34-691: Older Scots refers to the following periods in the history of the Scots language The online Dictionary of the Scots Language includes the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue . History of the Scots language The history of the Scots language refers to how Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland developed into modern Scots . Speakers of Northumbrian Old English settled in south-eastern Scotland in
68-582: A lingua franca by the end of the 13th century. The growth in prestige of English in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland's Royal Court, made English the prestige language of most of eastern Scotland. Divergence from Northumbrian Middle English was influenced by the Norse of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speaking immigrants from the North and Midlands of England during
102-694: A forest . In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888 Huntingdonshire became an administrative county , with the newly-formed Huntingdonshire County Council taking over administrative functions from the Quarter Sessions . The area in the north of the county forming part of the municipal borough of Peterborough became instead part of the Soke of Peterborough , an administrative county in Northamptonshire . In 1965, under
136-510: A few words in Latin documents. Northumbrian Old English had been established in south-eastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the 7th century. It remained largely confined to this area until the 13th century, continuing in common use while Scottish Gaelic was the court language until displaced by Norman French in the early 12th century. English then spread further into Scotland via
170-719: A gold and beribboned hunting horn on a green field, was registered by the Flag Institute in June 2009. Huntingdonshire District Council's headquarters are located in Pathfinder House in Huntingdon. The council consists of 52 councillors. Until 2018, district council elections were held in three out of every four years, with a third of the 52 council seats coming up each time. Elections since have been held for all seats every four years. The Conservative party had
204-435: A majority on the council from 1976 until 2022, after which a joint administration took control of the council. Huntingdonshire is the birthplace of bandy , now an IOC accepted sport. According to documents from 1813, Bury Fen Bandy Club was undefeated for 100 years. A club member, Charles Tebbutt , wrote the first official rules in 1882 and helped to spread the sport to other countries. Huntingdonshire County Cricket Club
238-646: A recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England , Huntingdonshire was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough . The Lieutenancy county was also merged. At the same time, St Neots was expanded westwards over the river into Eaton Ford and Eaton Socon in Bedfordshire . In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 , Huntingdon and Peterborough merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely to form
272-616: Is served by BBC East and ITV Anglia broadcasting from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter. Radio stations for the area are BBC Radio Cambridgeshire , Heart East , Greatest Hits Radio East , Star Radio and HCR FM , a community based station that broadcast from its studios in Huntingdon . The Hunts Post is the local weekly newspaper. The whole district is divided into civil parishes . The parish councils for Godmanchester, Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Ives and St Neots take
306-542: Is taken to be one of the 20 minor counties of English and Welsh cricket , but it has never played in the Minor Counties Championship . It has its own Cricket Board and played in the English domestic one-day competition from 1999 to 2003.The county played seven List A matches during this period, with the final List A match it played coming against Cheshire . In terms of television, Huntingdonshire
340-891: The Anglo-Danish of Yorkshire introduced some four hundred years later, which would explain the Norse elements in Early Scots which are lacking in Northumbrian Old English . According to linguist Paul Johnston, Scots descends "from a radically restructured, Norse-influence Northumbrian going back to the Danelaw proper as much as from the original dialects of the Bernician settlers." Further Scandinavian influence could have come about through Scotland's trade contacts with Norway. Current insights into pre-literary Scots stem largely from place-names, archaeology, and
374-538: The Columban Church the Gaelic language slowly moved eastwards and southwards across the lowlands. When Northumbrian lands were incorporated into Scotland in the 11th century Gaelic became the prestige language there and had some influence, but the south east remained largely English speaking. In the far north, Viking incursions brought Old Norse speakers into Caithness , Orkney , and Shetland . Scholars of
SECTION 10
