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90-553: The first OV series, designated OV1, was built by General Dynamics and carried on suborbital Atlas missile tests; the satellites subsequently placed themselves into orbit by means of an Altair-2 kick motor . The Northrop -built OV2 satellites were built using parts left over following the cancellation of the Advanced Research Environmental Test Satellite ; three OV2 spacecraft flew on Titan IIIC test flights. Space General built

180-535: A Geiger counter , an electrostatic analyzer measuring particles in the 1-100 KeV range, and a NASA produced magnetic analyzer. The other two experiments included flexible, curved cadmium sulfide solar cells (successors of which would fly on the 1971 ASTEX satellite), and a friction experiment that interacted several combinations of materials and lubricants with bearings. OV1-13 was launched from Vandenberg's 576-A-2 launch pad along with OV-14 on an Atlas F rocket on 6 April 1968 at 09:59:42 UTC, mounted with OV1-14 on

270-413: A precession damper. The spacecraft was spin stabilized at 8 revolutions per minute (rpm) A sun sensor, as well as an onboard tri-axial magnetnometer , gave information on the satellite's aspect (facing), its spin rate, and rate of precession . Design life-span was one year. The OV3 program ultimately comprised 6 missions, five of them successful. The last (OV3-6) flew on 4 December 1967. The OV3 program

360-593: A $ 2 million contract on 13 September 1963 to build a new version of the SPP (called the Atlas Retained Structure (ARS)) that would carry a self-orbiting satellite. Once the Atlas missile and ARS reached apogee, the satellite inside would be deployed and thrust itself into orbit. In addition to the orbital SPP, General Dynamics would create six of these satellites, each to be 3.66 m (12.0 ft) long with

450-603: A 136 kg (300 lb) payload into a circular 805 km (500 mi) orbit. Dubbed "Satellite for Aerospace Research" (SATAR), the series of satellites was originally to be launched from the Eastern Test Range on Atlas missions testing experimental Advanced Ballistic Re-Entry System (ABRES) nosecones. However, in 1964, the Air Force transferred ABRES launches to the Western Test Range causing

540-699: A US Air Force initiative, begun in the early 1960s, to reduce the expense of space research. Through this initiative, satellites would be standardized to improve reliability and cost-efficiency, and where possible, they would fly on test vehicles or be piggybacked with other satellites. In 1961, the Air Force Office of Aerospace Research (OAR) created the Aerospace Research Support Program (ARSP) to request satellite research proposals and choose mission experiments. The USAF Space and Missiles Organization created their own analog of

630-422: A cylindrical experiment housing capped with flattened cones on both ends containing 5000 solar cells producing 22 watts of power. Two .46 m (1 ft 6 in) antennae for transmitting telemetry and receiving commands extended from the sides of the spacecraft. 12 helium-pressurized hydrogen peroxide thrusters provided attitude control. Starting with OV1-7 , the solar cells were flat rather than rounded, and

720-442: A diameter of .762 m (2 ft 6.0 in), able to carry a 136 kg (300 lb) payload into a circular 805 km (500 mi) orbit. Dubbed "Satellite for Aerospace Research" (SATAR), the series of satellites was originally to be launched from the Eastern Test Range on Atlas missions testing experimental Advanced Ballistic Re-Entry System (ABRES) nosecones. However, in 1964, the Air Force transferred ABRES launches to

810-1106: A further reorganization created the Space Systems Division from the Convair Space division. In 1985, GD also acquired Cessna . In 1986 the Pomona division (which mainly produced the Standard Missile and the Phalanx CIWS for the Navy) was split up, creating the Valley Systems Division. Valley Systems produced the Stinger surface-to-air missile and the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) . Both units were recombined into one entity in 1992. Henry Crown, still GD's largest shareholder, died on 15 August 1990. Following this,

900-405: A geomagnetic storm that took place 10 June 1968. OV1-13 data also clarified how the particle flow caused by solar storms created these high altitude increases. Data returned by OV1s 15 and 16 returned the first substantial set of data on the density of Earth's atmosphere between the altitudes of 100 km (62 mi) and 200 km (120 mi) and proved that increased solar activity increased

990-665: A graphic designer to develop designs for corporate reports and advertising material including the " Atoms for Peace " series of posters for the 1955 International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland. These designs have become iconic examples of the mid-century modernist graphic design style. Hopkins fell seriously ill in 1957 and was eventually replaced by Frank Pace later that year. Meanwhile, John Naish succeeded Joseph McNarney as president of Convair. Chicago industrialist Henry Crown became

