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86-686: The U.S. Navy already had a record of earlier exploration in Antarctica. As early as 1839, Captain Charles Wilkes led the first U.S. Naval expedition into Antarctic waters. In 1929, Admiral Richard E. Byrd established a naval base at Little America I, led an expedition to explore further inland, and conducted the first flight over the South Pole. From 1934 to 1935, the second Byrd Expedition explored much further inland and also "wintered over". The third Byrd Expedition in 1940 charted

172-474: A French Huguenots settlement. Charles became himself fluent, which served him throughout his career, including in dealing with officials during an extended stay in Europe in 1830 and 1831. His fluency was also demonstrated during his exploration of Puget Sound in 1841 with French-speaking guide Simon Plamondon. Seton later converted to Roman Catholicism , becoming the first American-born woman canonized

258-423: A mineralogist , taxidermists , artists, and a philologist , and it was carried by USS  Vincennes (780 tons) and USS  Peacock (650 tons), the brig USS  Porpoise (230 tons), the store-ship USS  Relief , and two schooners , USS  Sea Gull (110 tons) and USS  Flying Fish (96 tons). Departing from Hampton Roads on August 18, 1838, the expedition stopped at

344-704: A contract period of 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 years. Charles Wilkes Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer, ship's captain, and explorer . He led the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–1842). During the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865, he commanded USS  San Jacinto during the Trent Affair in which he stopped a Royal Mail ship and removed two Confederate diplomats, which almost led to war between

430-530: A dark teen comedy dealing with murder and suicide. The version over the opening credits is performed by Syd Straw and the version over the ending credits is performed by Sly and the Family Stone . In Gilmore Girls , the song appeared in a Season 2 episode as a musical cue to juxtapose Lorelai falling through their termite-ridden porch. In 2009, the song appeared in a climactic scene in Mary and Max as Mary

516-578: A family motto by either John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford , or his son, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford . It may have been adopted by the elder Russell after his experience at the Battle of Pavia (1525), and to be engraved on his tomb (1555 N.S. ). The 2nd Earl's adoption of the motto is commemorated in a manuscript dated 1582. Their successors—the Earls and, later, Dukes of Bedford, sixth creation , as well as other aristocratic families—continued to use

602-506: A key Confederate blockade runner base. The gunboats opened fire at the RMS Merlin . When Wilkes learned that James Murray Mason and John Slidell , two Confederate commissioners (to Britain and France, respectively), were bound for England on a British packet boat , RMS  Trent , he ordered the steam frigate San Jacinto to stop them. On November 8, 1861, San Jacinto met Trent and fired two shots across its bow, forcing

688-579: A newly recorded version, which was released by ABC via iTunes , and later adding "the whole digital mix with a radio mix and a dance mix". In the decades since the song's original release, "Que Sera, Sera" has been covered by dozens of artists. A 1969 cover sung by Mary Hopkin and produced by Paul McCartney reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 7 on the Adult Contemporary chart. A live version by Shakin' Stevens

774-453: A plot to assassinate a foreign prime minister. After foiling the assassination attempt, Jo and her husband are invited by the prime minister to the embassy, where they believe their young son is being held by the conspirators. Jo sits at a piano and plays "Que Sera, Sera", singing loudly in the hope of reaching her son. Upon hearing his mother play the familiar song, her son whistles along, allowing her husband to find and rescue him just before he

860-649: A popular celebratory football chant , especially in England , typically with the lyrics: Que sera sera, Whatever will be will be, We're going to Wembley, Que sera sera This would be sung by fans following a victory that progresses their favoured team to the next round of a competition that will ultimately lead them to Wembley Stadium (typically the FA Cup , the finals of which have been held in Wembley since 1923). Manchester United fans sang it before and during

946-649: A rerecorded version as the theme song for her sitcom The Doris Day Show . The 1999 Studio Ghibli film My Neighbors the Yamadas features a Japanese cover of the song toward the end of the film. Director Isao Takahata wrote the translation for the lyrics, with an arrangement by Neko Saitou. Versions of the song have appeared on a number of film and television soundtracks, often juxtaposed with dark or disastrous events to create an effect of black comedy . For example, in The Simpsons episode " Bart's Comet ",

