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132-402: Duke Town , originally known as Atakpa , is an Efik city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern Nigeria . The City State extended from now Calabar to Bakassi in the east and Oron to the west. Although it is now absorbed into Nigeria, traditional rulers of the state are still recognized. The state occupied what is now the modern city of Calabar . The Efik speak

264-805: A collective note on 27 July pledging them to maintain the independence and integrity of the Turkish Empire in order to preserve the security and peace of Europe. However, by 1840 Muhammad Ali had occupied Syria and won the Battle of Nezib against the Turkish forces. Lord Ponsonby , the British ambassador at Constantinople, vehemently urged the British government to intervene. Privately, Palmerston explained his views on Muhammad Ali to Lord Granville thus: "Coercion of Mehemet Ali by England if war broke out might appear partial and unjust; but we are partial; and

396-465: A conflict that emerged with their Biakpan and Umon brothers who were further pushed away from Obutong to present-day Biase . Several accounts have been given on the migration of the Efiks from Creek town to Obutong shortly after this Biakpan conflict. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders ruled Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during

528-464: A country that consists of various ethnic groups. This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. The main proponents of what

660-414: A dispute between Wellington and Huskisson over the issue of parliamentary representation for Manchester and Birmingham led to the resignation of Huskisson and his allies, including Palmerston. In the spring of 1828, after more than twenty years continuously in office, Palmerston found himself in opposition. On 26 February 1828, Palmerston delivered a speech in favour of Catholic emancipation. He felt that it

792-459: A fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population;, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived there. The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. Having pity on these men,

924-498: A huge country estate in the north of County Sligo in the northwest of Ireland. He was educated at Harrow School (1795–1800). Admiral Sir Augustus Clifford , 1st Bt. , was a fag to Palmerston, Viscount Althorp and Viscount Duncannon and later remembered Palmerston as by far the most merciful of the three. Temple was often engaged in school fights and fellow Old Harrovians remembered Temple as someone who stood up to bullies twice his size. Henry Temple's father took him to

1056-590: A language that is a subgroup of the Niger–Congo language group. They had become a power on the coast of the Bight of Biafra by the early 18th century, by which time the Duke and Eyamba families were their leaders. They were settled in large, fortified villages along the waterways, in a loose federation with no paramount ruler, living by fishing and farming. The largest settlements were Ikot Itunko, Obutong and Iboku Atapka. In

1188-594: A major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript, which was later printed in 1732. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to

1320-504: A majority in Parliament, and he became prime minister. He had two periods in office, 1855–1858 and 1859–1865, before his death at the age of 80 years, a few months after victory in a general election in which he had obtained an increased majority. He remains the most recent British prime minister to die in office. Palmerston masterfully controlled public opinion by stimulating British nationalism . Although Queen Victoria and most of

1452-472: A minority among the ethnic groups in the region. From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. In 1767, six British slave ships arrived in Calabar during a period when Duke Town and Old Town were in the midst of a feud. The leaders of Duke Town made a secret arrangement with the slave traders whereby

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1584-630: A mutual assistance pact between Russia and the Ottomans, but was annoyed and hostile towards David Urquhart , the creator of the Vixen affair , running the Russian blockade of Circassia in the mid-1830s. For his part, David Urquhart considered Palmerston a "mercenary of Russia" and founded the "Free Press" magazine in London, where he constantly promoted these views. The permanent author of this magazine

1716-461: A neutrality which France would by compulsion have converted into an active hostility. In a letter to a friend on 24 December 1807, he described the late Whig MP Edmund Burke as possessing "the palm of political prophecy". This would become a metaphor for his own career in divining the course of imperial foreign policy. Palmerston's speech was so successful that Spencer Perceval , who formed his government in 1809, asked him to become Chancellor of

1848-455: A number of priest-kings Ndidem . Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings, including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. There are various theories as to why the Efik left Uruan. One was that the two peoples had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku narrated this theory at

1980-414: A number of years. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo, who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Okoho Efiom bore twins, whose paternal parentage have often been debated. Due to

2112-575: A perpetual courtship. The sentiment was reciprocal; and I have frequently seen them go out on a morning to plant some trees, almost believing that they would live to eat the fruit, or sit together under the shade. Young Queen Victoria found it unseemly that people in their 50s could marry, but the Cowper-Palmerston marriage according to biographer Gillian Gill : Within a few months Melbourne's administration came to an end (1841) and Palmerston remained out of office for five years. The crisis

