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42-612: Carved from wilderness at the end of the 19th century, designed by Olmsted Brothers , and developed over a few decades, the reservation has changed only slightly through the years. Preserved primarily in its wild state, woodlands abound in a variety of hardwood trees, and tall hemlocks tower above streams, creeks and ponds, and waterfalls. Higher points, such as Crater View, offer vistas of the New York and Jersey City skylines, Elizabeth , Union Township , and Staten Island . Richard J. Codey Arena and Turtle Back Zoo are located within

84-410: A pedestrian bridge , pedestrian overpass , or pedestrian overcrossing ) is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians. While the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at a height above the ground", a footbridge can also be a lower structure, such as a boardwalk , that enables pedestrians to cross wet, fragile, or marshy land. Bridges range from stepping stones –possibly

126-740: A 1930 report for the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce entitled "Parks, Playgrounds, and Beaches for the Los Angeles Region" encouraging the preservation of outdoor public space in southern California. The report was largely ignored by the city, but became an important urban planning reference. In addition to these higher profile projects, the Olmsted Brothers took on projects beautifying residential areas. The Olmsted Brothers were particularly influential on college campuses, helping to plan and design universities across

168-603: A disability can cross them. Types of footbridges include: The residential-scale footbridges all span a short distance and can be used for a broad range of applications. Complicated engineering is not needed and the footbridges are built with readily available materials and basic tools. Different types of design footbridges include: Footbridges can also be built in the same ways as road or rail bridges; particularly suspension bridges and beam bridges . Some former road bridges have had their traffic diverted to alternative crossings and have become pedestrian bridges; examples in

210-470: A hungry bear that had trespassed on the farmyards in the vicinity would be tracked to its den and shot. The reservation was built from land purchases begun in 1895. It took a decade to untangle the deeds and assemble all the lands at South Mountain. Before he delegated design of the Essex Parks to his stepson's firm, Frederick Law Olmsted visited the newly acquired reservation. He regarded it as some of

252-624: A natural pathway to Washington's troops encamped at Morristown . In a pincer movement designed to gain access to the Gap, Hessian troops fought bitterly along Vaux Hall Road, while the British advanced along Galloping Hill Road, until they were repelled, the Hessians at the base of the mountain and the British in Springfield. In 1860, wolves, bears and cougars were observed in the area, and there

294-406: A partner in 1927, until his death in 1934. Edward Clark Whiting became an associate partner in 1920 and partner in 1927. In that same year Henry Vincent Hubbard became a partner and remained with the firm until his death in 1947. William B. Marquis became a partner in 1937. The last Olmsted family member in the firm, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., retired from active practice in 1949, but remained

336-511: A partner until 1957. The firm itself remained in operation, with Carl Rust Parker, Partridge Richardson and Charles Scott Riley becoming partners in 1950. By 1958 Joseph George Hudak had also become a partner. In 1962 the firm changed its name to Olmsted Associates to reflect the retirement of Parker in 1960, Riley in 1961, Marquis in 1962, and the death of Whiting in 1962, leaving the firm to continue under Richardson and Hudak with Erno J. Fonagy joining them as an associate. Olmsted Associates

378-517: A possible resolution. The county was able to reach an agreement to lease the reservoir from the City of Orange until 2032. In November 2013 it was announced that bridges and other improvements for recreational use would be made. There have been several proposals for easing the damage caused by heavy rains, which include damming the Rahway River , with headwaters in the reservation. Washington Rock

420-567: A recreational resource as part of the Recreational Complex. The complex abutting the reservoir includes a miniature golf course, and a boathouse -restaurant opened in 2011. Proposals were complicated by the fact that while owned by one municipality, it lies within the borders of another, and it is unclear whether it is taxable. Offers by the Essex County Park System to buy or lease property were put in place as

462-469: A structure otherwise difficult to reach are referred as catwalks or cat walks . Such catwalks are located above a stage ( theater catwalk ) in a theater, between parts of a building, along the side of a bridge, on the inside of a tunnel, on the outside of any large storage tank in a refinery or elsewhere, etc. The walkway on the outside (top) of a railroad cars such as boxcars , before air brakes came into use, or on top of some covered hopper cars