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1032-645: A saint by the Catholic Church. When Elizabeth was left widowed with five children, Charles was sent to a boarding school , and later attended Columbia College , which is the present-day Columbia University . Wilkes entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1818, and became a lieutenant in 1826. In 1833, for his survey of Narragansett Bay , he was placed in charge of the Navy's Department of Charts and Instruments, out of which developed

1118-473: A variety of entities, including books, movies, restaurants, vacation rentals, airplanes, and race horses. The song originally appeared in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Man Who Knew Too Much , where it serves an important role in the film's plot. In the film, Day plays a retired popular singer, Jo Conway McKenna, who, along with her husband (played by Jimmy Stewart ) and son, becomes embroiled in

1204-636: A year. The actual transition to Air Guard control began in March 1996. By 1999, the United States Navy had transferred military support operations for Antarctica over to the United States Air Force and its contractor Raytheon Polar Services . Operation Deep Freeze was managed by the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard members of Air National Guard Detachment 13 , a subordinate unit which administratively reported directly to

1290-578: A young (~29) Nana Mouskouri performed a German version (Was sein soll, wird sein, though the "Spanish" phrase is also included), as part of a longer TV show nominally about the Oscars. In 1965, Swedish rock band Lenne and the Lee Kings recorded the song. Upon release as a single during the summer of that year, record label Gazell coupled it with the Titus Turner song " Sticks and Stones " on

1376-518: Is a song written by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans and first published in 1955. Doris Day introduced it in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), singing it as a cue to their onscreen kidnapped son. The three verses of the song progress through the life of the narrator—from childhood, through young adulthood and falling in love, to parenthood—and each asks "What will I be?" or "What lies ahead?" The chorus repeats

1462-536: Is about to commit suicide. In 1956, the song was covered by The Lennon Sisters on The Lawrence Welk Show . Although it was just another number in the show at the time, during recent years, the song has since gained millions of views on YouTube and is now regarded as a very notable version of the song. On December 21, 1996, it was covered by the Bina Vokalia Children's Choir under the direction of Pranadjaja on Dendang Buah Hati concert. This song

1548-428: Is always in an English-speaking context, and was evidently a word-for-word mistranslation of English "What will be will be", using the free relative pronoun what . In Spanish , Italian , French , or Portuguese , "what" must be translated as "that which" ( lo que, quel che, ce qui, o que ). The composer Jay Livingston had seen the 1954 Hollywood film The Barefoot Contessa , in which a fictional Italian family has

1634-561: The 1976 FA Cup Final . Although the song became more commonly used to associate a good cup run, Everton fans used it in 1963 to hail their soon to be crowned League Champions, using the phrase win the League instead of Wembley . "Wembley" may be sung with either melisma on the first syllable, or a schwa epenthesis (often respelled "Wemberley"). Other venues than Wembley may be substituted as appropriate, as when Republic of Ireland fans sang "We're going to Italy" when qualifying for

1720-528: The 1990 World Cup , or when fans of Millwall , about to exit the 2016–17 FA Cup , self-deprecatingly sang "We're going to Shrewsbury ", their unglamorous next League One fixture. In 1964, Day re-recorded the song for her 1964 children's album With a Smile and a Song . This version featured Jimmy Joyce and the Children's Chorus, recorded in July 1964, and issued by Columbia Records three months later as

1806-678: The Air Staff , and the United States Navy. Among other issues, it was difficult at first for the Air Guard to convince the Air Staff to commit long term resources to an area of the world that had not been declared a warfighting region because of international treaties. The Air Guard had supported military operations in Greenland and the Arctic (including classified U.S. Navy operations) since

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1892-676: The B-side . Although it failed to chart in native Sweden , it reached number 38 in Finland in August 1965. Both sides of the single were included on their 1966 album Stop The Music . In India , the song was first adapted in the Tamil -language film Aaravalli (1957). Later in 1965, the original version was sung by Bhanumathi in the Telugu -language film Thodu Needa , with minor changes in

