35-469: An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate , regardless of whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior or employer, public or legally private). An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election . Officials may also be appointed ex officio (by virtue of another office, often in
70-521: A ceremony . A public official is an official of central or local government . Max Weber gave as definition of a bureaucratic official: An official must exercise their judgment and their skills, but their duty is to place these at the service of a higher authority; ultimately they are responsible only for the impartial execution of assigned tasks and must sacrifice their personal judgment if it runs counter to their official duties. As an adjective , "official" often, but not always, means pertaining to
105-427: A clear mandate, while plurality or coalition government suggests a lesser mandate, requiring greater compromise between parties. Parties with strong mandates are free to implement their preferred policies with the understanding that they are supported by the people. When no mandate exists for a single party, the median voter may be used to determine what policies have a mandate for implementation. The modern concept of
140-462: A diocese that did much of its administration, comprising the vicariate-general , an adjoined secretariat, a registry office and a chancery. In Catholicism, the vicar-general was originally called the "official" ( officialis ). The title of official principal , together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of diocesan chancellor of a diocese. In sports ,
175-442: A party that received only a plurality of the vote. In this case, the majority only carries a mandate if it is representative of the median voter. Policy does not necessary correspond to the platform of the dominant party, as it may still have to negotiate with other parties or otherwise have limits on its power to implement certain policies. Proportional representation allows for more nuanced voter preferences, but it also allows for
210-488: A party with only plurality support to receive a majority of seats. In any coalition-based system, voters are unable to know what coalitions may form after an election, further distancing voter preferences from electoral results. The existence of political mandate as a concept is challenged by supporters of deliberative democracy , who believe that parties are elected as representatives to negotiate and compromise between different policy proposals. Direct democracy bypasses
245-468: A political mandate first developed around the 16th century and became a prominent aspect of politics after the French Revolution . A mandate is a social construct based on what is understood to be the will of the voters. Mandate theory proposes that political parties are vehicles for policy options. Voters choose from these options during elections, which then empowers the policies that have
280-460: A political mandate is unclear, it may be seen as the policy preferences of the median voter on a left–right political spectrum . This presents its own challenges when applied, as policy preferences are often more complex and have multiple dimensions. Modern democracies do not consistently provide a majority mandate, as several competing parties offer different policies, requiring coalition governments to make compromises between their members. In
315-407: A popular mandate to rule. Mandates develop from the interpretation of elections. If it becomes widely accepted that the voters support a given platform, then it will be understood that a mandate exists, regardless of the actual wishes of the voters. There is no agreed upon metric for how much support a position must have—or be believed to have—before there is a mandate for its implementation. When
350-420: A specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited . A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent . Something "official" refers to something endowed with governmental or other authoritative recognition or mandate, as in official language , official gazette , or official scorer . The word official as a noun has been recorded since
385-477: A whole is necessary to govern. Those involved in politics look to mandates to determine what is expected by the voters and what they will consider acceptable. A mandate is desirable for political parties, as it gives them leeway in policy implementation. A party or candidate may claim to have a mandate, but it only confers a political advantage if this claim is widely accepted. Non-electoral governments, such as dictatorships and monarchies , may also claim to have
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#1732776498236420-407: Is close to being a synonym (but has more military connotations ). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization; this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun , but with connotations closer to bureaucrat . Any such person acts in their official capacity , in carrying out the duties of their office; they are also said to officiate , for example, in
455-911: Is first attested in English in 1533 via the Old French oficial . The informal term officialese , the jargon of "officialdom", was first recorded in 1884. An officialis ( plural officiales ) was the official term (somewhat comparable to a modern civil servant) for any member of the officium (staff) of a high dignitary such as a governor. Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
490-429: Is the branch of administration that handles all written documents used in the official government of a Catholic or Anglican diocese . It is in the diocesan chancery that, under the direction of the bishop or his representative (the local ordinary ), all documents which concern the diocese are drawn up, copied, forwarded, and a record kept of all official writings expedited or received. The official charged with
525-584: The 1983 Code of Canon Law under its canons on the diocesan curia (cc. 469-494). The diocesan system was generally introduced in many countries whose churches had hitherto been under a more or less provisional government (e.g., United States , England , Scotland , and India ). National and provincial synods laid much stress on creating diocesan chanceries. In the United States, the First Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852) expressed
560-611: The Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French official (12th century), from the Latin officialis ("attendant to a magistrate, government official"), the noun use of the original adjective officialis ("of or belonging to duty, service, or office") from officium ("office"). The meaning "person in charge of some public work or duty" was first recorded in 1555. The adjective
595-495: The bishop himself, and in which the vicar-general (often not resident in the episcopal city ) is called on only when the bishop is absent or hindered. In such cases, the chancellor is also the confidential secretary of the bishop. A similar system obtains even in many extensive dioceses, which the bishop administers with the aid of one or more vicars-general and the diocesan chancery. There are. However, he executes some large dioceses in which all matters are personally reserved to
630-463: The United States, the two-party system always results in one party having a majority in government that can be interpreted as a mandate. In the event of a coalition government, there is no single party with a popular mandate, as every party was supported by less than half of voters. Some political systems, such as that of the United Kingdom, frequently give a majority of legislative seats to