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504-920: A total length of 2,063 metres (6,768 ft). Before it was demolished in 2011, the Hornibrook Bridge which crossed Bramble Bay in Queensland , Australia was longer than the Poughkeepsie Bridge at 2.684 km (1.668 mi). Much rural travel takes place on local footpaths , tracks and village roads. These provide essential access to water, firewood, farm plots and the classified road network. Communities and/or local government are generally responsible for this infrastructure . Pedestrian overpasses over highways or railroads are expensive, especially when elevators or long ramps for wheelchair users are required. Without elevators or ramps, people with mobility handicaps will not be able to use

546-707: Is a timber bridge that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first man-made bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden crossing upper Lake Zürich in Switzerland; the prehistoric timber piles discovered to the west of the Seedamm date back to 1523 B.C. The first wooden footbridge led across Lake Zürich , followed by several reconstructions at least until

588-431: Is a Revolutionary War historic site, dating back to the late 18th century when Beacon Signal Station 9 was located here—one of 23 beacons built by General Washington to observe British troop movements quartered on Staten Island and New York City. It was from this outlook that, on June 23, 1780, Essex County and Newark Militia were first warned that the British had launched an attack westward toward "the Gap", ( Hobart Gap ),

630-582: Is a type of pedestrian separation structure , examples of which are particularly found near schools. The simplest type of bridge is stepping stones , so this may have been one of the earliest types of footbridge. Neolithic people also built a form of a boardwalk across marshes, of which the Sweet Track , and the Post Track are examples from England, that are around 6000 years old. Undoubtedly ancient peoples would also have used log bridges ; that

672-534: Is also called a catwalk . With the exception of those on top of railroad cars, catwalks are equipped with railings or handrails . Since the early 1980s, several charities have developed standardized footbridge designs that are sustainable for use in developing countries . The first charity to develop such designs was Helvetas, located in Zurich, Switzerland. Designs that can be sustainably and efficiently used in developing countries are typically made available to

714-560: Is an ancient form of bridge found on the moors of Devon ( Dartmoor and Exmoor ) and in other upland areas of the United Kingdom including Snowdonia and Anglesey , Cumbria , Yorkshire and Lancashire . It is formed by large flat slabs of stone, often granite or schist , supported on stone piers (across rivers), or resting on the banks of streams. Although often credited with prehistoric origin, most were erected in medieval times, and some in later centuries. A famous example

756-606: Is found in the village of Postbridge . First recorded in the 14th century, the bridge is believed to have been originally built in the 13th century to enable pack horses to cross the river. Nowadays clapper bridges are only used as footbridges. The Kapellbrücke is a 204-metre-long (669 ft) footbridge crossing the River Reuss in the city of Lucerne in Switzerland. It is the oldest wooden covered bridge in Europe, and one of Switzerland's main tourist attractions. The bridge

798-415: Is sometimes known as a skyway . Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclists are often referred to as greenbridges and form an important part of a sustainable transport system. Footbridges are often situated to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areas where there are no nearby roads. They are also located across roads to let pedestrians cross safely without slowing traffic. The latter

840-400: Is the longest enclosed pedestrian bridge, completed on October 1, 2021. The 305 metre bridge was part of a $ 250 million project to UWM's offices, which converted a former warehouse and utilized shipping containers for offices, corridors, and other spaces. The Walkway Over The Hudson footbridge was originally built for trains, it was recently restored as a pedestrian walkway. The footbridge has

882-749: The Pont de Solférino in Paris and the Millennium Bridge in London. To ensure footbridges are accessible to disabled and other mobility-impaired people, careful consideration is nowadays also given to provision of access lifts or ramps , as required by relevant legislation (e.g. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 in the UK). Some old bridges in Venice are now equipped with a stairlift so that residents with

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924-921: The University of Mississippi , with a plan that would allow for future campus expansion; Washington University in St. Louis ; The College of New Jersey ; Duke University ; Brown University ; Williams College ; Berea College and the Lincoln Institute; Howard College (now Samford University ); the University of Maine ; Huntingdon College ; and Denison University . Their portfolio also includes secondary educational institutions, such as Emma Willard School (a private girls-only secondary school in New York) and Lawrenceville School (a secondary school in New Jersey). Footbridge A footbridge (also