1978-606: The Confederate commerce destroyer CSS  Sumter . As part of these duties, he visited the British colony of Bermuda in 1861. Acting on orders, Wilkes remained in port for nearly a week aboard his flagship , USS  Wachusett , violating the British rule that allowed American naval vessels (of either side) to remain in port for only a single day. While Wilkes remained in port, his gunboats USS  Tioga and USS  Sonoma blockaded Saint George's harbor,

2064-482: The Hawaiian Islands . In Fiji, the expedition kidnapped the chief Ro Veidovi, charging him with the murder of a crew of American whalers. And, in July 1840, two sailors, one of whom was Wilkes' nephew, Midshipman Wilkes Henry, were killed while bartering for food on Fiji 's Malolo Island. Wilkes' retribution was swift and severe. According to an old man from Malolo Island, nearly 80 Fijians were killed in

2150-749: The Madeira Islands and Rio de Janeiro ; visited Tierra del Fuego , Chile , Peru , the Tuamotu Archipelago, Samoa , and New South Wales ; from Sydney sailed into the Antarctic Ocean in December 1839 and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands " of which it sighted the coast on January 25, 1840. After charting 1500 miles of Antarctic coastline, the expedition visited Fiji and

2236-618: The Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition . The Narrative contains much interesting material concerning the manners, customs, political and economic conditions in many places then little known. Wilkes' 1841 Map of the Oregon Territory pre-dated John Charles Fremont 's first Oregon Trail pathfinder expedition guided by Kit Carson during 1842. Other valuable contributions were

2322-707: The Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office. Wilkes' interdisciplinary expedition (1838–1842) set a physical oceanography benchmark for the office's first superintendent Matthew Fontaine Maury . He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1843. During the 1820s, Wilkes was a member of the prestigious Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences , which counted among its members presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of

2408-647: The Philippines , the Sulu Archipelago , Borneo , Singapore, Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope , reaching New York on June 10, 1842. After having completely encircled the globe as the last all-sail naval mission to do so, Wilkes had logged some 87,000 miles and lost two ships and 28 men. Wilkes was court-martialed upon his return for the loss of one of his ships on the Columbia River bar, for

2494-546: The Ross Sea . Byrd was instrumental in the Navy's Operation Highjump after World War II from 1946 to 1947, which charted most of the Antarctic coastline. In 1948, Commander Finn Ronne led an expedition that photographed over 450,000 square miles (1.1 million km) by air. Then in 1954–55, the icebreaker USS Atka made a scouting expedition for future landing sites and bays. The impetus behind Operation Deep Freeze I

2580-659: The United States National Guard announced that the 109th Airlift Wing at Schenectady County Airport in Scotia, New York was slated to assume that entire mission from the United States Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The 109th expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation. The decision to switch from Naval leadership to National Guard

2666-448: The 109th would be largely out of business because its primary mission had ended. The unit had been informally keeping tabs on Navy LC-130 operations supporting the National Science Foundation in Antarctica. Because of its aging aircraft fleet and extensive depot maintenance period, the United States Navy asked if the 109th could provide limited emergency search and rescue (SAR) capability for two years to support Operation Deep Freeze, which

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2752-634: The 1956 recording by Doris Day on Columbia Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . It was a number-one hit in Australia for pop singer Normie Rowe in September 1965. The song popularized the title expression "que sera, sera" to express "cheerful fatalism", though its use in English dates back to at least the 16th century. The phrase is evidently a word-for-word mistranslation of