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1080-681: A lawsuit brought by the US Government claiming that a GD unit fraudulently billed the government for defectively manufactured parts used in US military aircraft and submarines. The US alleged that GD defectively manufactured or failed to test parts used in US military aircraft from September 2001 to August 2003, such as for the C-141 Starlifter transport plane. The GD unit involved, based in Glen Cove, New York , closed in 2004. In 2014,

1170-581: A license-built version of the Lockheed F-104 . In 1976, General Dynamics sold Canadair to the Canadian Government for $ 38 million. Canadair was acquired by Bombardier Inc. in 1986. Aircraft production became increasingly important at Canadair, and Hopkins argued that the name "Electric Boat" was no longer appropriate—so Electric Boat was reorganized as General Dynamics on 21 February 1952. General Dynamics purchased Convair from

1260-637: A new aircraft design incorporating advanced technologies. The company submitted a design in a 1972 competition for a new lightweight fighter, which it won. This was the F-16 Fighting Falcon . GD's YF-16 first flew in January 1974 and proved to have slightly better performance than the YF-17 in head-to-head testing. It entered production as the F-16 in January 1975 with an initial order of 650 and

1350-565: A new low-level "penetrator". Robert McNamara , newly installed as the Secretary of Defense , forced a merger of the TFX with U.S. Navy plans for a new long-range "fleet defender" aircraft. Since GD lacked experience designing naval aircraft, it partnered with Grumman to develop a version for aircraft carrier operations. After four rounds of bids and changes, the GD/Grumman team finally won

1440-458: A similar instrument orbited on Gemini 4 , determined the radiation dose Gemini astronauts traveling at OV1-4's altitude (~950 km (590 mi)) would receive: 4 rads per day at a 30° inclination orbit or 1.5 rads per day at a 90° (polar) inclination orbit. In late May 1967, during a period of high solar and magnetic activity, OV1-9 returned the first evidence of Earth's long theorized but never measured electric field. The satellite detected

1530-475: A simple truss framework. Once in orbit, they separated from the rocket carrier and each other using their attached thrusters. The spacecraft was spin-stabilized, rotating every 7.5 seconds with its axis perpendicular to its orbit plane. The spacecraft provided useful data from its launch until November 3, 1969. This data helped map some of the gross features of the radiation belts around the Earth, although there

1620-411: A strategic counter-drone partnership, providing General Dynamics' global network with access to Dedrone's complete drone detection and defeat technology. In December 2020, the board of directors for General Dynamics announced a regular quarterly dividend of $ 1.10, payable on February 5, 2021. On December 26, 2020, General Dynamics confirmed that their business division General Dynamics Land Systems

1710-448: A stream of protons flowing out of the atmosphere into space moving at more than 60,000 km (37,000 mi) per second. OV1-9 also studied the variation of proton fluxes in the outer Van Allen Belt during that same period, determining that fluxes were ten times greater four days after May's maximum solar activity than they had been before the flare; it took ten days for the fluxes to return to normal levels. The X-ray spectrometer on

1800-662: A top employer. General Dynamics' community contributions in 2021 were 70% in Education & Social Services, 18% in Arts & Culture, and 12% in Service Member Support. Information Systems and Technology represent 34% of the company's revenue as of 2014. OV1-13 Orbiting Vehicle 1–13 (also known as OV1-13 ) was a satellite launched on 6 April 1968 to measure the level of radiation in orbit at altitudes as high as 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Part of

1890-777: A total order of 1,388. The F-16 also won contracts worldwide, beating the F-17 in foreign competition as well. GD built an aircraft production factory in Fort Worth, Texas. F-16 orders eventually totaled more than 4,600, making it the company's largest and most successful program. In 1976, General Dynamics sold the struggling Canadair back to the Canadian government for $ 38 million. By 1984, General Dynamics had four divisions: Convair in San Diego, General Dynamics-Fort Worth, General Dynamics-Pomona, and General Dynamics-Electronics. In 1985

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1980-577: A year's delay for the program. Moreover, because WTR launches would be into polar orbit as opposed to the low-inclination orbits typical of ETR launches, less mass could be lofted into orbit using the same thrust, and the mass of the SATAR satellites had to be reduced. Prior to the double launch of which OV1-13 was a part, there had been 12 satellites in the OV1 series, the first orbited on January 21, 1965. All were launched on decommissioned Atlas D ICBMs , with

