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56-628: Vehicles were primarily produced for the US, Canadian, and Mexican markets, as well as exports for various countries around the world, particularly South America and the Middle East. Historically the Oshawa plant was the source of all right-hand-drive market GM exports with complete vehicles or knock-down kits shipped to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom until the end of

112-574: A limited slip differential and torque vectoring . For 2018, the XTS received a midcycle refresh including new front and rear styling. A long-wheelbase version XTS, called the XTS-L, as well as limousine and hearse versions were available for fleet and coachbuilder markets, however they are no longer manufactured as of late 2019. General Motors exhibited a concept sedan called the XTS Platinum at

168-692: A 1990 model. The Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix were discontinued in June and November 2007 respectively. The Buick LaCrosse was discontinued from Oshawa #2 in December 2008 and moved to Fairfax Assembly for 2010. In the fourth quarter of that year, it began producing the new Chevrolet Camaro . Both the Buick Regal and the Camaro Convertible launched on the Flex Line in

224-579: A car assembly industry as a means of import substitution and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including the lowering of import tariffs, and the ability to import Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the CER agreement, many car companies ended assembly in New Zealand. They switched to importing completely built-up vehicles from Japan , Australia, or Europe. More significantly,

280-582: A driver side knee airbag. Optional equipment includes separate climate controls for rear seat passengers, coupled with 8" LCD screens that flip up from the front passenger seat-backs, allowing an internal DVD player to display content with wireless headphones. The interior can be outfitted in a large assortment of color combinations, along with four wood selections. Cadillac's CUE system is standard with an 8-speaker Bose sound system, including HD Radio and SiriusXM. An optional 14-speaker Bose sound package includes AudioPilot noise compensation technology. The XTS

336-596: A female workforce was employed. CKD military vehicles could be stored for shipment in one-vehicle-per-crate form (or SUP, Single Unit Pack), or as several vehicles (usually two to three) divided in two or more crates. Vehicles shipped to certain countries could be lacking some items, such as cabs, beds, or tires, that were built and provided locally. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited in India began its business in 1947 with assembling CKD Jeeps . Mahindra expanded its operations to include domestic manufacture of Jeep vehicles with

392-768: A first partnership agreement with AMC to assemble Rambler automobiles in Europe . Beginning in 1962, and continuing until 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits of its passenger cars to Renault. They were assembled in Renault's factory in Haren, Belgium , and sold through its dealers in Algeria , Austria , Belgium , France , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . The deal allowed AMC to sell its cars in new markets without significant foreign direct investment (FDI). The arrangement benefited

448-657: A high level of local content under license from Kaiser Jeep Corporation and later American Motors Corporation (AMC). In the 1950s and 1960s, Lotus Cars sold its Lotus Seven car in CKD form to avoid the UK purchase tax that applied to sales of fully assembled vehicles. By 1959, and with the introduction of the Mini , British Motor Corporation (BMC) products were still either imported or assembled from CKD kits in several international markets. In 1961, Renault began negotiations for

504-492: A mail-order business for knock-down furniture in response to a lack of affordable furniture. Swedish furniture company IKEA began selling flat-pack furniture in 1956. Cadillac XTS The Cadillac XTS (short for X-Series Touring Sedan ) is a full-size car built by the American company Cadillac from 2013 until 2019. It is a four-door sedan with seating for up to five passengers. Based on an enlarged version of

560-552: A plant that was expected to have an annual output of 150,000 units. Daimler AG has a CKD assembly plant in South Carolina that re-assembles Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans for sale in the United States and Canada at Mercedes-Benz and Freightliner dealers, along with Dodge dealers before Fiat Group 's takeover of Chrysler Group LLC —essentially to circumvent the 25% tariff on imported light trucks known as

616-411: A product. It is also a method of supplying parts to a market, particularly in shipping to foreign nations, and serves as a way of counting or pricing. CKD is a common practice in the automotive , bus , heavy truck , and rail vehicle industries, as well as electronics, furniture and other products. Businesses sell knocked-down kits to their foreign affiliates or licensees for various reasons, including