2838-901: The 1960s. The song was "done in the style of " Louie, Louie " and the manner of " Hang On Sloopy ", and given a " Merseybeat " treatment (in the manner of The Beatles' " Twist & Shout "), and was backed by Rowe's band The Playboys. It was paired with a version of the Johnny Kidd & The Pirates ' classic " Shakin' All Over ", and the single became a double-sided No. 1 hit in most capitals (#1 Sydney , #1 Melbourne , #1 Brisbane , #1 Adelaide , and Perth ). in September 1965, charting for 28 weeks and selling in unprecedented numbers, with Rock historian Ian McFarlane reporting sales of 80,000 copies, while 1970s encyclopedist Noel McGrath claimed sales of 100,000. Rowe scored another first in October 1965 when "Que Sera Sera" became his third hit single in

2924-507: The Air Guard accepted. At that time, it had no thought of taking over the mission. The 109th believed it to be an exercise in futility for its aircraft to deploy to the Antarctic to merely wait for emergency SAR missions, so it asked if the Navy could help carry cargo to the South Pole . The Navy resisted at first because its procedures and cargo configurations differed from those of the Air Guard, but eventually it agreed. The main mission of

3010-802: The Air National Guard Readiness Center (ANGRC) at Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland , and operationally reported to United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) in Honolulu, Hawaii . Upon its deactivation in 2005, the detachment consisted of a full-time officer (Commander) and four full-time non-commissioned officers (Logistics, Communications, Security Forces, and Information Management) which remained in New Zealand year-round. Operational command now belongs to Commander, Thirteenth Air Force as part of USPACOM. In 2005, through

3096-519: The Antarctic continent are overseen by the United States Antarctic Program as well as the National Science Foundation. Military support missions flown from Christchurch International Airport are conducted during the Antarctic summer (late September to early March) each year by The 109th Airlift Wing Scotia New York. The Ski equipped LC-130 Hercules is the backbone of Operation Deep Freeze. LC-130 Hercules aircraft provide

3182-572: The English "What will be will be", as in Spanish, it would be " lo que será, será ". The phrase "que sera, sera" in its Spanish spelling and in the Italian spelling "che sarà sarà" are first documented in the 16th century as an English heraldic motto . The Spanish form appears on a brass plaque in the Church of St. Nicholas, Thames Ditton , Surrey, dated 1559. The Italian form was first adopted as

3268-673: The Exploration Squadron (6 volumes), Wilkes wrote his autobiography . Wilkes died in Washington, D.C. , with the rank of Rear Admiral. In August 1909, the United States moved his remains to Arlington National Cemetery . His gravestone says that "He discovered the Ant-arctic continent." sic Attribution: Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be) " Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be) "

3354-495: The Melbourne Top 40 simultaneously. In 1965 Rowe received a gold record for "Que Sera, Sera" at Sydney's Chevron Hotel. In December 1965 the master of Rowe's version was purchased by Jay-Gee Records for release in the United States. In April 1966 Rowe received a second gold record for the sales of "Que Sera, Sera". In August 1966 Rowe won Radio 5KA's annual best male vocal award for "Que Sera, Sera". In 2006 Rowe released

3440-788: The South Pole. The aircraft was named Que Sera, Sera after a popular song and is now on display at the Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida . This marked the beginning of the establishment of the first permanent base, by airlift, at the South Pole (today known as the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station ) to support the International Geophysical Year. It was commissioned on January 1, 1957. The original station ("Old Byrd") lasted about four years before it began to collapse under

3526-468: The U.S. Navy and Air National Guard C-130s was to airlift fuel and supplies to the National Science Foundation's South Pole Station so that its personnel could survive the isolation of the long Antarctic winter, which lasted from February to October. An Air National Guard working group had been formed to study the idea in 1990. The following year, a dialog began among the Air National Guard,

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3612-406: The United States Exploring Expedition (5 volumes and an atlas) was published in 1844. He edited the scientific reports of the expedition (19 volumes and 11 atlases, 1844–1874) and was the author of Vol. XI ( Meteorology ) and Vol. XXIII ( Hydrography ). Alfred Thomas Agate , engraver and illustrator, was the designated portrait and botanical artist of the expedition. His work was used to illustrate