2070-434: Is Phebe N. Novakovic . As of December 2022. General Dynamics had $ 30.9 billion in sales as of 2017—primarily military, but also civilian (with its Gulfstream Aerospace unit) and conventional shipbuilding and repair (with its National Steel and Shipbuilding subsidiary.) For the fiscal year 2022, General Dynamics reported net income of US$ 3.309 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 39.407 billion, an increase of 2.44% over

2160-462: Is Phebe Novakovic . General Dynamics traces its ancestry to John Philip Holland 's Holland Torpedo Boat Company . In 1899, Isaac Rice bought the company from Holland and renamed it Electric Boat Company. Electric Boat was responsible for developing the U.S. Navy 's first modern submarines , which were purchased by the Navy in 1900. In 1906, Electric Boat subcontracted submarine construction to

2250-626: Is an American publicly traded aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Reston, Virginia . As of 2020, it was the fifth-largest defense contractor in the world by arms sales, and fifth largest in the United States by total sales. The company is a Fortune 100 company, and was ranked No. 94 in 2022. Formed in February 21, 1952 with the merger of submarine manufacturer Electric Boat and aircraft manufacturer Canadair ,

2340-599: The Department of Health and Human Services ' Office of Refugee Resettlement , the government agency that operates shelters for unaccompanied children to include those separated from their families as part of the Trump administration family separation policy . The company says it has no role in constructing or operating detention centers, and that its contracts to provide training and technical services began in 2000 and have spanned across four presidential administrations. It

2430-641: The Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts , to build the submarines they had designed and won contracts for. Between 1917 and 1924, the company was named Submarine Boat Corporation. In 1933, Electric Boat acquired ownership of a shipyard in Groton, Connecticut , to build submarines. The first submarine built in Groton to be delivered to the U.S. Navy was USS Cuttlefish in 1934. Electric Boat

2520-749: The Foxhound light protected patrol vehicle and the Morpheus communications system to the UK Ministry of Defence. In 2004, General Dynamics bid for the UK company Alvis plc , the leading British manufacturer of armored vehicles. In March the board of Alvis Vickers voted in favor of the £309m takeover. However at the last minute BAE Systems offered £355m for the company. This deal was finalized in June 2004. On August 19, 2008, GD agreed to pay $ 4 million to settle

2610-581: The Jones Act . Having divested itself of its aviation holdings, GD concentrated on land and sea products. GD purchased Chrysler 's defense divisions in 1982, renaming them General Dynamics Land Systems. In 2003, it purchased the defense divisions of General Motors as well. It is now a major supplier of armored vehicles of all types, including the M1 Abrams , LAV 25 , Stryker , and a wide variety of vehicles based on these chassis. Force Protection, Inc.

2700-620: The OV1 series of USAF satellites, using standardized designs and sent to orbit on decommissioned Atlas ICBMs to reduce development and launching costs, OV1-13 was launched side-by-side with OV1-14 . The launch marked the first usage of the Atlas F in the OV program. Operating for more than a year and a half, OV1-13 mapped the grosser characteristics of the Van Allen radiation belts and contributed to

2790-438: The Western Test Range causing a year's delay for the program. Moreover, because WTR launches would be into polar orbit as opposed to the low-inclination orbits typical of ETR launches, less mass could be lofted into orbit using the same thrust, and the mass of the SATAR satellites had to be reduced. The standard OV1 satellite, 1.387 m (4 ft 6.6 in) long and .69 m (2 ft 3 in) in diameter, consisted of

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2880-477: The ionosphere analogous to the whispering gallery transmission of sounds under a physical dome. In this way, the OV4-1 pair would evaluate the ionosphere's F layer as method of facilitating HF and VHF transmissions between satellites not in line of sight of each other. The OV4-1 satellite pair consisted of a transmitting spacecraft and a receiving spacecraft. OV4-1T's transmitter broadcast on three frequencies in

2970-455: The 20-50 MHz range. OV4-1R included receiving equipment and telemetry broadcast equipment. Launched into slightly different 300 km (190 mi) orbits, the satellites would test whispering gallery communications over a range of distances; OV4-1T included a small rocket motor to maximize orbital separation (180°) from OV4-1R. Both satellites were cylindrical, .43 m (1 ft 5 in) in diameter, with domed upper ends. Total length

3060-627: The ARENTS (Advanced Research Environmental Test Satellite) program, intended to obtain supporting data for the Vela satellites, which monitored the Earth for violations of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty . Upon the cancellation of ARENTS due to delays in the Centaur rocket stage , the program's hardware (developed by General Dynamics ) was repurposed to fly on the Titan III (initially the A, ultimately