2244-643: A policy of universal non-interventionism. He therefore focused chiefly on achieving a peaceful settlement of the crisis in Belgium. William I of the Netherlands appealed to the great powers that had placed him on the throne after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain his rights. The London Conference of 1830 was called to address this question. The British solution involved the independence of Belgium, which Palmerston believed would greatly contribute to

2376-723: A reluctant party to the treaty, and never executed its role in it with much zeal. Louis Philippe was accused of secretly favouring the Carlists – the supporters of Don Carlos – and he rejected direct interference in Spain. It is probable that the hesitation of the French court on this question was one of the causes of the enduring personal hostility Palmerston showed towards the French king thereafter, though that sentiment may well have arisen earlier. Although Palmerston wrote in June 1834 that Paris

2508-610: A seat in the cabinet for the first time. The Canning administration ended after only four months on the death of the Prime Minister, and was followed by the ministry of Lord Goderich , which barely survived the year. The Canningites remained influential, and the Duke of Wellington hastened to include Palmerston, Huskisson, Charles Grant , William Lamb , and the Earl of Dudley in the government he subsequently formed. However,

2640-437: A ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months, talked about this. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of everyone they could see. These they handcuffed, brought down to

2772-554: A treaty in 1838-9 - now asserting his (and British) independence by leaning rather more towards the Netherlands and the reactionary powers, and against the Belgium/French axis. In 1833 and 1834, the youthful Queens Isabella II of Spain and Maria II of Portugal were the representatives and the hope of the constitutional parties of their countries. Their positions were under some pressure from their absolutist kinsmen, Dom Miguel of Portugal and Don Carlos of Spain, who were

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2904-556: A treaty agreeing to stop their involvement in the slave trade. With the suppression of the slave trade, palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. In 1846 a Christian mission was established by the United Presbyterian Church between Duke Town and Henshaw town, with the support of King Eyo. The mission was headed by Rev. Hope Masterton Waddell with support from Hugh Goldie, who wrote an account of Calabar in his 1890 book Calabar and its Mission . That year

3036-469: A vast country estate in the north of County Sligo in the west of Ireland . He later built Classiebawn Castle on this estate. Palmerston went to St John's College, Cambridge (1803–1806). As a nobleman, he was entitled to take his MA without examinations, but Palmerston wished to obtain his degree through examinations. This was declined, although he was allowed to take the separate college examinations, where he obtained first-class honours. After war

3168-505: A wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around

3300-483: Is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Also, I want bomb and shell. I am your best friend King Eyamba V King of all blackman Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. These letters were heeded to and in April 1846,

3432-533: Is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for

3564-519: Is correctly written as "Ẹ" and denotes plurality. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by

3696-492: Is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Prior to Akak, the theory was proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had undertaken a series of migrations before they reached the coasts of Old Calabar. Several oral accounts have been narrated on

3828-401: Is dry he will kill you ). When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." ( Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death ). At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and

3960-457: Is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. According to Rev. Hope Waddell in 1863, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and

4092-473: Is greatly extolled. Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles . Oku adds that the Uruan were averse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in this practice carried out by the Efik. Another theory says that an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman disagreed, leading their people in separate ways. Abasi

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4224-476: Is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Eburutu Efik." Jeffreys's assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Hugh Goldie. Goldie describes Eburutu as

4356-481: Is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. When the Uruan woman realised the damage, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people, who started to punish her for her insubordination. The Efik came to her defence and

4488-470: The 4th Earl of Aberdeen formed a coalition government . The Peelites insisted that Lord John Russell be foreign secretary, forcing Palmerston to take the office of home secretary . As home secretary Palmerston enacted various social reforms, although he opposed electoral reform. When Aberdeen's coalition fell in 1855 over its handling of the Crimean War , Palmerston was the only man able to sustain

4620-533: The East India Company 's monopoly on trade with China, both Tory and Whig governments sought to maintain peace and good trade relations. However Lord Napier wanted to provoke a revolution in China that would open trade. The Foreign Office, led by Palmerston, stood opposed and sought peace. The Chinese government refused to change, and interdicted the British smugglers bringing in opium from India, which