665-425: The advice of this body. The prince-bishop presided over its sessions with the help of the vicar-general. Its members were three priests and one lay counselor, to whom were added a secretary, a chief of the chancery, two private secretaries, a registrar, etc. The ordinary diocesan administration was carried on by two other bureaus, the vicariate-general and the diocesan consistory, mutually independent, but both acting in
700-584: The bishop with the aid of a secretary or chancellor, usually a priest or deacon . At the same time, the greater part of the diocesan administration is handed over to a body of officials under the bishop's or vicar-general's direction. For the correspondence, registration, and care of the archives, such administrative bureaus are provided with a secretariat or chancery. The chancery is a necessary element of administration in every diocese. Some provision for its duties must be made, even in missionary dioceses , apostolic prefectures , and apostolic vicariates . Unless
735-491: The bishop's ordinary judicial power over the diocese and presides over the diocesan ecclesiastical court . The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title judicial vicar, rather than that of officialis (canon 1420). The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title judicial vicar (canon 191). In German, the related noun Offizialat was also used for an official bureau in
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#1732776498236770-661: The blessing of a deity was often invoked as justification for a ruler's power. The first ideas of a mandate for popular rule developed around the year 1500. These ideas began to see political implementation during the Age of Revolution , when monarchical rule was overthrown across many kingdoms through popular uprising. The French Revolution specifically invoked popular mandate as a necessary factor for political legitimacy . As modern electoral politics emerged, rulers came to seek legitimacy from popular mandate in individual constituencies . Diocesan chancellor A diocesan chancery
805-413: The diocesan chancery consists of a certain number of officials named by the bishop. In the United States, England, and Australia , there are usually, besides the vicar-general, a diocesan chancellor and a secretary. In European dioceses, the chancery is organized variously according to the extent of the diocese. There is generally in each diocese a chancellor or secretary with the necessary personnel. In
840-468: The dioceses of Germany , much of the administration is carried on by an official bureau ( Ordinariat ) as described above, i.e., the vicariate-general, to which are adjoined a secretariat, a registry office, and a chancery. In the Diocese of Breslau , there existed an institution known as the "Secret Chancery" ( Geheimkanzlei ), which expedited only matters decided by the prince-bishop personally or with
875-496: The execution of these duties is known as the diocesan chancellor . Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
910-489: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In canon law , the word or its Latin original officialis is used absolutely as the legal title of a diocesan bishop's judicial vicar who shares
945-475: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In many dioceses, the chancellor exercises some of the faculties, which in other dioceses are exclusively reserved for the vicar-general . This happens more frequently in smaller dioceses, administered directly by
980-657: The government, as state employee or having state recognition, or analogous to governance or to a formal (especially legally regulated) proceeding as opposed to informal business. In summary, that has authenticity emanates from an authority. Some examples: Mandate (politics) In representative democracies , a mandate is a perceived legitimacy to rule through popular support. Mandates are conveyed through elections , in which voters choose political parties and candidates based on their own policy preferences. The election results are then interpreted to determine which policies are popularly supported. A majority government provides
1015-490: The issue of mandates entirely as it allows voters to choose policies directly. Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic both incorporated ideas of citizenship in their governments that granted all men the right to participate in political decisions. In the post-classical era , the authority of a ruler was typically accepted without question and without consideration of the wishes of the people. Religious authority or
1050-410: The most popular support and allows for their implementation. When voters overwhelmingly support a specific party or candidate in an election, it may be interpreted as a communication from the voters that they wish for the associated political platform to be implemented, creating a mandate for that platform. Mandates are based on the idea that all voters are equal , and popular assent from the group as
1085-522: The name of the prince-bishop. For the office of diocesan chancellor in the United States, see "Acta et Decreta" of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore , in index, p. 303, and of the Synod of Maynooth (1900), s. v. "Archiva". Diocesan chanceries may be universal, but there is nothing concerning their creation and equipment in the common ecclesiastical law . The explanation lies in
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1120-606: The official correspondence were properly cared for, there would be no tradition in diocesan management, important documents would be lost, and the written evidence necessary in lawsuits and trials would be lacking. The famous Apostolic Chancery ( Cancellaria Apostolica ) developed in time from the chancery of the primitive Bishop of Rome . Because of the latter's primacy in the Church, his chancery naturally had far wider relations than any other Christian diocese. The Apostolic See had never legislated concerning diocesan chanceries until
1155-490: The term official is used to describe a person enforcing playing rules in the capacity of an assistant referee , referee and umpire ; also specified by the discipline, e.g. American football official , ice hockey official . An official competition is created or recognized as valid by the competent body, is agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority. It is synonymous, among others, with approved, certified, recognized, endorsed, and legitimate. The term officer
1190-401: The very nature of this law, which provides only for what is general and common. It takes no account of local means of administration, which it abandons to the proper authority in each diocese , the concrete circumstances always offering great variety and calling for all possible freedom of action. Although, as described above, the methods of diocesan administration exhibit little variety, there
1225-537: The wish that in every diocese, there should be a chancery, to facilitate ecclesiastical administration and establish for its conduct a more or less identical system. In Ireland , the National Synod of Thurles (1850) made provision for the establishment and preservation of diocesan archives . Similarly, for England, the Provincial Synod of Westminster (1852). In keeping with these recommendations,
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