3698-600: The United States and the United Kingdom . Wilkes was born in New York City , on April 3, 1798, the great nephew of the former Lord Mayor of London John Wilkes . His mother was Mary Seton, who died in 1802 when Charles was just three years old. As a result, Charles was raised and home tutored by his aunt, Elizabeth Ann Seton , who was fluent in French from her own upbringing in  New Rochelle, New York on

3784-597: The West Indies, Wilkes frequently found himself in open conflict with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles . Welles had recommended that Wilkes had been too old to receive the rank of commodore under the act then governing promotions. When Welles severely criticized Wilkes in his December 1863 annual report over his retention of the Vanderbilt , Wilkes wrote a scathing response that found its way into

3870-863: The answer: "What will be, will be." Day's recording of the song for Columbia Records made it to number two on the Billboard Top 100 chart and number one in the UK Singles Chart . It came to be known as Day's signature song . The song in The Man Who Knew Too Much received the 1956 Academy Award for Best Original Song . It was the third Oscar in this category for Livingston and Evans, who previously won in 1948 and 1950. In 2004 it finished at number 48 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. In 2012,

3956-506: The capture of the commerce raiders CSS Alabama and CSS Florida . He also repeatedly exacerbated diplomatic relations with the British, Spanish, Dutch, French, Danes and Mexicans through his arrogant and illegal activities in the West Indies and Bermuda . In violation of international law regarding belligerent nations, he established coal depots on a number of neutral islands and frequently illegally hovered outside of neutral ports. The British accused him of establishing virtual blockades of

4042-438: The day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical, and other professions. In 1838, although not yet a seasoned naval line officer, Wilkes was experienced in nautical survey work, and was working with civilian scientists. Upon this background, he was given command of the government exploring expedition "... for the purpose of exploring and surveying the Southern Ocean,... as well to determine

4128-438: The eighth track on the album. This version was produced by Allen Stanton and was arranged and conducted by Allyn Ferguson . Australian pop singer Normie Rowe 's 1965 recording of "Que Sera, Sera", which was produced by Pat Aulton on the Sunshine Record label (Sunshine QK 1103), was the biggest hit of his career, "the biggest Australian rock 'n roll hit of 1965", and is reputed to be the biggest-selling Australian single of

4214-429: The existence of all doubtful islands and shoals, as to discover, and accurately fix, the position of those which [lay] in or near the track of our vessels in that quarter, and [might] have escaped the observation of scientific navigators." The US Exploring Squadron was authorized by act of the Congress on May 18, 1836. The Exploring Expedition, commonly known as the Wilkes Expedition, included naturalists , botanists ,

4300-467: The expedition. Task Force 43 consisted of the following ships: The ships of the task force were supplemented by a specially trained Navy Construction Battalion , formed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center at Davisville, Rhode Island and several aircraft. On October 31, 1956, at 8:34 p.m. local time, the first aircraft ever to touch down at the South Pole skied to a halt atop the Antarctic ice sheet at 90 degrees South latitude. The U.S. Navy R4D,

4386-418: The first to stand there since Briton Robert Falcon Scott did more than 40 years before. Norwegian Roald Amundsen had beaten Scott in his race to the Pole. Amundsen's party survived the 800-mile return trip, Scott's did not. This flight was one part of the expeditions mounted for the IGY. This was not only the first aircraft to land at the South Pole, it was also the first time that Americans had ever set foot on

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4472-471: The incident. From December 1840 to March 1841, he employed hundreds of native Hawaiian porters and many of his men to haul a pendulum to the summit of Mauna Loa to measure gravity. Instead of using the existing trail, he blazed his own way, taking much longer than he anticipated. The conditions on the mountain reminded him of Antarctica. Many of his crew suffered snow blindness, altitude sickness and foot injuries from wearing out their shoes. He explored

4558-476: The logistical movement of cargo to remote operating locations on the continent. These aircraft are augmented by the United States Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Polar Star , the Air Force Materiel Command , and the Military Sealift Command . The United States Air Force 13th Air Expeditionary Group deploys to Christchurch, New Zealand during the operational season. A documentary on the early missions, Ice Eagles: An Account of American Aviation in Antarctica ,