4752-485: The Hart's enquiry ? (1964) but it has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. Essien notes that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities. He also says that the Uruan had a saying, "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted as "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it." He says further that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan

4884-752: The November Uprising of 1830. Palmerston's overall policy was to safeguard British interests, maintain peace, keep the balance of power, and retain the status quo in Europe. He had no grievance against Russia and while he privately sympathised with the Polish cause, in his role as foreign minister he rejected Polish demands. With serious trouble simultaneously taking place in Belgium and Italy, and lesser issues in Greece and Portugal, he sought to de-escalate European tensions rather than aggravate them, favouring

5016-589: The Peerage of Ireland , although he rarely visited Ireland . His father was Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston (1739–1802), an Anglo-Irish peer, and his mother was Mary (1752–1805), a daughter of Benjamin Mee, a London merchant. From 1792 to 1794, he accompanied his family on a long Continental tour. While in Italy, Palmerston acquired an Italian tutor, who taught him to speak and write fluent Italian. The family owned

5148-525: The Whigs in 1830, and became the first prime minister from the newly formed Liberal Party in 1859. He was highly popular with the British public. David Brown argues that "an important part of Palmerston's appeal lay in his dynamism and vigour". Temple succeeded to his father 's Irish peerage (which did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords , leaving him eligible to sit in the House of Commons ) as

5280-488: The balance of power (which provided Britain with decisive agency in many conflicts), and his commitment to British interests. His policies in relation to India, China, Italy, Belgium and Spain had extensive long-lasting beneficial consequences for Britain. However, Palmerston's leadership during the Opium Wars was questioned and denounced by other prominent statesmen such as William Ewart Gladstone . The consequences of

5412-548: The 19th century, the British renamed these as Creek Town, Old Town and Duke Town. The traditional Efik religion considers that Abasi created the universe. One tradition says that Abasi's wife Atai persuaded him to let two of their children, a daughter and son, settle on the earth. They were not allowed to breed, but disobeyed this injunction and became the ancestors of the Efik people. Another version says that Abasi created two people, and did not allow them to breed. When they disobeyed this order, in punishment, Abasi let loose death on

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5544-439: The 3rd Viscount Palmerston in 1802. He became a Tory MP in 1807. From 1809 to 1828 he was Secretary at War , organising the finances of the army. He first attained Cabinet rank in 1827, when George Canning became prime minister, but he resigned from office one year later. He was Foreign Secretary 1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851. In this office, Palmerston responded effectively to a series of conflicts in Europe. In 1852,

5676-515: The Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. Due to

5808-451: The British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. The first missionaries arrived in 1846. Among these missionaries were Rev. Hope Waddell, Samuel Edgerley and four others. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. Among these laws were

5940-564: The Efik as travellers who passed through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory was Consul Hutchinson who stated in 1858, "The present inhabitants of Duke town , Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River." Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Jeffreys said, "There

6072-507: The Efik gave them food and showed them hospitality. At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose and fought back. A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). Oku attests that it

6204-587: The Efik sought to leave these islands. There are said to have been at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first, settling in their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi, led by

6336-599: The Efrik earlier migrations. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by explorers and missionaries. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived in Uruan in four groups i.e. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. At Uruan, they were ruled by

6468-460: The Egbo institution was adopted. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Cameroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V . King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to

6600-522: The Exchequer , then a less important office than it was to become later. But Palmerston preferred the non-cabinet office of Secretary at War , charged exclusively with the financial business of the army. He served in that post for almost 20 years. On 1 April 1818, a retired officer on half-pay, Lieutenant David Davies, who had a grievance about his application from the War Office for a pension and

6732-676: The House of Commons in 1799, where the young Palmerston shook hands with the prime minister, William Pitt the Younger . Temple was then at the University of Edinburgh (1800–1803), where he learnt political economy from Dugald Stewart , a friend of the Scottish philosophers Adam Ferguson and Adam Smith . Temple later described his time at Edinburgh as producing "whatever useful knowledge and habits of mind I possess". Lord Minto wrote to

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6864-489: The Ibibio. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to " Tyrants " or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town. The predominant paternal haplogroup among the Efik is E1b1a1-M2 . The ancestors of the Efik originally came from Northeast Africa and moved around the Green Sahara . The gradual movement of