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672-701: A version of Daewoo Lanos for full-scale production and equipping it with a domestic engine. The German automotive giant Volkswagen Group also produces SKDs in Ukraine at its Solomonovo plant, producing cars under its Škoda and Volkswagen Passenger Cars marques . In Russia , KD assembling facilities are owned by Avtotor , which produced Hummer H2 , BMW 3 Series , and BMW 5 Series in Kaliningrad , and Renault Logan in Moscow using facilities that once belonged to AZLK . In Kaluga , Volkswagen Group had

728-405: Is a collection of parts required to assemble a product. The parts are typically manufactured in one country or region, and then exported to another country or region for final assembly. CBU , on the other hand, stands for "Completely Built Up" and signifies import of a finished product. A common form of knock-down is a complete knock-down ( CKD ), which is a kit of entirely unassembled parts of

784-510: Is available with two engines, a four-cylinder 2.0-liter turbo for China only, and a 3.6-liter with 304 hp (227 kW) and 264 lb⋅ft (358 N⋅m), with available twin-turbocharging on the XTS V-Sport providing 410 hp (306 kW) and 369 lb⋅ft (500 N⋅m) together with cylinder deactivation . The XTS is available in both front-wheel drive and optional all-wheel drive (standard on V-Sport vehicles) which includes

840-469: Is part of the larger GM Autoplex. The facility has over 10 million square feet (930,000 m) of vacant factory floor. It was converted to a state of the art flexible manufacturing facility in 2008, which involved the consolidation of two car plants under the same roof and the addition of a $ 1.3B paint shop which can accommodate 27 different body styles, including cars, pick up trucks and vans. Approximately 3,600 hourly and 400 salaried employees were working at

896-469: The 2010 North American International Auto Show after privately unveiling the vehicle to automotive journalists on August 11, 2009. The concept was all-wheel drive and was powered by a 3.6 L (220 cu in) V6 plug-in hybrid system estimated at 350 hp (260 kW). Its interior was based on hand-cut-and-sewn materials and uses Organic Light Emitting Diode ( OLED ) displays in place of traditional gauges and screens. A Platinum version of

952-606: The 504 pick-up . The 404 and 504 were massively marketed worldwide through local CKD assembly shops: the 404 was assembled, besides France and Argentina, in Australia , Belgium, Canada (at the SOMA plant shared with Renault), Chile, Ireland, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand , Nigeria, Portugal, Perú, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Uruguay; the 504, mainly in Argentina, Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, South-Africa, Australia, and China by

1008-602: The CMP family , were crated and shipped overseas in KD form, in various degrees of completeness, to Allied countries to sustain their war effort. Assembly lines were preferably set up in local automotive factories where appropriate tooling and equipment could be easily found, but, where needed, other types of buildings could be used, especially in on-the-field situations, and on occasion, even open-air rebuilding camps were set up, managed by military personnel. Owing to male mobilization, sometimes

1064-616: The Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and the GMC Sierra 1500 in Extended Cab form, would assemble trucks. Later that summer, GM also began final assembly of Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD Double Cab models. On November 26, 2018, General Motors announced the closure of the Oshawa car assembly plant complex ending 111 years of auto manufacturing in Oshawa. The final vehicle, a white GMC Sierra pickup truck, rolled off

1120-581: The Epsilon II platform , it has a front-mounted engine that either drives the front wheels or drives all four wheels . Replacing the smaller Cadillac STS and larger DTS , production began in May 2012 at the Oshawa Assembly Plant and launched in June as a 2013 model. Marketed with left-hand drive in the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, and the Middle East (except Israel), the XTS