3150-649: The ARSP called the Space Experiments Support Program (SESP), which sponsored a greater proportion of technological experiments than the ARSP. Five distinct OV series of standardized satellites were developed under the auspices of these agencies. The OV1 series was an evolution of the 2.7 m "Scientific Passenger Pods" (SPP), which, starting on 2 October 1961, rode piggyback on suborbital Atlas missile tests and conducted scientific experiments during their short time in space. General Dynamics received

3240-460: The Air Force Office of Aerospace Research (OAR) created the Aerospace Research Support Program (ARSP) to request satellite research proposals and choose mission experiments. The USAF Space and Missiles Organization created their own analog of the ARSP called the Space Experiments Support Program (SESP), which sponsored a greater proportion of technological experiments than the ARSP. Five distinct OV series of standardized satellites were developed under

3330-544: The Air Force and Pan American Airways CEO, was brought in as CEO. The company recovered, then fell back into the same struggles. In 1970, the board brought in McDonnell Douglas president Dave Lewis (no relation) as chairman and CEO, who served until retiring in 1985. During the early 1960s the company bid on the United States Air Force 's Tactical Fighter, Experimental (TFX) project for

3420-585: The Atlas Group in March 1953. The sale was approved by government oversight with the provision that GD would continue to operate out of Air Force Plant 4 in Fort Worth, Texas . This factory had been set up in order to spread out strategic aircraft production and rented to Convair during the war to produce B-24 Liberator bombers. Convair worked as an independent division inside General Dynamics and, over

3510-474: The C) booster test launches. The USAF contracted Northrop to produce these satellites, with William C. Armstrong of Northrop Space Laboratories serving as the program manager. The OV2 satellites were all designed on the same plan, roughly cubical structures of aluminum honeycomb, .61 m (2.0 ft) in height, and .58 m (1.9 ft) wide, with four 2.3 m (7.5 ft) paddle-like solar panels mounted at

3600-698: The New London demonstration compared General Dynamics deployment of an Ohio-class submarine to the feature film Oppenheimer . Twenty-three protesters were arrested at the Garland demonstration, in which women wearing hijabs say they were forcibly unveiled by police. Activists in Maine have called for an end to state subsidies to the company. As of 2021, General Dynamics consists of ten separate businesses organised as four operating segments: General Dynamics current chairman and chief executive officer

3690-513: The OV2 satellites upon reaching orbit, providing gyroscopic stability. Cold-gas jets maintained this stability, receiving information on the satellite's alignment with respect to the Sun via an onboard solar aspect sensor, and with respect to the local magnetic field via two onboard fluxgate magnetometers. A damper kept the satellites from precessing (wobbling around its spin axis). Passive thermal control kept

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3780-464: The OV3 program. The OV3 satellites were octagonal prisms, .74 m (2 ft 5 in) in length and width (for OV3-5 and OV3-6, length was reduced to .53 m (1 ft 9 in)), with experiments mounted on booms. 2560 solar cells provided 30 Watts of power. The satellite was spin-stabilized, but because it was asymmetrical once its booms were extended, OV3-2 maintained its attitude in orbit with

3870-558: The OV3 satellites, the only series to be launched on dedicated rockets; six were launched on Scout-B rockets between 1966 and 1967. OV4 satellites were launched as part of a test flight for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), with two satellites conducting a communications experiment whilst a third, OV4-3, was the primary payload, a boilerplate mockup of the MOL space station. Two further OV4 satellites, duplicates of

3960-668: The Orbiting Vehicle umbrella. The primary innovation over the earlier ERS series was a command receiver, allowing instructions to be sent from the ground, and a Pulse-code modulation digital telemetry system, versus the analog transmitters used on prior ERS missions. Like prior ERS, the OV5s were spin-stabilized and heat was passively controlled. All of the OV5 series were built by TRW with the exception of OV5-6, built by AFCRL, and OV5-9, built by Northrop Corporation . The OV program

4050-411: The SPP (called the Atlas Retained Structure (ARS)) that would carry a self-orbiting satellite. Once the Atlas missile and ARS reached apogee, the satellite inside would be deployed and thrust itself into orbit. In addition to the orbital SPP, General Dynamics would create six of these satellites, each to be 3.66 m (12.0 ft) long with a diameter of .762 m (2 ft 6.0 in), able to carry

