: The Hittite Sun goddess of Arinna , the Canaanite Lahmu and the Roman Janus . Complex civilizations arose where cereal agriculture created a surplus, allowing for part of the harvest to be appropriated from farmers, allowing power to be concentrated in cities. During the second half of the 20th century, there was a significant increase in the production of high-yield cereal crops worldwide, especially wheat and rice, due to

3081-474: The Oradea Court of Appeals. Satu Mare also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals. Satu Mare has its own municipal police force, Poliția Municipiului Satu Mare , which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Satu Mare Police are headquartered on Mihai Viteazul Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout

3160-610: The Roman conquest in 101/106 AD. Later, these lands may have formed part of Menumorut 's holdings; one of the important defensive fortresses – castrum Zotmar , dating to the 10th century – was at Satu Mare, as mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum . After Stephen I of Hungary created the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000, German colonists were settled at the periphery of the city ( Villa Zotmar ), brought in by Stephen's wife,

3239-428: The Satu Mare local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. The city is at the center of the Satu Mare metropolitan area , a metropolitan area established in 2013, with a population of 243,600, and which includes 26 cities, towns and communes. The Satu Mare City Council, elected at the 2020 local elections , is composed of the following parties: The city day

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3318-550: The Someș River, Pârâul Sar in the north and the Homorod River in the south. The formation and evolution of the city was closely related to the Someș River, which, in addition to allowing for the settlement of a human community around it, has offered, since the early Middle Ages , the possibility of international trade with coastal regions, a practice that favored milling , fishing and other economic activities. Because

3397-485: The advantage of using water when it is plentiful, and permitting a second crop after the early harvest. They flower only in spring as they require vernalization , exposure to cold for a specific period, fixed genetically. Spring crops grow when it is warmer but less rainy, so they may need irrigation. Cereal strains are bred for consistency and resilience to the local environmental conditions. The greatest constraints on yield are plant diseases , especially rusts (mostly

3476-573: The autumn, becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer; spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer. The term cereal is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of grain crops and fertility, Ceres . Cereals were domesticated in the Neolithic , some 8,000 years ago. Wheat and barley were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent ; rice

3555-530: The border with Hungary and 27 km (17 mi) from the border with Ukraine. The city is located at an altitude of 126 m (413 ft) on the Lower Someș alluvial plain , spreading out from the Administrative Palace at 25 October Square. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 150.3 square kilometres (58.0 sq mi). From a geomorphologic point of view, the city

3634-498: The cereal supply for other countries. Cereals provide food eaten directly as whole grains , usually cooked, or they are ground to flour and made into bread , porridge , and other products. Cereals have a high starch content, enabling them to be fermented into alcoholic drinks such as beer . Cereal farming has a substantial environmental impact , and is often produced in high-intensity monocultures . The environmental harms can be mitigated by sustainable practices which reduce

3713-781: The city became again part of Romania. Soon afterwards, a Communist regime came to power, lasting until the 1989 revolution . The presence of Jews in Transylvania is first mentioned in the late 16th century. In the 17th century, prince Gabriel Bethlen permitted Sephardi Jews from Turkey to settle in the Transylvanian capital Gyulafehérvár ( Alba Iulia ), in 1623. In the early 18th century, Jews were allowed to settle in Sathmar. Some of them became involved in large-scale agriculture, becoming landlords or lessees, or were active in trade and industry, or distilled brandy and leased taverns on crown estates. In 1715, when Sathmar became

3792-675: The city's systematization commission was established in order to direct its local government. In 1844, paving operations begun in 1805 were stepped up. The first industrial concerns also opened, including the steam mill, the brick factory, the Neuschloss Factory for wood products, the lumber factory, the Princz Factory and the Unio Factory. Due to its location at the intersection of commercial roads, Szatmárnémeti became an important rail hub. The line to Nagykároly ( Carei )