6996-698: The Netherlands was rent in half by the Belgian Revolution , the Kingdom of Portugal was the scene of civil war , and the Spanish were about to place an infant princess on the throne. Poland was in arms against the Russian Empire , while the northern powers (Russia, Prussia , and Austria ) formed a closer alliance that seemed to threaten the peace and liberties of Europe. Polish exiles called on Britain to intervene against Russia during

7128-583: The Nile. He regarded the maintenance of the authority of the Sublime Porte as the chief barrier against both these developments. Palmerston had long maintained a suspicious and hostile attitude towards Russia, whose autocratic government offended his liberal principles and whose ever-growing size challenged the strength of the British Empire. He was angered by the 1833 Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi ,

7260-666: The Proto Efik to the Cross River Region may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE . The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. While some explorers describe

7392-535: The Tory government made some ground, with George Canning becoming Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons , William Huskisson advocating and applying the doctrines of free trade, and Catholic emancipation emerging as an open question. Although Palmerston was not in the Cabinet, he cordially supported the measures of Canning and his friends. Upon the retirement of Lord Liverpool in April 1827, Canning

7524-460: The arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar

7656-630: The attack by peroration with reference to the ambitions of Napoleon to take control of the Danish fleet: it is defensible on the ground that the enormous power of France enables her to coerce the weaker state to become an enemy of England... It is the law of self-preservation that England appeals for the justification of her proceedings. It is admitted by the honourable gentleman and his supporters, that if Denmark had evidenced any hostility towards this country, then we should have been justified in measures of retaliation... Denmark coerced into hostility stands in

7788-575: The business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river . Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese , Dutch , English and French . Etymology The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress ). The first letter of the word

7920-416: The cabinet. Palmerston held that "if we can procure for it ten years of peace under the joint protection of the five Powers, and if those years are profitably employed in reorganizing the internal system of the empire, there is no reason whatever why it should not become again a respectable Power" and challenged the metaphor that an old country, such as Turkey should be in such disrepair as would be warranted by

8052-399: The canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders, such as Eniong , Ndokki and Arochukwu. Prior to

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8184-509: The chief until the murderers were brought to justice. The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. Cannons were shot at

8316-402: The chiefs requested British protection for Calabar, but the reply from Lord Palmerston , received in 1848, was that it was not necessary or advisable to grant the request. The British said they would treat the people of Calabar favorably if they would give up their practice of human sacrifice. At the time, it was common for wives and slaves of an important man to be sacrificed upon his death. On

8448-492: The closest males in the lines of succession. Palmerston conceived and executed the plan of a Quadruple Alliance of the constitutional states (Britain, France, Spain & Portugal) to serve as a counterpoise to the reactionary alliance. A treaty for the pacification of the Peninsula was signed in London on 22 April 1834 and, although the struggle was somewhat prolonged in Spain, it accomplished its objective. France had been

8580-407: The colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. Efik populations are found in the following regions: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston , (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865), known as Lord Palmerston , was a British statesman and politician who

8712-466: The comparison: "Half the wrong conclusions at which mankind arrive are reached by the abuse of metaphors, and by mistaking general resemblance or imaginary similarity for real identity." However, when the power of Muhammad Ali appeared to threaten the existence of the Ottoman dynasty, particularly given the death of Sultan Mahmud II on 1 July 1839, he succeeded in bringing the great powers together to sign

8844-683: The conquest of India have been reconsidered by more recent scholarship weighing the burdens placed on India in colonial rule and British uncertainty on proper governance. The consequences of his policies towards France , the Ottoman Empire , and the United States proved more ephemeral. Henry John Temple was born in his family's Westminster house to the Irish branch of the Temple family on 20 October 1784. His family derived their title from

8976-528: The conventional consultation of the Board of Trade , and gave instruction to assist with the construction of an Anglican church in the city, under the prompting influences of Lord Shaftesbury , a prominent Christian Zionist . China restricted outside trade under the Canton System to only one port and refused all official diplomatic relations except to tributary countries. In 1833–1835, as London ended

9108-444: The death of King Eyamba in 1847, it was proposed that King Eyo become sole ruler, which the British favored. However, Duke Town's leaders did not agree, and selected Archibong Duke as the new king. In 1850, both kings agreed to suppress human sacrifice. British influence continued to grow, as did acceptance of Christianity. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. King Archibong III of Calabar Kingdom