4140-569: The US market), and its Space Systems Division to Martin Marietta in 1994. The remaining Convair Aircraft Structure unit was sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1994. The remains of the Convair Division were simply closed in 1996. GD's exit from the aviation world was short-lived, and in 1999 the company acquired Gulfstream Aerospace . The Pomona operation was closed shortly after its sale to Hughes Aircraft. In 1995, General Dynamics purchased

4230-427: The air density at high altitudes, contradicting the prevailing model of the time. Moreover, the satellites determined that the density of the upper atmosphere was 10% lower than predicted by theoretical models. OV1-15/16 data led to improved atmospheric models that allowed the Air Force to better predict where and when satellites would decay and reenter. The OV2 series of satellites was originally designed as part of

4320-593: The angle at which protons encountered the satellite also helped refine theoretical models of how the magnetosphere interacts with the flux of charged particles. Unlike the OV1 and OV2 series satellites, which were designed to use empty payload space on rocket test launches, the six OV3 satellites all had dedicated Scout boosters. In this regard, the OV3 series was more akin to its civilian science program counterparts (e.g. Explorer ). OV3 differed from NASA programs in its heavy use of off-the-shelf equipment, which resulted in lower unit cost. The first four satellites in

4410-409: The auspices of these agencies. The OV1 program, managed by Lt. Col. Clyde Northcott, Jr. was an evolution of the 2.7 m "Scientific Passenger Pods" (SPP), which, starting on 2 October 1961, rode piggyback on suborbital Atlas missile tests and conducted scientific experiments during their short time in space. General Dynamics received a $ 2 million contract on 13 September 1963 to build a new version of

4500-442: The co-launched OV1-10 returned the most comprehensive set of solar X-ray observations to date. These data enabled scientists to determine the relative density of neon to magnesium in the solar corona through direct observation rather than using complicated mathematical models. The ratio of neon to magnesium was found to be 1.47 to 1 (+/- .38). OV1-13, launched 6 April 1968, measured increases in energy and intensity of electrons during

4590-489: The company started to rapidly divest its under-performing divisions under CEO William Anders . Cessna was re-sold to Textron in January 1992, the San Diego and Pomona missile production units to General Motors - Hughes Aerospace in May 1992, the Fort Worth aircraft production to Lockheed in March 1993 (a nearby electronics production facility was separately sold to Israeli-based Elbit Systems , marking that company's entry into

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4680-452: The company's cash flow because Saudi Arabia was nearly $ 2 billion in arrears on its payments. In 2018, General Dynamics acquired information technology services giant CSRA for $ 9.7 billion, and merged it with GDIT. General Dynamics has been accused by groups such as Code Pink and Green America of "making money from human suffering by profiting off the migrant children held at U.S. detention camps" due to its IT services contracts with

4770-608: The company's largest shareholder and merged his Material Service Corporation with GD in 1959. GD subsequently reorganized into Eastern Group in New York City and Western Group in San Diego , California , with the latter taking over all of the aerospace activities and dropping the Convair brand name from its aircraft in the process. Frank Pace retired under pressure in 1962 and Roger Lewis, former Assistant Secretary of

4860-559: The company. Hopkins hired Canadian-born mass-production specialist H. Oliver West to take over the president's role and return Canadair to profitability. Shortly after the takeover, Canadair began delivering its new Canadair North Star (a version of the Douglas DC-4 ) and was able to deliver aircraft to Trans-Canada Airlines , Canadian Pacific Airlines , and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) well in advance of their contracted delivery times. Defense spending increased with

4950-462: The contract over a Boeing submission. The land-based F-111 first flew in December 1964; the carrier-capable F-111B flew in May 1965, but proved overweight and underpowered for the navy's needs. With the naval version not accepted, production estimates for 2,400 F-111s including exports were sharply reduced, but GD still made a $ 300 million profit on the project. Grumman went on to use many of

5040-511: The corporation today consists of ten subsidiary companies with operations in 45 countries. The company's products include Gulfstream business jets, Virginia and Columbia class nuclear-powered submarines, Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyers, M1 Abrams tanks and Stryker armored fighting vehicles. In 2022, General Dynamics had worldwide sales of $ 39.4 billion and a workforce of approximately 106,500 full-time employees. The current chairman and chief executive officer (CEO)

