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30-732: The river's name is derived from the Warao term for "a place to paddle", itself derived from the terms güiri (paddle) and noko (place) i.e. a navigable place. The mouth of the Orinoco River at the Atlantic Ocean was documented by Christopher Columbus on 1 August 1498, during his third voyage . Its source at the Cerro Delgado–Chalbaud, in the Parima range , was not explored until 453 years later, in 1951. The source, near

60-490: A clearance of 41 m above water level and are supported by four 120 m tall H-shaped pylons via two planes of cable stays. Unusually, these spans do not lead directly into each other as at other multi-span cable stayed bridges such as the Millau Viaduct , but are anchored at a fixed point on the mid-stream island. The bridge was built to complement the existing Angostura Bridge and to provide a more direct connection with

90-936: A language isolate. However, he has also derived Timucua morphemes from Muskogean, Chibchan, Paezan, Arawakan, and other Amazonian languages, suggesting multi-language creolization as a possible explanation for these similarities. Granberry also finds " Waroid " vocabulary items in Guajiro (from toponymic evidence it seems that the Warao or a related people once occupied Goajiro country) and in Taino ( nuçay or nozay [nosái] "gold" in Ciboney—cf. Warao naséi símo "gold" (lit. "yellow pebble")—and duho "ceremonial stool" in Classic Taino—cf. Warao duhu "sit, stool"). Granberry & Vescelius (2004) note that toponymic evidence suggests that

120-449: A seasonal variation in level of 12.5 m. The crossing is composed of approximately 4.5 km of structures and carries four lanes of road traffic separated into two carriageways by a single railway track in the centre. It consists of two cable stayed navigation spans each of 300 m with a south approach 1320 m long composed of 22 60 m spans and a north approach of 636 m composed of ten 60 m spans and one of 36 m. The two navigation spans have

150-513: A very rare word order among nominative–accusative languages such as Warao. Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Uarao (Warao) and Mariusa. Orinoquia Bridge The Second Orinoco crossing or Orinoquia Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Orinoco River near Ciudad Guayana , Venezuela . It was inaugurated on November 13, 2006 and named Orinoquia Bridge. Prior to its construction,

180-613: The Orinoco Delta region of northeastern Venezuela, with smaller communities in southwestern Trinidad ( Trinidad and Tobago ), western Guyana and Suriname . The language is considered endangered by UNESCO . Historical sources mention ethnic groups in the Orinoco Delta such as Siawani ( Chaguanes ), Veriotaus ( Farautes ), and Tiuitiuas ( Tibitíbis ) that spoke Warao or languages closely related to modern Warao. Other extinct groups include: Loukotka (1968) lists

210-588: The Angostura Bridge at Ciudad Bolívar , Venezuela, was completed in 1967. In 1968, an expedition was set off by The Geographical Journal and Hovercraft from Manaus ( Brazil ) to Port of Spain (Trinidad). Aboard a SR.N6 hovercraft, the expedition members followed the Negro river upstream to where it is joined by the Casiquiare canal , on the border between Colombia and Venezuela. After following

240-660: The Orinoco oil belt , which may be a source of future oil production. Encompassing the states of Anzoategui - Guarico and Monagas states, the Interior Range forms the northern boundary and the Guayana Shield the southern boundary. Maturin forms the eastern subbasin and Guarico forms the western subbasin. The El Furrial oil field was discovered in 1978, producing from late Oligocene shallow marine sandstones in an overthrusted foreland basin . Since 1973,

270-501: The giant otter inhabit the Orinoco River system. The Orinoco crocodile is one of the rarest reptiles in the world. Its range in the wild is restricted to the middle and lower Orinoco River Basin. More than 1000 fish species have been recorded in the river basin and about 15% are endemic . Among the fish in the river are species found in brackish or salt water in the Orinoco estuary , but also many restricted to fresh water. By far

300-580: The savanna country . From April to May 1800, the Prussian-born Alexander von Humboldt and his companion, Aime Bonpland , explored stretches of the Orinoco, supported by indigenous helpers and guided by his interest to prove that South America's waterways formed an interconnected system from the Andes to the Amazon. He reported on the pink river dolphins and later published extensively on