3871-438: The city) and is subordinated to the county's police inspectorate on Alexandru Iioan Cuza Street. City Hall has its own community police force, Poliția Comunitară located on Universului Alley, dealing with local community issues. Satu Mare also houses the county's gendarmerie inspectorate. Satu Mare has a complex system of transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. The city

3950-583: The city. It is worth mentioning that Satu Mare had a trolleybus system in the past, created on the 15th of November 1994 but has been closed in 2005 . The city is served by the Satu Mare International Airport ( IATA : SUJ , ICAO : LRSM ), located 13 km (8.1 mi) south of the city, with a concrete runway, one of the longest in Romania, with TAROM and Wizz Air operating regular flights to Bucharest , London and Antalya (seasonal only). Cereal A cereal

4029-511: The civil rights and economic activities of the Jews were restricted, and in summer 1941, "foreign" Jews were deported to Kamenets-Podolski , where they were murdered by Hungarian and German troops. In 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Satu Mare ghetto ; the majority of men were sent to forced labor battalions , and the others were deported to the extermination camps in Poland, where

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4108-591: The collapse of Austria-Hungary , Romanian troops captured the town during their offensive launched on 15 April 1919. By the Treaty of Trianon , Satu Mare officially ceased to be part of Hungary becoming part of Romania . In 1940, the Second Vienna Award gave back Northern Transylvania , including Satu Mare, to Hungary. In October 1944, the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army . After 1945,

4187-521: The commune had a population of 4,855; of those, 69.33% were Romanians , 26.77% Hungarians , and 3.46% Roma . According to mother tongue, 69.45% spoke Romanian as their first language and 30.33% of the population spoke Hungarian . At the 2011 census , there were 4,946 inhabitants, including 65.77% Romanians, 23.21% Hungarians, and 7% Roma. At the 2021 census , Odoreu had a population of 5,569, of which 65.27% were Romanians, 18.24% Hungarians, and 6.03% Roma. This Satu Mare County location article

4266-761: The election of a new chief rabbi, lasting six years and ending in 1934 with the appointment of the Hasidic rabbi Joel Teitelbaum , a traditionalist and anti-Zionist , who later re-founded the Satmar Hasidic dynasty in Williamsburg , New York . Another Hasidic rabbi, Aharon Roth , the founder of the Shomrei Emunim and Toldot Aharon communities in Jerusalem , was also active in Satu Mare. After Satu Mare became part of Hungary again in 1940,

4345-541: The fortress remained on an island linked to the main roads by three bridges over the Someș. In 1562 the citadel was besieged by Ottoman armies led by Pargalı İbrahim Pasha of Buda and Maleoci Pasha of Timișoara . Then the Habsburgs besieged it, leading the fleeing Transylvanian armies to set it on fire. The Austrian general Lazar Schwendi ordered the citadel to be rebuilt after the plans of Italian architect Ottavio Baldigara; using an Italian system of fortifications,

4424-800: The impact on soil and improve biodiversity, such as no-till farming and intercropping . Wheat, barley, rye , and oats were gathered and eaten in the Fertile Crescent during the early Neolithic . Cereal grains 19,000 years old have been found at the Ohalo II site in Israel , with charred remnants of wild wheat and barley. During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using human-made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen. The use of soil conditioners , including manure , fish, compost and ashes , appears to have begun early, and developed independently in areas of

4503-435: The land slopes gently around the city, the Someș River has created numerous branches and meanders (before 1777, in the perimeter of the city there were 25 meanders downstream and 14 upstream ). After systematisation works in 1777, the number of meanders in the city dropped to 9 downstream and 5 upstream , the total length of the river now being at 36.5 km (22.7 mi) within the city. Systematisation performed up to

4582-478: The major Romanian cities and to Budapest . The city is also served by another secondary rail station, the Saw Station ( Gara Ferăstrău ). The main public transportation system in Satu Mare consists of bus lines. There are twenty-three urban and suburban lines with a total length of 190.1 km (118.1 mi), the main operator being Transurban S.A. In addition, there are various taxi companies serving