9240-504: The defence of the Ottoman Empire became one of the cardinal objects of his policy. He believed in the regeneration of Turkey, as he wrote to Henry Bulwer (Lord Dalling): "All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire, and its being a dead body or a sapless trunk, and so forth, is pure unadulterated nonsense." His two great aims were to prevent Russia establishing itself on the Bosporus and to prevent France doing likewise on

9372-408: The development of the Efik society. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade where they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into

9504-528: The dispute escalated. Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ekọñ Abasi-Anwan ). The Efik subsequently left the Uruan country. On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene. It is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik (or English: Old Efik island ). Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. The island is believed to be named after

9636-666: The earth. The religion places importance on paying tribute to the village ancestors, particularly those who achieved high rank, since they can affect the fortunes of the living for good or bad. The earth deity Ala is appeased through the Ogbom ceremony, which makes children plentiful and increases the harvest. Some Efik belong to the Ekpe secret society. They made detailed wood carvings, masks, and accouterments that are considered complex works of art. Efik sacred ceremonies include drumming and music as important elements. The coast in this region

9768-475: The end the British policy prevailed. Although the continent had been close to war, peace was maintained on London's terms and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg , the widower of a British princess, was placed upon the throne of Belgium. Fishman says that the London Conference was "an extraordinarily successful conference" because it "provided the institutional framework through which the leading powers of

9900-1210: The fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. Plenty sugar cane lives here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. What I want for dollar side

10032-453: The first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of

10164-458: The first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons." Simmons assertion, which he made in his 1958 dissertation, is repeated in similar form at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not mention he Efut. The actual and aboriginal occupants of present day Calabar were the Ijaws who at

10296-591: The following chiefs: Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. The Efik often anglicised their names to gain the trust of European traders. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in

10428-561: The great interests of Europe require that we should be so....No ideas therefore of fairness towards Mehemet ought to stand in the way of such great and paramount interests." Having closer ties to the wali than most, France refused to be a party to coercive measures against him despite having signed the note in the previous year. Palmerston, irritated at France's Egyptian policy, signed the London Convention of 15 July 1840 in London with Austria , Russia , and Prussia – without

10560-470: The horrible moral evils of opium which the Chinese government was valiantly trying to stamp out. Meanwhile, he manipulated information and public opinion to enhance his control of his department, including controlling communications within the office and to other officials. He leaked secrets to the press, published selected documents, and released letters to give himself more control and more publicity, all

10692-472: The immorality of the opium trade. Palmerston's biographer, Jasper Ridley , outlines the government's position: An entirely opposite British viewpoint was promoted by humanitarians and reformers such as the Chartists and religious nonconformists led by young William Ewart Gladstone . They argued that Palmerston was only interested in the huge profits it would bring Britain, and was totally oblivious to

10824-511: The knowledge of the French government. This measure was taken with great hesitation, and strong opposition on the part of several members of the cabinet. Palmerston forced the measure through in part by declaring in a letter to the prime minister, Lord Melbourne , that he would resign from the ministry if his policy were not adopted. The London Convention granted Muhammad Ali hereditary rule in Egypt in return for withdrawal from Syria and Lebanon, but

10956-574: The leaders of Old Town would be invited onboard their ships to settle the dispute; guarantees of their safety were made. When the leaders of Old Town came aboard the ships, they were seized, with some being kept as slaves while others were handed over to the leaders of Duke Town, who ordered their execution. The British outlawed their involvement in the slave trade in 1807, though slave traders from other European nations, such as Spain , continued to buy slaves at Calabar until 1841. In that year, King Eyamba V of Duke Town and King Eyo of Creek Town signed

11088-478: The most cordial understanding between the two governments, and the irritation which Palmerston had inflamed gradually subsided. During the administration of Sir Robert Peel , Palmerston led a retired life, but he attacked with characteristic bitterness the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with the United States. It resolved several Canadian boundary disputes with the United States, particularly

11220-470: The most powerful people in the region. Dukes Town is believed to have been founded in about 1650 according to historians Ekei Essien Oku and Efiong U. Aye. Akwa Akpa, also known as Duke Town to the British, became a center of the Atlantic slave trade , where slaves were exchanged for European goods. Igbo people formed the majority of enslaved Africans which were sold as slaves from Calabar, despite forming