330-543: The Atures Rapids. In 1926, a Venezuelan mining inspector found one of the richest iron ore deposits near the Orinoco delta, south of the city of San Felix on a mountain named El Florero . Full-scale mining of the ore deposits began after World War II , by a conglomerate of Venezuelan firms and US steel companies. At the start in the early 1950s, about 10,000 tons of ore-bearing soil was mined per day. The Orinoco River deposits also contain extensive tar sands in

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360-549: The Casiquiare includes both blackwater and clear- to whitewater sections, only relatively adaptable species are able to pass through it between the two river systems. The river is navigable for most of its length, and dredging enables ocean ships to go as far as Ciudad Bolívar , at the confluence of the Caroní River , 435 kilometres (270 mi) upstream. River steamers carry cargo as far as Puerto Ayacucho and

390-513: The Casiquiare to the Orinoco River they hovered thru perilous rapids of the rivers Maipures and Atures. The Orinoco was then traversed down to its mouths in the Gulf of Paria and then to Port of Spain. The primary purpose of the expedition was filming for the BBC series The World About Us episode "The Last Great Journey on Earth from Amazon to Orinoco by Hovercraft", which aired in 1970, and demonstrated

420-688: The Civil Association Nuestros Rios son Navegables organize the Internacional Rally Nuestros Rios son Navegables , a motonautical round trip of over 1,200 kilometers through the Orinoco, Meta and Apure Rivers. Starting out from Ciudad Bolívar or San Fernando de Apure, is the longest fluvial rally in the world with the participation of worldwide competitors, more than 30 support boats, logistics teams, thousands of tourists and fans travel. The boats had an average speed of 120 miles per hour. Since 1988,

450-749: The Orinoco River, the largest being the Caroní , which joins it at Puerto Ordaz , close to the Llovizna Falls. A peculiarity of the Orinoco river system is the Casiquiare canal , which starts as an arm of the Orinoco, and finds its way to the Rio Negro , a tributary of the Amazon , thus forming a 'natural canal' between Orinoco and Amazon. The stream gradient of the entire river is 0.05% (1,047 m over 2,250 km). Downstream of Raudales de Guaharibos

480-534: The River was spoken in Warao. Warao appears to be a language isolate , unrelated to any recorded language in the region or elsewhere. Terrence Kaufman (1994) included it in his hypothetical Macro-Paezan family, but the necessary supporting work was never done. Julian Granberry connected many of the grammatical forms, including nominal and verbal suffixes , of Warao to the Timucua language of North Florida, also

510-594: The Venezuelan– Brazilian border, at 1,047 metres (3,435 ft) above sea level ( 2°19′05″N 63°21′42″W  /  2.31806°N 63.36167°W  / 2.31806; -63.36167 ), was explored in 1951 by a joint French-Venezuelan expedition. The Orinoco, as well as its tributaries in the eastern llanos such as the Apure and Meta , were explored in the 16th century by German expeditions under Ambrosius Ehinger and his successors. In 1531, starting at

540-460: The abilities of a hovercraft, thereby promoting sales of this British invention. The first powerline crossing of the Orinoco River was completed in 1981 for an 800   kV   TL single span of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) using two towers 110 metres (360 ft) tall. In 1992, an overhead power line crossing for two 400   kV-circuits was completed just west of Morocure (between the cities of Ciudad Bolívar and Ciudad Guayana ), north of

570-576: The confluence of Routes   1 and 19. It had three towers, and the two spans measured 2,161 metres (7,090 ft) and 2,537 metres (8,323 ft), respectively. In 2006, a second bridge, known as the Orinoquia Bridge , was completed near Ciudad Guayana , Venezuela. The course of the Orinoco forms a wide ellipsoidal arc, surrounding the Guiana Shield ; it is divided in four stretches of unequal length that very roughly correspond to

600-622: The following varieties: Mason (1950) lists: The Warao consonant inventory is small, but not quite as small as many other South American inventories. It does not contain any notable exotica. The labial plosive / p / is usually realized as voiced [ b ] . / ɺ / has an allophone [ d ] word-initially and [ ɾ ] when between /i, a/ and /a/ . There are five oral vowels /a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/ and five nasal vowels /ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ/ . After /k/ , in word-initial position, /u/ becomes [ ɨ ] . The language's basic word order has been analyzed as object–subject–verb ,