4661-452: The majority of them were murdered by the Nazis . Six trains left Satu Mare for Auschwitz-Birkenau , starting on May 19, 1944, each carrying approximately 3300 persons. The trains passed through Kassa ( Košice ) on May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, and June 1. In total, 18,863 Jews were deported from Satu Mare, Carei and the surrounding localities. Of these, 14,440 were killed. Only a small number of

4740-427: The mid-19th century configured the existing Someș riverbed; embankments were built 17.3 km (10.7 mi) long on the right bank and 11 km (6.8 mi) on the left. In 1970, the embankments were raised by 2 m (6.6 ft)–3 m (9.8 ft), protecting 52,000 hectares within the city limits and restoring nearly 800 ha of agricultural land that had previously been flooded. The flora associated with

4819-509: The need for irrigation, and by breeding new crop varieties. Some cereals such as rice require little preparation before human consumption. For example, to make plain cooked rice , raw milled rice is washed and boiled. Foods such as porridge and muesli may be made largely of whole cereals, especially oats, whereas commercial breakfast cereals such as granola may be highly processed and combined with sugars, oils , and other products. Cereals can be ground to make flour. Wheat flour

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4898-702: The new structure would be pentagonal with five towers. After a period when it changed hands, the town came under Ottoman control in 1661. Called Sokmar by the new authorities, it was a kaza center within the Şenköy sanjak of Varat Eyalet . This status held until 1691, when the army of the Habsburgs expelled the Ottomans during the Great Turkish War . In the Middle Ages, Satu Mare and Mintiu were two distinct entities. The two settlements, then called "Szatmár" and "Németi", were united in 1715, and

4977-481: The plant can be allowed to decompose, or collected as straw ; this can be used for animal bedding, mulch, and a growing medium for mushrooms. It is used in crafts such as building with cob or straw-bale construction . If cereals are not completely dry when harvested, such as when the weather is rainy, the stored grain will be spoilt by mould fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium . This can be prevented by drying it artificially. It may then be stored in

5056-465: The plants and seeds are dry enough. Harvesting in mechanized agricultural systems is by combine harvester , a machine which drives across the field in a single pass in which it cuts the stalks and then threshes and winnows the grain. In traditional agricultural systems, mostly in the Global South , harvesting may be by hand, using tools such as scythes and grain cradles . Leftover parts of

5135-540: The production of oats and rye has drastically fallen from their 1960s levels. Other cereals not included in the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization statistics include wild rice , which is grown in small amounts in North America, and teff , an ancient grain that is a staple in Ethiopia . Teff is grown in sub-Saharan Africa as a grass primarily for feeding horses. It is high in fiber and protein. Its flour

5214-603: The region of Maramureș , broadly part of Transylvania . Mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as castrum Zotmar ("Zotmar's fort"), the city has a history going back to the Middle Ages . Today, it is an academic, cultural, industrial, and business centre in the Nord-Vest development region. Satu Mare is situated in Satu Mare County , in northwest Romania, on the river Someș , 13 km (8.1 mi) from

5293-467: The removal of the bran and germ, all that remains is the starchy endosperm. In some developing countries , cereals constitute a majority of daily sustenance. In developed countries , cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial, primarily in the form of refined and processed grains. Some cereals are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine , obliging vegetarian cultures to combine their diet of cereal grains with legumes to obtain

5372-465: The resulting city was named "Szatmár-Németi". On 2 January 1721, Emperor Charles VI recognised the union, at the same time granting Satu Mare the status of royal free city . A decade earlier, the Treaty of Szatmár was signed in the city, ending Rákóczi's War for Independence . The city's importance was linked to the transportation and commerce of salt from nearby Ocna Dejului ( Hungarian : Désakna , German : Salzdorf ), possibly already at

5451-498: The survivors returned to Satu Mare after the war, but a number of Jews belonging to linguistically and culturally different groups from all parts of Romania settled in the city. The majority of them later emigrated to Israel . By 1970, the town's Jewish population numbered 500, and in 2011, only 34 Jews remained. In 2004, a Holocaust memorial was dedicated in the Decebal Street Synagogue 's courtyard. Aside from