11352-453: The names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim, which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo

11484-418: The point in 1830, when his party allegiance changed. In November 1830 he accepted an offer from Lord Grey to join his new government as Foreign Secretary. Palmerston entered the office of Foreign Secretary with great energy and continued to exert his influence there for twenty years; he held it from 1830 to 1834 (his apprentice years ), 1835 to 1841, and 1846 to 1851. Basically, Palmerston was responsible for

11616-515: The political leadership distrusted him, he received and sustained the favour of the press and the populace, from whom he received the affectionate sobriquet "Pam". Palmerston's alleged weaknesses included mishandling of personal relations, and continual disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy. Historians rank Palmerston as one of the greatest foreign secretaries, due to his handling of great crises, his commitment to

11748-467: The priest-king Eyo Ema Atai . It is uncertain what year the Efik arrived at Creek Town. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. K.K. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of

11880-518: The pronunciation of the last R letter consonat the word CALABAR would perfectly be pronounced as KALABARI . Within the 1600s at about 1620, the Dutch came and dislodged the Portuguese and pronounced the word Calabar as KALABAH in Dutch accent and due to harsh treatment by the Dutch on the people, the Ijaws fled and abandoned the place to settle among their brothers westward. There they a new Kalabari

12012-506: The ruler alternated between the two communities. Efik people The bulk of the Efiks can be found in Calabar and the southern part of Cross River State . Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town , Creek Town , Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. The term "Calabar people"

12144-433: The same position as Denmark voluntarily hostile, when the law of self-preservation comes into play...Does anyone believe that Buonaparte will be restrained by any considerations of justice from acting towards Denmark as he has done towards other countries? ... England, according to that law of self-preservation which is a fundamental principle of the law of nations, is justified in securing, and therefore enforcing, from Denmark

12276-462: The security of Britain, but any solution was not straightforward. On the one hand, the reactionary powers were anxious to defend William I; on the other, many Belgian revolutionaries, like Charles de Brouckère and Charles Rogier , supported the reunion of the Belgian provinces to France, whereas Britain favoured Dutch, not French influence, on an independent state. The British policy which emerged

12408-553: The seven Efik clans. The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans , Lebanese , Cameroonians , Jamaicans and several other communities. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to

12540-407: The seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that, by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. There are different versions of the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that

12672-454: The south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east, and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. Internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century during

12804-482: The time safeguarded the peace of Europe." Thereafter, despite a Dutch invasion and French counter-invasion in 1831, France and Britain framed and signed a treaty settlement between Belgium and the Netherlands, inducing the three reactionary powers to accede to it as well; while in Palmerston's second period of office, as his authority grew, he was able to finally settle relations between Belgium and Holland with

12936-478: The time were known as Kalabari. The Efik were their neighbors and they mostly lived at Atakpa. These group called Kalabari may have migrated from the Andoni fringe to settle there. They were the people met by the Portuguese and documented as CALABAR in Portuguese documentation Calabar was pronounced as KALABARI. It is worthy to know that the Portuguese do not have letter K and C is used for every letter K sound. And with

13068-582: The town and every house was levelled to the ground. It took several years before the town was rebuilt. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a Benue–Congo language of the Cross River family . Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross River region. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo , Oron , Efut, Okoyong , Efiat and Ekoi (Qua) . The Efik language

13200-473: The town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. Although Duke town

13332-429: The traditional custom of killing twins, considered to be unlucky, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in escaping from Creek town to go to Nsutana. Nsutana was an where twins were traditionally abandoned to die. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them for years. When the twins were older, they went to the opposite end of the island to Duke town. The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw

13464-471: The twins approaching and fled in terror, saying "Mbiomo oduk ine" (English: A curse has befallen our fishing sites ). The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. The Efik acted as the middlemen between Europeans and the inland slave traders. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been

13596-604: The two-member constituency so as to ensure a Tory was elected. Palmerston entered Parliament as Tory MP for the pocket borough of Newport on the Isle of Wight in June 1807. On 3 February 1808, he spoke in support of confidentiality in the working of diplomacy, and of the bombardment of Copenhagen and the capture and destruction of the Royal Danish Navy by the Royal Navy in the Battle of Copenhagen . Denmark