#1732766278463408-671: The Firth of Forth "divides the kingdoms of the Scots and of the English". Most of the evidence suggests that English spread further into Scotland via the burghs, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King David I . Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from Northumbria and the Earldom of Huntingdon ), Flemish and French. Although the military aristocracy employed French and Gaelic, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than
442-630: The Union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scots speaking gentry had increasing contact with English speakers and began to remodel their speech on that of their English peers. It was this remodelling that eventually led to the formation of Scottish English . From 1610 to the 1690s during the Plantation of Ulster some 200,000 Scots settled in the north of Ireland taking what were to become Ulster Scots dialects with them. Most of these Scots came from counties in
476-486: The burgh . After the 12th century early northern Middle English began to spread north and eastwards. It was from this dialect that Early Scots , known to its speakers as "English" ( Inglis ), began to develop, which is why in the late 12th century Adam of Dryburgh described his locality as "in the land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots" and why the early 13th century author of de Situ Albanie thought that
510-500: The language generally use the following chronology: The nature of early forms of the language are obscure due to Viking plundering and destruction, Edward I of England 's removal of the national records and their subsequent loss, the destruction of the monasteries in border warfare, and vandalism during the Reformation . It is difficult to assess whether Scots descends largely from the Northumbrian Old English of Lothian or
544-732: The 12th and 13th centuries, Dutch and Middle Low German through trade and immigration from the low countries, and Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin , Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance . Some loan words entered the language resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic , often for geographical features such as ben , glen , crag , loch and strath ; however, there are several others like bog from bog (moist or damp), twig (catch on) from tuig (understand), galore (lots of) from gu leòr (plenty), boose or buss from bus (mouth), and whisky from uisge-beatha (water of life). Eventually
578-588: The 7th century, at which time Cumbric was spoken in the south of Scotland up to the Forth-Clyde isthmus, and the possibly related Pictish was spoken further north. At the same time Gaelic speakers began to spread from the Western Coast of Scotland north of the Clyde into the east. Over the next five hundred years with the founding of Scotland and spread of Christianity across the north of Britain by
612-662: The Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung and Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin . In 1560 an English herald spoke to Mary of Guise and her councillors, at first they talked in the "Scottish tongue" but because he could not understand they continued in French. By this time Scots had diverged significantly from its neighbour south of
646-472: The Scots Language was accompanied by a renewed interest in Scots among the middle and upper classes. In this period the absence of an official standard or socially acceptable norm led to further dialect divergence. Huntingdonshire Huntingdonshire ( / ˈ h ʌ n t ɪ ŋ d ən ʃ ər , - ʃ ɪər / ; abbreviated Hunts ) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire , England, which
680-490: The border and had become the vehicle for an extensive and diverse national literature . Free variation was a prominent and important feature of the Middle Scots spelling system, however, all writers displayed some greater or lesser degree of consistency in their spelling habits. A literary standard applied but it was less than uniform. From the middle of the 16th century Scots began to become increasingly Anglicized . At
714-807: The commission for reconsideration in 1995. The commission recommended the creation of a Peterborough unitary authority, but proposed that Huntingdonshire remain part of the shire county of Cambridgeshire, noting that "there was no exceptional county allegiance to Huntingdonshire, as had been perceived in Rutland and Herefordshire." David McKie writing in The Guardian in October 1994 noted that "Writers-in demanded an independent Huntingdon; but MORI's more broadly based poll showed that most Huntingdonians – that is, most of [Prime Minister] John Major 's electors – were content to stay part of Cambridgeshire." After
SECTION 20
#1732766278463748-752: The district council. Original historical documents relating to Huntingdonshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Huntingdon . The Local Government Boundary Commission for England (1992) considered in the 1990s the case for making a Huntingdonshire unitary authority as part of a general structural review of English local government that led to unitary authorities in two other English counties that had been abolished: Rutland and Herefordshire . The Draft Recommendations envisaged three possible scenarios for structural change in Cambridgeshire:
782-536: The early 16th century what was then called Inglis had become the language of government, and its speakers started to refer to it as Scottis and to Scottish Gaelic, which had previously been titled Scottis , as Erse ( Irish ). The first known instance of this was by Adam Loutfut c. 1494. In 1559 William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, two of which were Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for
816-489: The failure to revive the unitary authority, a Huntingdonshire Society was set up to promote awareness of Huntingdonshire as a historic county and campaign for its reinstatement as an administrative and ceremonial entity. In 2002 it established an annual "Huntingdonshire Day" on 25 April, the birthday of Oliver Cromwell . After a campaign by the Huntingdonshire Society, the county flag of Huntingdonshire ,
850-413: The formalities of proper English. However, this status was not universally accepted by all educated Scots of the period and a new literary Scots came into being. Unlike Middle Scots, it was usually based on contemporary colloquial speech. Its orthography was generally an adaptation of the imported standard, though some orthographic features from Middle Scots continued to be used. This modern literary Scots
884-510: The largest towns are Huntingdon (25,428), St Ives (16,815), and Yaxley (9,174 in 2011). The district council is based in Huntingdon . Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. It was divided into four hundreds . The county did not have an independent sheriff, instead being combined with neighbouring Cambridgeshire. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county when they were established in 1889. In 1965 it
918-595: The new non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire . A Huntingdon district was created based closely on the former administrative county borders, with the exclusion of the Old Fletton urban district, which became part of the Peterborough district, as did the part of Norman Cross Rural District in Peterborough New Town. The district was renamed Huntingdonshire on 1 October 1984 by a resolution of
952-553: The preferred option and the third option had a unitary Huntingdonshire, whilst the second option would have seen Huntingdonshire combine with Peterborough and Fenland to form a "Peterborough and Huntingdonshire" unitary authority. The Final Recommendations of the Commission for Cambridgeshire recommended no change in the status quo in Cambridgeshire. The districts of Peterborough and Huntingdonshire were referred back to
986-548: The royal court and barons all spoke Inglis . Further spreading of the language eventually led to Scottish Gaelic being confined mostly to the highlands and islands by the end of the Middle Ages, although some lowland areas, notably in Galloway and Carrick , retained the language until the 17th or 18th century. From the late 14th century even Latin was replaced by Inglis as the language of officialdom and literature. By
1020-642: The time of King James I , the King James version of the Bible and other editions of the Scripture printed in English became popular. By the late 16th century almost all writing was composed in a mixture of Scots and English spellings, the English forms slowly becoming more common so that by the end of the 17th century Scots spellings had almost disappeared completely. This process took slightly longer in unpublished vernacular literature and official records. After
1054-648: The west of Scotland, such as Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, and Galloway, but others came from the Borders. The Ulster-Scots language has been greatly influenced in pronunciation by Hiberno-English . Additionally, it has loan-words from Irish . In the 18th century 'polite society' now considered Scots as 'provincial and unrefined' and much of the gentry endeavoured to rid itself of the former national tongue. Elocutionists such as Thomas Sheridan and John Walker were employed to teach Scots, both in London and Scotland,
Older Scots - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-437: Was historically a county in its own right. It borders Peterborough to the north, Fenland to the north-east, East Cambridgeshire to the east, South Cambridgeshire to the south-east, Central Bedfordshire and Bedford to the south-west, and North Northamptonshire to the west. The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census , and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km ). After St Neots (33,410),
1122-413: Was exemplified by Allan Ramsay and his followers, and their successors such as Robert Burns . Many writers and publishers found it advantageous to use English forms and copious apostrophes to secure a larger English readership unfamiliar with Scots. The pronunciation undoubtedly remained Scots as the rhymes reveal. Early in the 19th century the publication of John Jamieson 's Etymological Dictionary of
1156-564: Was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough , which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district. The area corresponding to modern Huntingdonshire was first delimited in Anglo-Saxon times. Its boundaries have remained largely unchanged since the 10th century, although it lost its administrative function in 1974. On his accession in 1154 Henry II declared all Huntingdonshire
#462537