630-454: The gradient is 0.01% (183/1,964), which is also the gradient from Ciudad Bolivar to the ocean (54/435). Average, minimum and maximum discharge at Ciudad Bolívar and Ciudad Guayana (Lower Orinoco): Monthly average discharge (m/s) at Ciudad Bolívar (2018 to 2023): Monthly average discharge (m/s) at Ciudad Guayana (1996 to 1998): Average discharge at Ciudad Bolívar (complete time series from 1926 to 2023): The boto and

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660-454: The important industrial city of Ciudad Guayana. In particular, it was intended to provide for a future rail connection to allow the city's heavy industrial products to be transported to the ports of Venezuela's Caribbean coast. River transport on the Orinoco includes oceangoing ships, but because of its high sediment load the Orinoco has to be constantly dredged. In addition the crossing strengthens transport links between Venezuela and Brazil to

690-405: The largest orders are Characiformes and Siluriformes , which together account for more than 80% of the fresh water species. Some of the more famous are the black spot piranha and the cardinal tetra . The latter species, which is important in the aquarium industry, is also found in the Rio Negro , revealing the connection between this river and the Orinoco through the Casiquiare canal . Because

720-496: The local government of Ciudad Guayana has conducted a swim race in the rivers Orinoco and Caroní , with up to 1,000 competitors. Since 1991, the Paso a Nado Internacional de los Rios Orinoco–Caroní has been celebrated every year, on a Sunday close to 19 April. Worldwide, this swim-meet has grown in importance, and it has a large number of competitors. The 26th meet was held in 2016. The Irish singer and songwriter Enya wrote and sang

750-432: The longitudinal zonation of a typical large river: At its mouth, the Orinoco River forms a wide delta that branches off into hundreds of rivers and waterways that flow through 41,000 km (16,000 sq mi) of swampy forests. In the rainy season, the Orinoco River can swell to a breadth of 22 kilometres (14 mi) and a depth of 100 metres (330 ft). Most of the important Venezuelan rivers are tributaries of

780-432: The only crossing of the Orinoco was the Angostura Bridge around 100 km upstream at Ciudad Bolívar that was opened in 1967. At the site chosen for the bridge, the Orinoco is three kilometres wide with two navigation channels separated by a small island that is revealed during the low-water season. The average discharge of the river here varies between 66 000 m³/s and 85 000 m³/s, flowing at up to 2.6 m/s and with

810-609: The pre-Taino Macorix language of Hispaniola and the Guanahatabey language of Cuba may have been Waroid languages as well. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cariban , Arutani , Máku , and Sape language families due to contact within an earlier Guiana Highlands interaction sphere. The language had an estimated 28,100 speakers in Venezuela as of 2007. The Warao people live chiefly in

840-653: The principal outlet in the delta, the Boca de Navios, Diego de Ordaz sailed up the river to the Meta. Antonio de Berrio sailed down the Casanare to the Meta, and then down the Orinoco River and back to Coro . In 1595, after capturing de Berrio to obtain information while conducting an expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado , the Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh sailed down the river, reaching

870-597: The river's flora and fauna. The sources of the Orinoco River, located at Cerro Carlos Delgado Chalbaud (2º19’05” N, 63º21’42” W), were discovered in 1951 by the French-Venezuelan expedition that went back and explored the Upper Orinoco course to the Sierra Parima near the border with Brazil, headed by Venezuelan army officer Frank Risquez Iribarren. The first bridge across the Orinoco River,

900-477: The song " Orinoco Flow ", which she released in 1988. Jules Verne's novel Superbe Orénoque has the river as its central theme. Warao language Warao (also known as Guarauno , Guarao , Warrau ) is the native language of the Warao people . A language isolate , it is spoken by about 33,000 people primarily in northern Venezuela , Guyana and Suriname . It is notable for its unusual object–subject–verb word order . The 2015 Venezuelan film Gone with

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