13728-478: The west. Rulers of the city state, and successors in the traditional state, were: In 1903 the British made an agreement with the Efik Kings that they would no longer use title of King (Edidem), but instead as titular rulers would have the title Obong of Calabar. In December 1970 it was agreed that a single ruler should represent the Efik people, rather than two (one for Creek Town and one for Duke Town), with

13860-540: The while stirring up British nationalism. He feuded with The Times , edited by Thomas Barnes , which did not play along with his propaganda ploys. In 1839, Palmerston married his mistress of many years, the noted Whig hostess Emily Lamb , widow of Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper (1778–1837) and sister of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne , prime minister (1834 and 1835–1841). They had no legitimate children, although at least one of Lord Cowper's putative children, Lady Emily Cowper,

13992-458: The whole of British foreign policy from the time of the French and Belgian Revolutions of 1830 until December 1851. His abrasive style would earn him the nickname "Lord Pumice Stone", and his manner of dealing with foreign governments who crossed him, especially in his later years, was the original " gunboat diplomacy ". The Revolutions of 1830 gave a jolt to the settled European system that had been created in 1814–1815. The United Kingdom of

14124-541: The wife of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury , was widely believed to have been fathered by Palmerston. Palmerston resided at Brocket Hall in Hertfordshire , his wife's inheritance. His London townhouse was Cambridge House on Piccadilly in Mayfair . Emily's son-in-law, |Lord Shaftesbury wrote: "His attentions to Lady Palmerston, when they both of them were well stricken in years, were those of

14256-474: The young Palmerston's parents that Henry Temple was well-mannered and charming. Stewart wrote to a friend, saying of Temple: "In point of temper and conduct he is everything his friends could wish. Indeed, I cannot say that I have ever seen a more faultless character at this time of life, or one possessed of more amiable dispositions." Henry Temple succeeded his father to the title of Viscount Palmerston on 17 April 1802, before he had turned 18. He also inherited

14388-729: Was Karl Marx , who stated "from the time of Peter the Great until the Crimean War, there was a secret agreement between the London and St. Petersburg offices, and that Palmerston was a corrupt tool of the Tsar's policy" Despite his popular reputation he was hesitant in 1831 about aiding the Sultan Mahmud II , who was under threat from Muhammad Ali , the wali of Egypt. Later, after Russian successes, in 1833 and 1835 he made proposals to afford material aid, which were overruled by

14520-540: Was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1855 to 1858 and from 1859 to 1865. A member of the Liberal Party , Palmerston was the first Liberal Prime Minister, and he dominated British foreign policy from 1830 to 1865, when Britain stood at the height of its imperial power. He held office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory , defected to

14652-614: Was "the pivot of my foreign policy", the differences between the two countries grew into a constant but sterile rivalry that brought benefit to neither. Palmerston was greatly interested by the Eastern question . During the Greek War of Independence he had energetically supported the Greek cause and backed the Treaty of Constantinople that gave Greece its independence. However, from 1830

14784-498: Was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities and capturing slaves in raids. In the latter case, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar, where they were sold. A testimony by Isaac Parker,

14916-466: Was a close alliance with France , but one subject to the balance of power on the Continent, and in particular the preservation of Belgian independence. If the reactionary powers supported William I by force, they would encounter the resistance of France and Britain united in arms. If France sought to annex Belgium, it would forfeit the British alliance and find herself opposed by the whole of Europe. In

15048-598: Was also mentally ill, shot Palmerston as he walked up the stairs of the War Office. The bullet only grazed his back and the wound was slight. After learning of Davies' illness, Palmerston paid for his legal defence at the trial, and Davies was sent to Bethlem Royal Hospital . After the suicide of Lord Castlereagh in 1822, Lord Liverpool , who was Prime Minister had to hold together the Tory Cabinet which began to split along political lines. The more liberal wing of

15180-592: Was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. During

15312-508: Was banned in China. Britain responded with military force in the First Opium War , 1839–1842, which ended in a decisive British victory. Under the Treaty of Nanjing , China paid an indemnity and opened five treaty ports to world trade. In those ports there would be extraterritorial rights for British citizens. Palmerston thus achieved his main goals of diplomatic equality and opening China to trade. However his angry critics focused on