966-941: The Island of Montreal, was measured by a calibrated device as being 7,512 feet or 2,290 meters or 1.4227 miles or 2.290 kilometers long starting and ending where the treadway rises above the ground and a pedestrian could access the bridge as close as possible to the St Lawrence River. Sky Bridge 721 , the longest pedestrian suspension bridge, which spans in the Králický Sněžník mountain in the Czech Republic, opened in May 2022. The 721 metres (2,365 ft) bridge hangs 95 metres (312 ft) above ground. The United Wholesale Mortgage Pedestrian Bridge in Pontiac, Michigan

1008-507: The UK include The Iron Bridge at Ironbridge , Shropshire , the Old Bridge at Pontypridd and Windsor Bridge at Windsor, Berkshire . Most footbridges are equipped with guard rails to reduce the risk of pedestrians falling. Where they pass over busy roads or railways, they may also include a fence or other such barrier to prevent pedestrians from jumping, or throwing projectiles onto

1050-539: The United States, established in 1898 by brothers John Charles Olmsted (1852–1920) and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. (1870–1957), sons of the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted . The Olmsted Brothers inherited the nation's first landscape architecture firm from their father Frederick Law Olmsted . This firm was a successor to the earlier firm of Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot after the death of their partner Charles Eliot in 1897. The two brothers were among

1092-567: The bridge was gained through angular sculptures of four winged lions crowning the abutments . They were designed by sculptor Pavel Sokolov (1764-1835), who also contributed lions for Bridge of Lions . Design of footbridges normally follows the same principles as for other bridges. However, because they are normally significantly lighter than vehicular bridges, they are more vulnerable to vibration and therefore dynamics effects are often given more attention in design. International attention has been drawn to this issue in recent years by problems on

1134-510: The country by creating close ties between architecture and environment in the built landscape to the purpose of the institution. This can first be tied to their unimplemented work with the College of California, now the University of California, Berkeley , which envisioned a campus that would be integrated with the surrounding community. Other campuses include Stanford University , with a plan drawn specifically to accommodate California's climate;

1176-548: The earliest man-made structure to "bridge" water–to elaborate steel structures. Another early bridge would have been simply a fallen tree. In some cases a footbridge can be both functional and artistic. For rural communities in the developing world, a footbridge may be a community's only access to medical clinics, schools, businesses and markets. Simple suspension bridge designs have been developed to be sustainable and easily constructed in such areas using only local materials and labor. An enclosed footbridge between two buildings

1218-626: The founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) and played an influential role in creating the National Park Service . Prior to their takeover of the firm, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. had worked as an apprentice under his father, helping to design projects such as Biltmore Estate and the World's Columbian Exposition before graduating from Harvard University . With Charles Eliot , they also designed

1260-533: The gardens of Cairnwood House in Pennsylvania and Lady Meredith House in Montreal . The firm employed nearly 60 staff at its peak in the early 1930s. Notable landscape architects in the firm included James Frederick Dawson , Arthur Asahel Shurcliff and Percival Gallagher. After becoming an associate partner in 1904 Dawson became a full partner in 1922. Gallagher become an associate partner in 1906 and

1302-512: The late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a 6-metre-wide (20 ft) wooden bridge. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria , built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that has been used to 1878 – measuring approximately 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) in length and 4 metres (13 ft) wide. On April 6, 2001, the reconstructed wooden footbridge was opened, being the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland. A clapper bridge

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1344-545: The most beautiful and promising terrain he had ever seen anywhere. The design of South Mountain was finalized by the Olmsted Brothers in stages over the years. A good deal of construction work—trails, footbridges , shelters, etc.—was undertaken by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Olmsted Brothers The Olmsted Brothers company was a landscape architectural firm in