1176-810: The Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company which developed a specific crew cab version. In 1968, the independent German automotive firm, Karmann , began assembly of CKD kits of AMC's newly introduced Javelin for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provided right-hand drive versions of their automobiles to markets such as Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa . The components were shipped in containers to Australia from AMC's plants in Kenosha, Wisconsin , or Brampton, Ontario . Assembly of Rambler and AMC vehicles in Australia

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1232-739: The Paykan (meaning "arrow" in Persian ). Bought by Chrysler in 1967 and then part of the sale to the PSA Group by the Chrysler Corporation of its European operations in late 1978, the Rootes business basis in Iran became the primer for the very significant PSA Peugeot Citroën business in Iran involving engine and CKD deliveries, particularly from the 405, introduced in 1990 and facelifted as

1288-639: The " Buy America Act " provisions (49 USC 5323(j) and 49 CFR Part 661) for public agencies purchasing new equipment with federal funds. North American Bus Industries opened operations in Anniston, Alabama , in 1993, with incomplete buses shipped from Budapest , Hungary , to Anniston for final assembly. NABI expanded production operations in Anniston to allow full production with its first fully domestically produced bus unit in 2008. The practice of selling "knocked down" railcars, called by that name, pre-dates

1344-768: The " Chicken Tax ". The Sprinter was eventually replaced in the Dodge/ Ram lineup with the similar Ram ProMaster, a rebadged Fiat Ducato . Unlike the CKD Dodge Sprinter, the ProMaster is fully imported to the U.S. from a Chrysler plant in Mexico under of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 2009, Mahindra & Mahindra Limited announced that it would export pickup trucks powered by diesel engines from India to

1400-411: The 1960s. At one time, the factory was one of the largest auto manufacturing facilities in the world, with two car assembly plants, a truck assembly plant, as well as parts production including Harrison radiators, AC Delco batteries (for both GM and other vehicle manufacturers) and American Axle . Between 1999 and 2019, it had won more quality and productivity awards than any other GM plant. The plant

1456-921: The 20th century, as evidenced by an advertisement by JG Brill Company in the Street Railway Journal from 1898. Many rail equipment builders have used kits or incomplete vehicles, often to meet local assembly and production requirements or quotas, or to satisfy tariffs. Some examples include: Unserviceable military aircraft are also sold as "knock-downs" after they have ended their service life , packaging them with serviceable aircraft. This allows them to be used for cannibalization of spare parts . The European aircraft manufacturer Airbus uses knock-down kits to assemble A320 family aircraft outside Europe. The Airbus A320 final assembly line in Tianjin , China, assembles fuselage, wing, and tail sections made in Europe with avionics and engines made in

1512-549: The Airbus Tianjin and Mobile plants receive their fuselages, wings, and tail sections from Europe via ocean freight using specially designed ships , as the plants are located in port cities. From 1908 to 1940, the Sears, Roebuck & Co. mail-order catalog offered over 400 styles of homes. Buyers were provided with all of the materials and the instructions needed to build a house. Everything that arrived by train or in

1568-785: The EU or the United States and locally sourced components for interiors. Airbus opened a similar A320 final assembly line in the United States in September 2015, located in Mobile, Alabama ; again using European-made fuselages, wings, and tail sections. However, the Mobile final assembly line will use more locally sourced components than the Tianjin line; engines, interior components, and avionics will be sourced mainly from American suppliers. Both

1624-646: The French automaker because its product range lacked large-sized cars, and it needed to offer an "executive" model for its European markets. The situation changed by 1977. By this time, AMC sought outside support for a new car in the sub-compact market segment, which led to the first of many agreements with Renault. Volvo's Halifax Assembly Plant , which opened in 1963, completed vehicles in CKD form from Sweden for North American consumers. Halifax Assembly closed in December 1998. In 1967, Rootes Group UK began exporting CKD Hillman Hunters to Iran where they were sold as

1680-549: The GM Autoplex facilities in the southern part of the city starting production on November 7, 1953. From its beginnings, the Oshawa plant supplied right-hand-drive vehicles to international markets in kit form for local assembly, or as completed vehicles until the late 1960s. International markets saw U.S and Canadian-only GM vehicles such as the Bel Air , Pontiac Parisienne , Pontiac Laurentian , and Chevrolet Impala . In