5130-418: The deal, the company warned that doing so could lead to "billions of dollars in liability" and risk the loss of thousands of jobs. Trudeau has since said that while he is critical of Saudi conduct, he cannot simply scrap the deal because "Canada as a country of the rule of law needs to respect its contracts." On 30 January 2019, CEO Phebe Novakovic warned investors that the matter had "significantly impacted"

5220-463: The exception of OV1-1 , the last ABRES test launch, and OV1-6 , launched via the Titan IIIC tasked for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory test flight . OV1-13, like the rest of the OV1 satellite series, consisted of a cylindrical experiment housing capped with flattened cones on both ends containing 5000 solar cells producing 22 watts of power. Continuing the design trend started with OV1-7 ,

5310-414: The first in the OV1 series to use Pulse-code modulation digital telemetry , which afforded the return of more and more precise data from the satellite. For stabilization purposes, the satellite was magnetically charged such that it would remain oriented parallel to the Earth's magnetic field, flipping over each time it crossed over one of the Earth's poles. A nutational dampener prevented wobble around

5400-619: The first two, were built but not launched. OV5 satellites were launched as secondary payloads on Titan IIIC rockets as part of the Environmental Research Satellite program. The OV program was phased out in the late 1960s, the last of the series (an OV1) flying in 1971. It was succeeded by the Space Test Program , which focused on tailored satellites with specific payloads rather than standardized ones. The Orbiting Vehicle satellite program arose from

5490-408: The four upper corners, each with 20,160 solar cells. The power system, which included NiCd batteries for night-time operations, provided 63 W of power. Experiments were generally mounted outside the cube while satellite systems, including tape recorder, command receiver, and PAM/FM/FM telemetry system, were installed inside. Four small solid rocket motors spun, one on each paddle, were designed to spin

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5580-841: The government of Canada announced it had selected the General Dynamics Land Systems subsidiary in London, Ontario , to produce Light Armoured Vehicles for Saudi Arabia as part of a $ 10 billion deal with the Canadian Commercial Corporation . The sale has been criticized by political opponents because of the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . In December 2018, after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau suggested Canada might scrap

5670-448: The innovations of the F-111 in the F-14 Tomcat , an aircraft designed solely as a carrier-borne fighter. In May 1965, GD reorganized into 12 operating divisions based on product lines. The board decided to build all future planes in Fort Worth, ending plane production at Convair's original plant in San Diego but continuing with space and missile development there. In October 1970, Roger Lewis left and David S. Lewis from McDonnell Douglas

5760-580: The next decade, developed the F-106 Delta Dart interceptor , the B-58 Hustler bomber , and the Convair 880 and 990 airliners . Convair also developed the Atlas missile , the US's first operational intercontinental ballistic missile . General Dynamics purchased Liquid Carbonic Corporation in September 1957 and controlled it as a wholly owned subsidiary until a Federal antitrust ruling required its sale to shareholders in January 1969, being bought later that month by Houston Natural Gas Company. From 1955 to 1960, General Dynamics hired Erik Nitsche as

5850-454: The onset of the Cold War, and Canadair went on to win many Canadian military contracts for the Royal Canadian Air Force and became a major aerospace company. These included Canadair CT-133 Silver Star trainer, the Canadair Argus long-range maritime reconnaissance and transport aircraft , and the Canadair F-86 Sabre . Between 1950 and 1958, 1,815 Sabres were built. Canadair also produced 200 CF-104 Starfighter supersonic fighter aircraft,

5940-477: The previous fiscal cycle. General Dynamics's shares traded at over $ 254 per share in 2022, and its market capitalization was valued at US$ 62.46 billion in December 2022. As of January 2023. General Dynamics reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 2021 at 696,118 mt (-8.7% year over year) and aims to reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40% by 2034. The company is on track to become carbon neutral before 2060. In 2021, General Dynamics's U.S. workforce

6030-443: The privately held Bath Iron Works shipyard in Bath, Maine , for $ 300 million, diversifying its shipbuilding portfolio to include U.S. Navy surface ships such as guided-missile destroyers . In 1998, the company acquired NASSCO, formerly National Steel and Shipbuilding Company , for $ 415 million. The San Diego shipyard produces U.S. Navy auxiliary and support ships as well as commercial ships that are eligible to be U.S.-flagged under

6120-421: The project concluded that the company had engaged in sloppy tradecraft and took inadequate precautions to conceal the origins of the fake accounts created for the campaign. General Dynamics' supply of weapons to Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war has led to protests at facilities in Pittsfield, Massachusetts , Lincoln, Nebraska , Saco, Maine , New London, Connecticut and Garland, Texas . Protesters at