4644-464: The mid-1970s with the ski-equipped C-130s of the 109th Airlift Wing . It convinced Headquarters, United States Air Force that it was not in the nation's best interest to abandon the capability to achieve quick and reliable air access to both polar regions. In March 1993, the U.S. Navy hosted a two-day workshop with representatives of the National Science Foundation, Air National Guard, and other interested parties to explore logistics support options for

4730-449: The mission. The Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six had been flying scientific and military missions to Greenland and the arctic compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped LC-130s had been flying National Science Foundation support missions to Antarctica since 1988. The official name for the Navy's command in Antarctica was US Naval Support Force Antarctica, (NSFA) Terminal Operations. In early 1996,

4816-461: The mission. When fully transitioned to the Air National Guard, the 109th Airlift Wing would have ten LC-130s in its inventory. These would include upgrades of four LC-130 aircraft in-service with the unit plus three new aircraft and three that would be transferred from the U.S. Navy. Air National Guard estimates of the savings to be realized by consolidating the operation in the hands of the 109th Airlift Wing ranged from US $ 5 million to US$ 15 million

4902-409: The motto "Che sarà sarà" carved in stone at their ancestral mansion. He immediately wrote it down as a possible song title, and he and the lyricist Ray Evans later gave it a Spanish spelling "because there are so many Spanish-speaking people in the world". In modern times, thanks to the popularity of the song and its many translations, the phrase has been adopted in countries around the world to name

4988-417: The motto. Soon afterwards, it appeared in Christopher Marlowe 's play Doctor Faustus (1590), using the archaic Italian spelling "Che sera, sera". Early in the 17th century the saying begins to appear in the speech and thoughts of fictional characters as a spontaneous expression of a fatalistic attitude. The English "what will be, will be" is used in Hard Times by Charles Dickens (1854). The saying

5074-432: The newspapers. A court of inquiry accused Wilkes of responsibility for its publication, and he was brought before a March 1864 court martial, facing charges of disobedience of orders, insubordination, disrespect of a superior officer, disobedience of naval regulations, and conduct unbecoming an officer. He was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to public reprimand and suspension for three years. However, Lincoln reduced

5160-427: The office of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of U.S. Pacific Command was designated to support the Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, Operation Deep Freeze. CDRUSPACOM delegated this joint operation to the Commander, Pacific Air Forces , who then delegated primary responsibility for execution of the JTF SFA operation to the Commander, 13th Air Force . United States civilian and scientific operations on

5246-445: The operation. A draft concept of operations had been prepared by the Air Directorate of the National Guard Bureau in 1993. In February 1996, a commitment was made to transfer the Operation Deep Freeze mission and all LC-130H aircraft operating within the U.S. Department of Defense to the Air National Guard. In September 1996, senior officers from the 109th Airlift Wing briefed the National Guard Bureau on their concept of operations and

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5332-500: The ports of Nassau and St. George's , where his arrogant behavior even led to suspicions that he had been sent to intentionally insult the British, while the French similarly accused him of effectively blockading Martinique . Wilkes justified his actions by calling the ports little short of operational bases for blockade runners. His capture of ships such as the Peterhoff , Dolphin , Springbok , and Victor resulted in diplomatic remonstrations explicitly directed against Wilkes. He

5418-407: The regular mistreatment of his subordinate officers, and for excessive punishment of his sailors. A major witness against him was ship doctor Charles Guillou . He was acquitted on all charges except illegally punishing men in his squadron. For a short time, he was attached to the Coast Survey, but from 1844 to 1861, he was chiefly engaged in preparing the report of the expedition. His Narrative of

5504-425: The release of The Man Who Knew Too Much , versions were soon written in other languages. An early example was a Dutch version by Jo Leemans which reached the Belgian charts in December 1956. Versions of the song have also been recorded in Danish, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Japanese, and Swedish, among other languages. These in turn have led some non-English speakers to adopt the saying "que sera, sera". In 1964,