1736-719: The Monte Carlo. In all, the plant has won 19 J.D. Power awards for quality since 1999. In recognition of that achievement, J.D. Power awarded the Founder's Award to the Car Plant in the summer of 2008; it is an award that has been presented only six times in the lengthy history of J.D. Power & Associates. Harbour Consulting rated Oshawa #1 (building the Impala and Monte Carlo) as the second most efficient in North America,

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1792-525: The Netherlands, various parts are added to the car, most notably the rear subframe with the drive train as well as the battery pack. Motor Coach Industries opened its Pembina, North Dakota , assembly plant in 1963, as part of an expansion into the US market. Unfinished KD (knocked down) coach bodies are shipped from Winnipeg, Manitoba , by flatbed trailer and completed, outfitted, and delivered at Pembina. This practice simplifies US Customs and meets

1848-655: The Netherlands. It is used for the assembly of their Model S sedan and Model X SUV for the European Union , but not all of Europe since only cars imported to the EU benefit from circumventing the 10% import duty (e.g. cars to Norway are shipped directly from the United States). For the most part, the car is still manufactured in the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California . During the final assembly in

1904-641: The Pars in 1999 and 206 introduced in 2001. In 2004, Peugeot's partner Iran Khodro produced 281'000 Peugeot vehicles, securing a 36% market share. In 1967 as well, Peugeot introduced CKD-based production of a light pick-up vehicle based on the Peugeot 403 in Peugeot's Berazategui factory (in Buenos Aires ) under the name Peugeot 4TB. In 1973, this model was replaced by the 404 pick-up and later (1990) by

1960-478: The United States in knockdown kit (CKD) form, again to circumvent the chicken tax . Mahindra planned to export CKDs to the United States as complete vehicles that will be assembled in the United States from kits of parts shipped in crates. However, Mahindra's United States CKD and export plans never materialized and were subject to several lawsuits. In 2013, Tesla started operating an assembly plant in Tilburg ,

2016-560: The assembly line on December 18, 2019. On November 4, 2020, GM announced "Subject to ratification of the 2020 agreement with Unifor, General Motors plans to bring pickup production back to the Oshawa Assembly Plant. Construction will begin immediately at Oshawa Assembly and will include a new body shop and flexible assembly module, to support a fast response to strong customer demand for GM’s new family of pickup trucks." Oshawa pickup production started on November 10, 2021 when

2072-517: The auto industry as knocked-down export ( KDX ), and cars assembled in the country of origin and exported whole to the destination market are known as built-up export ( BUX ). Technically, the terms "knock-down", "incompletely disassembled kit", and "kits of parts" are all misnomers because the knock-downs were never built up in the first place. The parts shipments are often not in the form of kits, but rather bulk-packed by type of part into shipping containers . The degree of "knock-down" depends on

2128-460: The avoidance of import taxes, to receive tax preferences for providing local manufacturing jobs, or even to be considered as a bidder at all (for example, in public transport projects with "buy national" rules). A semi-knocked-down kit ( SKD ) or incompletely disassembled kit (although it has never been assembled) is a kit of the partially assembled parts of a product. Both types of KDs, complete and incomplete, are collectively referred to within

2184-488: The conveyor just before the paint shop. The bodies are painted and then go through the general assembly process at the Oshawa plant. The entire process was developed as a quick way to respond to high demand for the Equinox product. The CAMI facility does make Equinox and GMC Terrain from start to finish at their own plant, but they did not have the capacity to put more bodies through paint and general assembly. In mid 2018, it

2240-484: The desires and technical abilities of the receiving organization or government import regulations. Developing nations may pursue trade and economic policies that call for import substitution or local content regulations. Companies with CKD operations help the country substitute the finished products it imports with locally assembled substitutes. Knock-down kit assembly plants are less expensive to establish and maintain because they do not need modern robotic equipment, and