6210-402: The same post-war malaise as Electric Boat. It was up for sale, and Hopkins bought the company for $ 10 million in 1946. The factory alone was worth more than $ 22 million, according to the Canadian government's calculations, excluding the value of the remaining contracts for planes or spare parts. However, Canadair's production line and inventory systems were in disorder when Electric Boat purchased

6300-678: The satellites axis of rotation. In contrast to prior flights utilizing the Atlas D , which mounted multiple OV satellites on a paddle-like extension on the rocket nose, the Atlas F used to launch OV1-13 and 14 enclosed the satellites in a symmetrical shroud measuring 5.4 m (18 ft) in height and 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in diameter made of aluminum. OV1-13 carried ten experiments, eight of which were designed to measure penetrating radiation at altitudes up to 8,000 km (5,000 mi), almost twice as high as any previous OV1 satellites. The experiments included four spectrometers measuring radiation with energies from .1 to 100 KeV ,

6390-412: The satellites carried the Vertistat attitude system that used a Sun sensor to determine the spacecraft's orientation to the Sun. OV1-13 and OV1-14 were the first in the OV1 series to use Pulse-code modulation digital telemetry , which afforded the return of more and more precise data from the satellites. Ultimately, only the first of the SATARs, ( OV1-1 , called Atmospheric Research Vehicle (ARV) at

6480-506: The satellites from overheating. Three OV2 satellites with different mission objectives were originally planned when the OV2 program began. The OV2 series was ultimately expanded to five satellites, all with different goals. Only OV2-5, a radiation and astronomical satellite, achieved a degree of success. OV2-5 proton energy data collected 2–13 October 1968 in the energy range of 0.060 to 3.3 Mev , showed an eight-fold reduction in particle flux between solar storms and quiet periods. Measuring

6570-461: The series were made the Aerojet subsidiary Space General Corporation under a $ 1.35m contract awarded 2 December 1964, the first satellite due October 1965. The last two satellites were built by Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (AFCRL), which also managed the entire series and provided four of the OV3 payloads. Charles H. Reynolds, who worked at AFCRL from 1955, was the technical manager for

6660-422: The solar cells were flat rather than curved, as had been in the case with the first six OV1 satellites. Two .46 m (1 ft 6 in) antennae for transmitting telemetry and receiving commands extended from the sides of the spacecraft. 12 helium-pressurized hydrogen peroxide thrusters provided attitude control. There was also a folding boom for mounting one of the radiation experiments. OV1-13 and 14 were

6750-420: The thrust for final orbital insertion. The OV1/Atlas combination was economical for the time, costing just $ 1.25 million per launch ($ 4545 per 1 kg (2.2 lb) of payload). The standardized format also afforded a quick experiment proposal-to-launch period of just fifteen months. The program was managed by Lt. Col. Clyde Northcott, Jr. Data from OV1-4 's Tissue Equivalent Ionization Chamber , compared to

6840-511: The time) ever flew piggyback on an ABRES mission. The rest were flown on ex-ICBM Atlas D and F boosters specifically purchased by the OAR for the OV1 series (except OV1-6 , which flew on the Manned Orbiting Laboratory test flight on 2 November 1966). Typically, the satellites were mounted in the nose cone of the launching rocket; OV1-1, OV1-3 and OV1-86 were side mounted. A jettisonable propulsion module with an Altair-2 solid-propellant motor provided

6930-487: The understanding of how particles flow and cause increased intensities during solar storms. As of 12 May 2023, OV1-13 is still in orbit. The Orbiting Vehicle satellite program arose from a US Air Force initiative, begun in the early 1960s, to reduce the expense of space research. Through this initiative, satellites would be standardized to improve reliability and cost-efficiency, and where possible, they would fly on test vehicles or be piggybacked with other satellites. In 1961,

7020-516: Was .9 m (2 ft 11 in). Silver oxide/zinc batteries provided for a 50-day lifespan. Two sets of OV4 "whispering gallery" satellites were built. OV4-2T and OV4-2R were never flown. OV4-1T and OV4-1R were scheduled for launch on the MOL Heat Shield Qualification flight , with a Titan IIIC rocket. The dummy MOL (a Titan first-stage oxidizer tank) was equipped with a variety of experiments and dubbed OV4-3. OV1-6