5530-422: The synagogues, two Jewish cemeteries also remain. Among the notable members of the local Jewish community have been historian Ignác Acsády , parliamentary deputies Ferenc Chorin and Kelemen Samu , politician Oszkár Jászi , writers Gyula Csehi , Rodion Markovits , Sándor Dénes , and Ernő Szép , painter Pál Erdös , Jacob Reinitz and director György Harag . According to the 2021 census , Satu Mare had

5609-404: The temperature goes above around 30 °C or 85 °F. Warm-season cereals, in contrast, require hot weather and cannot tolerate frost. Cool-season cereals can be grown in highlands in the tropics, where they sometimes deliver several crops in a single year. In the tropics, warm-season cereals can be grown at any time of the year. In temperate zones, these cereals can only be grown when there

5688-454: The town of Satu Mare is characteristic for the meadow area with trees of soft essence like wicker , indigenous poplar , maple and hazelnut . Grassland vegetation is represented by Agrostis stolonifera , Poa trivialis , Alopecurus pratensis and other types of vegetation. The city's largest park, the Garden of Rome , features some rare trees that are uncommon to the area, including

5767-658: The world including Mesopotamia , the Nile Valley , and Eastern Asia. Cereals that became modern barley and wheat were domesticated some 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. Millets and rice were domesticated in East Asia, while sorghum and other millets were domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa, primarily as feed for livestock. Maize arose from a single domestication in Mesoamerica about 9,000 years ago. In these agricultural regions, religion

5846-508: Was built in 1871, followed in 1872 by a line to Máramarossziget ( Sighetu Marmației ) line, an 1894 link to Nagybánya ( Baia Mare ), 1900 to Erdőd ( Ardud ) and 1906 to Bikszád ( Bixad ). Since the second half of the 19th century, it underwent important economic and socio-cultural changes. The city's large companies (the Unio wagon factory, the Princz Factory, the Ardeleana textile enterprise,

5925-471: Was domesticated in East Asia, and sorghum and millet were domesticated in West Africa. Maize was domesticated by Indigenous peoples of the Americas in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. In the 20th century, cereal productivity was greatly increased by the Green Revolution . This increase in production has accompanied a growing international trade , with some countries producing large portions of

6004-477: Was elected chief rabbi, into an Orthodox and a Status Quo community , led by a Zionist rabbi, which erected a synagogue in 1904. In the 1920s, there were several Zionist organizations in Satu Mare, and the yeshiva, one of the largest in the region, was attended by 400 students. In 1930, the city had five large synagogues and about 20 shtiebels . In 1928, a conflict within the Orthodox community broke out over

6083-674: Was made in China some 9,000 years ago. Cereals and their related byproducts such as hay are routinely fed to farm animals . Common cereals as animal food include maize, barley, wheat, and oats. Moist grains may be treated chemically or made into silage ; mechanically flattened or crimped, and kept in airtight storage until used; or stored dry with a moisture content of less than 14%. Commercially, grains are often combined with other materials and formed into feed pellets. As whole grains , cereals provide carbohydrates , polyunsaturated fats , protein , vitamins , and minerals . When processed by

6162-496: Was often shaped by the divinity associated with the grain and harvests. In the Mesopotamian creation myth, an era of civilization is inaugurated by the grain goddess Ashnan . The Roman goddess Ceres presided over agriculture, grain crops, fertility, and motherhood; the term cereal is derived from Latin cerealis , "of grain", originally meaning "of [the goddess] Ceres". Several gods of antiquity combined agriculture and war:

6241-535: Was used for the first time by the priest Moise Sora Novac in the 19th century. An older Romanian name, Sătmar , was formally replaced by the current one in 1925. Archaeological evidence from Țara Oașului , Ardud , Medieșu Aurit , Homoroade , etc. clearly shows settlements in the area dating to the Stone Age and the Bronze Age . There is also evidence that the local Dacian population remained there after

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