5590-399: The ship to stop. A party from San Jacinto led by its captain then boarded Trent and arrested Mason and Slidell, a further violation of British neutrality . The diplomats were taken to Fort Warren in Boston Harbor. The actions of "The Notorious Wilkes," as Bermuda media branded him, were contrary to maritime law and convinced many that full-scale war between the United States and England

5676-508: The snow. Construction of a second underground station in a nearby location began in 1960, and it was used until 1972. The station was then converted into a summer-only field camp until it was abandoned in 2004–05. The mission's second base, Byrd Station , was a (former) research station in West Antarctica established by the US Navy for Operation Deep Freeze II during the International Geophysical Year. The United States Antarctic Program airfield, built to service Operation Deep Freeze (first mission)

5762-433: The song is sung by the citizens of Springfield in anticipation of an impending comet strike that will wipe out the town and kill them all. In an episode of The Muppet Show starring Vincent Price , Shakey Sanchez, a pink/purple red and purple haired Muppet sings the song after Behemoth eats him and sings " I've Got You Under My Skin ". Previously, the song was featured over the opening and the ending credits of Heathers ,

5848-410: The status of their preparations to implement Operation Deep Freeze. Under the transition plan which they had developed, the Air National Guard would continue to augment the United States Navy during the October 1996 – March 1997 operating season for the United States Antarctic Program . At the end of the October 1997 – March 1998 season, the Air National Guard would assume command of the program. During

5934-526: The suspension to one year, and the balance of charges were dropped. On July 25, 1866, he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on the retired list. One historian speculated that Wilkes' obsessive behavior and harsh code of shipboard discipline shaped Herman Melville 's characterization of Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick . Such speculation is not mentioned in the United States Navy historical archives. In addition to his contribution to United States naval history and scientific study in his official Narrative of

6020-506: The third year of the transition program (October 1998 to March 1999), the U.S. Navy would augment the ANG before the latter took over the entire program the following year. There would be seven LC-130s in theater. They would stage from Christchurch International Airport in Christchurch , New Zealand, to McMurdo Station , Antarctica. Traditional Guardsmen, technicians, and the cadre of Active Guard Reservists specifically brought on board to support Operation Deep Freeze would all be involved in

6106-439: The three reports of James Dwight Dana on Zoophytes (1846), Geology (1849) and Crustacea (1852–1854). Moreover, the specimens and artifacts brought back by expedition scientists ultimately formed the foundation for the Smithsonian Institution collection. In addition to many shorter articles and reports, Wilkes published the major scientific works Western America, including California and Oregon in 1849 and Voyage round

6192-833: The west coast of North America, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca , Puget Sound , the Columbia River , San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River , in 1841. He held the first American Independence Day celebration west of the Mississippi River in Dupont, Washington , on July 5, 1841. The United States Exploring Expedition passed through the Ellice Islands and visited Funafuti , Nukufetau and Vaitupu in 1841. The expedition returned by way of

6278-482: The world: embracing the principal events of the narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition in one volume: illustrated with one hundred and seventy-eight engravings on wood in 1849, and Theory of the Winds in 1856. Wilkes was promoted to the rank of commander in 1843 and that of captain in 1855. At the outbreak of the American Civil War , he was assigned to the command of USS  San Jacinto to search for

6364-577: Was assigned to duty against blockade runners in the West Indies . As commander of the West Indies Squadron, Wilkes repeatedly complained of having an insufficient force, and he twice seconded to his own fleet ships ordered to other duties, even in spite of direct orders to release them. Though he had a degree of success in the capture of blockade runners, in which he profited personally, he drew criticism for failing in his primary task,

6450-688: Was featured on The Shakin' Stevens EP which reached No. 2 in the UK Charts during the 1982 Christmas holidays. The studio version of the song is featured on his album Give Me Your Heart Tonight from the same year. In 1989, a comedy version recorded by "Terence" ( John Creedon ) in aid of the RTÉ People in Need Telethon reached number 2 in the Irish Singles Chart . As a result of the song's immediate popularity following