7110-670: Was 21% veterans, 23% female, and 27% people of color. The US Department of Labor awarded the company the 2021 HIRE Vets Gold Award. The company has 26 Employee Resource Groups serving 10 employee segments. Approximately 20% of the company's employees are represented by labor unions such as International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), The International Union, and United Auto Workers (UAW). Independent research published by American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD), U.S. Department of Labor, Military Times , U.S. Veterans Magazine , Professional Women's Magazine , Forbes , and Fortune selected General Dynamics as

7200-729: Was acquired by General Dynamics Land Systems in November 2011 for $ 350 million. In 1997, General Dynamics acquired Computing Devices Ltd based in Hastings , England , which had developed avionics and mission systems for the Panavia Tornado , British Aerospace Harrier II and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod . In 2001, Computing Devices Canada (CDC) was awarded a contract from the UK Ministry of Defence to supply tactical communication systems for their Bowman program. The work for this

7290-461: Was also mounted on the Titan III. The rocket took off from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 40 on 3 November 1966 at 13:50:42 UTC. The OV5 program was a continuation of the Environmental Research Satellite (ERS) series developed by Space Technology Laboratories , a subdivision of TRW Inc. These were very small satellites launched pick-a-back with primary payloads since 1962—a natural fit under

7380-565: Was announced in September 2018 that the U.S. Navy awarded contracts for 10 new Arleigh Burke-class destroyers from General Dynamics Bath Iron Works and Huntington Ingalls Industries. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense General Jim Mattis re-joined the company's board of directors in August 2019. He had previously served on the board, but resigned and divested before becoming Secretary of Defense. In September 2020, General Dynamics announced

7470-571: Was awarded a $ 4.6 billion contract by the U.S. Army for M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams main battle tanks. According to a report by Reuters , General Dynamics was the primary contractor for a United States military-run propaganda campaign to spread disinformation about the Sinovac Chinese COVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and

7560-594: Was carried out at its new UK headquarters in Oakdale , Wales and the company was renamed General Dynamics UK Limited. As of 2020 , it comprises two business units: General Dynamics Land Systems - UK and General Dynamics Mission Systems - UK and operates in eight sites across the United Kingdom. It is currently responsible for delivering the General Dynamics Ajax family of armored vehicles,

7650-403: Was cash-flush but lacking in work following World War II , during which it produced 80 submarines for the Navy, with its workforce shrinking from 13,000 to 4,000 by 1946. President and chief executive officer John Jay Hopkins started looking for companies that would fit into Electric Boat's market in hopes of diversifying. Canadair was owned by the Canadian government and was suffering from

7740-577: Was named CEO. Lewis required that the company headquarters move to St. Louis, Missouri , which occurred in February 1971. In 1972, GD bid on the USAF's Lightweight Fighter (LWF) project. GD and Northrop were awarded prototype contracts. GD's F-111 program was winding down, and the company needed a new aircraft contract. It organized its own version of Lockheed 's Skunk Works , the Advanced Concepts Laboratory, and responded with

7830-667: Was phased out in the late 1960s, the last of the series (an OV1) flying in 1971. The program orbited 184 experiments at extremely low launch costs and with very short proposal-to-orbit times. OV was succeeded by the Space Test Program , managed by the Space Missile Organization 's Space Experiments Support Program, which had absorbed the ARSP in 1968. The Space Test Program followed the new trend in satellites, which preferred custom-built one-offs with specific payloads to vehicles built on standardized plans. General Dynamics General Dynamics Corporation ( GD )

7920-423: Was terminated following OV3-6 in favor of the cheaper OV1 program. The OV4 series was designed to utilize space aboard the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) test flights. In September 1964, Raytheon was awarded a $ 220,000 contract to build a one-off pair of satellites, designed by the U.S.A.F. Avionics Laboratory . These two satellites would investigate long range radio propagation in the charged atmosphere of

8010-526: Was therefore haram under Islamic law . The campaign primarily targeted people in the Philippines and used a social media hashtag for "China is the virus" in Tagalog . The campaign ran from the spring of 2020 to mid-2021. In 2024, General Dynamics IT was awarded a $ 493 million contract by The Pentagon. According to an unnamed source cited by Reuters, a military audit of General Dynamics's work on

8100-415: Was too little for comprehensive studies. OV-13 did measure increases in energy and intensity of electrons during a geomagnetic storm that took place 10 June 1968. OV1-13 data also clarified how the particle flow caused by solar storms created these high altitude increases. As of 12 May 2023, OV1-13 is still in orbit, and its position can be tracked on-line. The OV1 program ultimately comprised 22 missions,

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