15444-508: Was called to be prime minister. The more conservative Tories, including Sir Robert Peel , withdrew their support, and an alliance was formed between the liberal members of the late ministry and the Whigs. The post of Chancellor of the Exchequer was offered to Palmerston, who accepted it, but this appointment was frustrated by some intrigue between King George IV and John Charles Herries . Lord Palmerston remained Secretary at War, though he gained

15576-490: Was crowned in 1878 with a regalia sent directly by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. From 1884 until 1906 Old Calabar was the headquarters of the Niger Coast Protectorate , after which Lagos became the main center. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt , 145 km to

15708-533: Was declared on France in 1803, Palmerston joined the Volunteers mustered to oppose a French invasion , being one of the three officers in the unit for St John's College. He was also appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of the Romsey Volunteers. In February 1806, Palmerston was defeated in the election for the University of Cambridge constituency . In November he was elected for Horsham but

15840-607: Was formed which became New Calabar. The Efik at Atakpa moved to Calabar during the Dutch era and later the English came and dislodged the Dutch and maintained the Dutch pronunciation of Calabar as KALABAH . In his 2000 work, Aye does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. There does seem to be consensus that the Efik arrived at Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai, together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in

15972-526: Was in the opposition. The Great Reform Act passed Parliament in 1832. Following his move to opposition Palmerston appears to have focused closely on foreign policy. He had already urged Wellington into active interference in the Greek War of Independence , and he had made several visits to Paris , where he foresaw with great accuracy the impending overthrow of the Bourbons . On 1 June 1829 he made his first great speech on foreign affairs. Lord Palmerston

16104-411: Was named "Calabar" by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cao . His reason for choosing this name is unknown, since it was not used by the Efik people. The city of Akwa Akpa was founded by Efik families who had left Creek Town, further up the Calabar river , settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate the slave trade with European vessels that anchored in the river. They soon became

16236-475: Was neutral but Napoleon had recently agreed with the Russians in the Treaty of Tilsit to build a naval alliance against Britain, including using the Danish navy for invading Britain. Pre-empting this, the British offered Denmark the choice of temporarily handing over its navy until the war's end or the destruction of their navy. The Danes refused to comply and so Copenhagen was bombarded. Palmerston justified

16368-517: Was no orator; his language was unstudied, and his delivery somewhat embarrassed; but generally he found the words to say the right thing at the right time, and to address the House of Commons in the language best adapted to the capacity and the temper of his audience. in September 1830, Wellington tried to induce Palmerston to re-enter the cabinet, but he refused to do so without Lord Lansdowne and Lord Grey , two notable Whigs. This can be said to be

16500-789: Was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik ) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik ). The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of

16632-566: Was past, but the change which took place by the substitution of François Guizot for Adolphe Thiers in France, and of Lord Aberdeen for Palmerston in Britain kept the peace. Palmerston believed that peace with France was not to be relied on, and indeed that war between the two countries was sooner or later inevitable. Aberdeen and Guizot inaugurated a different policy: by mutual confidence and friendly offices, they entirely succeeded in restoring

16764-466: Was rejected by the pasha. The European powers intervened with force, and the bombardment of Beirut , the fall of Acre , and the total collapse of Muhammad Ali's power followed in rapid succession. Palmerston's policy was triumphant, and the author of it had won a reputation as one of the most powerful statesmen of the age. In September 1838, Palmerston appointed a British consul in Jerusalem, without

16896-550: Was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. It is believed that many of the Abayen clan had died from crocodile attacks at Ndodoghi. Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi,

17028-499: Was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene, as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku nọ enye ikañ, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"'(or English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he

17160-745: Was unseated in January 1807, when the Whig majority in the Commons voted for a petition to unseat him. Due to the patronage of Lord Chichester and Lord Malmesbury , Palmerston was given the post of Junior Lord of the Admiralty in the ministry of the Duke of Portland . He stood again for the Cambridge seat in May , but lost by three votes after he advised his supporters to vote for the other Tory candidate in

17292-549: Was unseemly to relieve the "imaginary grievances" of the Dissenters from the established church while at the same time "real afflictions pressed upon the Catholics" of Great Britain. Palmerston also supported parliamentary reform. One of his biographers has stated that: "Like many Pittites, now labelled tories, he was a good whig at heart." The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 finally passed Parliament in 1829 when Palmerston

17424-497: Was written in 1770. The diary of Antera Duke , an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. The Ekpe society

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