6536-440: Was formed to provide logistical support for the expedition. Operation Deep Freeze I prepared a permanent research station and paved the way for more exhaustive research in later Deep Freeze operations. The expedition transpired over the Antarctic summer of November 1955 to April 1956, and was filmed by the U.S. Navy and Walt Disney Studios . For having designed the emblem of Task Force 43, Walt Disney became an honorary member of

6622-497: Was inevitable. He was officially thanked by Congress "for his brave, adroit and patriotic conduct". However, his action was later disavowed by President Lincoln due to diplomatic protests by the British government (Mason and Slidell were released). His next service was in the James River flotilla and he was placed on the retired list on December 21, 1861. Subsequently, after reaching the rank of commodore on July 16, 1862, he

6708-598: Was later named Williams Field or Willy Field. The Operation Deep Freeze activities were succeeded by "Operation Deep Freeze II", and so on. In 1960, the year of the fifth mission, codenames began to be based on the year (e.g., "Operation Deep Freeze 60"). The Coast Guard sometimes participated; among others, the USCGC Northwind , the USCGC Polar Sea and the USCGC Glacier occasionally supported

6794-599: Was mentioned in the 2008 Filipino movie My Only Ü . The phrase, included in the song "Kay Sera Sera", features in the 2000 Bollywood film, Pukar . The song plays during the intro of the TV series From (2022-present). The song was used in several trailers and TV spots for Evil Dead Rise . The phrase appears in an episode of the Netflix show The Umbrella Academy , used by the character The Handler while talking to Five Hargreeves. "Que Sera, Sera" has been adapted as

6880-607: Was one of a cost-saving measure due to post cold war budget cuts. The possibility of the Air National Guard assuming operational control of the mission had first emerged in 1988. The 109th Airlift Wing had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW) radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow, and

6966-462: Was piloted by Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Conrad C. "Gus" Shinn USN and included officer Frederick Ferrara. Immediately after the plane halted--with engines running to avoid a freeze-up (a practice still followed to this day)--U.S. Navy Adm. George J. Dufek., commander of Operation Deep Freeze, stepped out onto the ice, along with pilot Douglas Cordiner, to plant the stars and stripes at the Pole. They were

7052-746: Was recalled from his West Indies command in June 1863, a consequence of multiple factors. His failure to capture the Confederate commerce raiders certainly played a role, and his retention of the USS Vanderbilt in direct contravention of explicit orders to release it to independently hunt the Alabama served as a justification, but he probably owed his removal primarily to the seeming never-ending stream of complaints from neutral nations over his actions. Though supported by him in many of his actions in

7138-413: Was scheduled to be released in 2016. Lockheed Martin is currently the prime contractor for the National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program. The contract award was announced via a NSF press release on 28 December 2011 after a bid solicitation process of almost four years. Support operations began on 1 April 2012. The original contract synopsis indicated that the government was contemplating

7224-576: Was the International Geophysical Year 1957–58. IGY as it was known was a collaborative effort among forty nations to carry out earth science studies from the North Pole to the South Pole and at points in between. The United States along with New Zealand , the United Kingdom , France , Japan , Norway , Chile , Argentina , and the U.S.S.R. agreed to go to the South Pole, the least explored area on Earth. Their goal

7310-481: Was to advance world knowledge of Antarctic hydrography and weather systems , glacial movements , and marine life . The U.S. Navy was charged with supporting the U.S. scientists for their portion of the IGY studies. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd , a veteran of four previous Antarctic Expeditions, was appointed as officer in charge of the expedition. In 1955, Task Force 43, commanded by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek ,

7396-522: Was to be murdered by the conspirators to the assassination attempt. "Que Sera Sera" came to be considered Doris Day's signature song , and she went on to sing it in later films and TV appearances. In 1960's Please Don't Eat the Daisies , she sings a snippet of the song to her co-star, David Niven , who plays her husband. In the 1966 film The Glass Bottom Boat she sings a snippet accompanied by Arthur Godfrey on ukulele. From 1968 to 1973, she sang

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