1386-605: The north bank of the River Arno until it crosses the river at Ponte Vecchio . It was built in five months by order of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1565, to the design of Giorgio Vasari . Bank Bridge is a famous 25 metre long pedestrian bridge crossing the Griboedov Canal in Saint Petersburg , Russia. Like other bridges across the canal, the existing structure dates from 1826. The special popularity of

1428-456: The practice of large-scale landscape design and engineering. The site also houses an archive (access by appointment only) of the firm's designs, plant lists, and photos for hundreds of projects. The Olmsted Brothers completed numerous high-profile projects, many of which remain popular to this day, including park systems, universities, exposition grounds, libraries, hospitals, residential neighborhoods and state capitols. Notable commissions include

1470-686: The public gratis. The record for the longest footbridge in the world was claimed by then New York State Governor David Paterson in a 2009 article about the walkway across the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, New York . On July 22, 2017, the Champlain Bridge Ice Structure ( French : l'Estacade Champlain ), a bridge built for bicycles and foot traffic only to parallel the Champlain Bridge from Brossard, Quebec west to Nun's Island (L'ile Des Soeurs) &

1512-642: The reservation's boundaries. The recreation area was expanded to include Safari Minigolf and the Treetop Adventure Ropes Course in 2010, and McLoone's Boathouse Restaurant abutting the Orange Reservoir was added in 2011. In 2013, a paddleboat concession was added, accessible from Cherry Lane, across from the Oakdale Picnic Area, and paths from the restaurant and zoo. Orange Reservoir is a reservoir located in

1554-518: The reservation's northern tract. Within the borders of West Orange, it is owned by the City of Orange and operated and maintained under contract with United Water . It was originally developed during the intense urbanization of northeastern New Jersey in the late 19th century, drawing from the Rahway River . The man-made lake is no longer part of the water-supply system and since the late 2000s (decade) various proposals have been made to allow its use as

1596-1050: The roadways in the Great Smoky Mountains and Acadia National Parks ; Yosemite Valley ; Atlanta's Piedmont Park ; Springvale Park ; Uplands ; residential neighborhoods in Oak Bay , British Columbia , Canada , Oakland , California , including the street layout for what is now the Lakeshore Homes Association (the oldest homeowners' association west of the Mississippi River and which includes parts of Oakland's historic Crocker Highlands and Trestle Glen neighborhoods) and Baltimore , Maryland (including parts of Mayfield and Roland Park) ; entire park systems in cities such as Birmingham , Cleveland , Portland , Seattle ; and Washington state's Northern State Hospital . The Olmsted Brothers also co-authored, with Harland Bartholomew ,

1638-414: The traffic below. It was originally usual for passengers to cross from one railway platform to another by stepping over the tracks, but from the mid-19th century onwards safety demanded the provision of a footbridge (or underpass ) at busier places. However, in some quieter areas, crossing the line by walking over the tracks is possible. Narrow footbridges or walkways to allow workers access to parts of

1680-501: Was a bounty on them. In 1896, John Durand, the son of Asher Brown Durand , described the mountain that includes South Mountain Reservation a wilderness, as it probably existed at the time of Hendrick Hudson, a primitive forest abounding with deer and other wild animals, and traversed by streams alive with trout. Game was plentiful—partridges, quail, woodcock, rabbits, squirrels of every species, raccoons and foxes; while occasionally

1722-680: Was dissolved in 1979. Afterwards Richardson continued to practice under the name The Olmsted Office from Brookline in 1980 and continuing in Fremont, New Hampshire until 2000. This created one continuous firm from 1858 to 2000. "Fairsted"—the firm's 100-year-old headquarters and design office—has been carefully preserved as the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site , located on 7 acres (2.833 ha) of landscaped grounds at 99 Warren St., Brookline, Massachusetts . It offers excellent insights into

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1764-851: Was originally built c. 1365 as part of Lucerne's fortifications. An early example of a skyway is the Vasari Corridor , an elevated, enclosed passageway in Florence , Italy, which connects the Palazzo Vecchio with the Palazzo Pitti . Beginning on the south side of the Palazzo Vecchio, it then joins the Uffizi Gallery and leaves on its south side, crossing the Lungarno dei Archibusieri and then following

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