2296-585: The easing of import restrictions led to many used imports , because they were less expensive than locally assembled used cars, and outsold the 'NZ New' vehicles. The last companies to construct CKD kits in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi , and Honda , which closed their plants in 1998 when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs on cars. Other examples include Ukraine , which has almost prohibitive import taxes on finished cars. AutoZAZ assembles CKD kits of some Lada , Opel , Mercedes-Benz , and Daewoo cars. It went as far as adopting

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2352-446: The end of the year. The closure would affect 2,500 union workers and 300 management. On May 8, 2019 GM announced they would be spending $ 170 million ( CAD ) to transition the plant from vehicle assembly to the production of body stampings and other subassemblies, and would convert 22 hectares (220,000 ft) of the facility to a test track for the development of autonomous vehicles . The facility had produced vehicles since 1907. It

2408-550: The first Canadian-made Silverado HD was completed. The Silverado 1500 began production in Oshawa in May 2022. The plant won the J.D. Power Gold Award for initial quality in 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2006; as well a numerous other individual awards for the specific models it produces. In 2007, the plant won silver for initial quality, and a Gold Best in Segment award for the Pontiac Grand Prix, and Bronze Best in Segment for

2464-578: The first quarter of 2011. The plant began the production of high performance 2012 Camaro ZL1 and the 2012 Buick Regal GS in 2012 and will build the 2013 Cadillac XTS in the first quarter of 2012. In August 2010, the plant began assembling the Chevrolet Equinox in partnership with another GM facility in Ingersoll, Ontario , known as CAMI Automotive . The metal bodies are made at CAMI, trucked two hours east to Oshawa, where they are inserted on

2520-466: The mail was designed to fit together, therefore buyers could build the houses themselves or hire contractors. Sears sourced building materials at a high volume, thus keeping prices low and competitive with the local builders. Knock-down furniture dates back to at least the mid-19th century, with the 1859 Thonet No. 14 chair bentwood chair being easily disassembled for transportation. In the late 1940s, Australian designer Frederick Charles Ward founded

2576-426: The manufacturer needs to "localize" the car further, i.e., increase the share of parts produced by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, seats, headlights, windscreens and glass, batteries, interior plastics, etc., even down to the engine and transmission. At some point, the steel body could be pressed, welded, and painted locally, effectively making KD assembly only a few steps away from full-scale production. By

2632-503: The mid-1980s, GM began a large transformation of the facility, naming the site "Autoplex." The changeover came in three steps, the first being conversion of the truck plant to GMT400 production in 1986. The next step was retooling Line 2 for the new W-body Regal , which began production in mid-1987. The final installment was a long changeover of Line 1 for the Chevrolet Lumina , which went into production on January 8, 1989 as

2688-576: The plant, with many more engineers working at GM's Regional Engineering Centre across the road. The hourly-rated workers were represented by their union, Unifor Local 222. In August 2017, it was rated highly by its employees in The Best Places to Work in Canada rankings by Indeed, garnering 4th spot overall, and 1st for wages and benefits. On November 26, 2018, GM announced that production of new cars at Oshawa would wind down in 2019 and cease by

2744-507: The time Henry Ford co-wrote his 1922 memoir, My Life and Work , the Ford Motor Company was already shipping car parts from its Michigan plants for final assembly in the regions of the United States or foreign countries where the cars would be sold. During World War II , a significant number of US- and Canadian-built vehicles, most notably light and heavy trucks like Willys MB / Ford GPW /GPA, GMC-353/ CCKW , and vehicles from

2800-587: The top-rated in the study was Oshawa #2 (building the LaCrosse and Grand Prix). As of September 2022: Some of the former models produced at the plant. GM would move production to and from other factories, such as relocating production of their lower selling vehicles to smaller facilities across North America. The Oshawa facility frequently produced the vehicles in the highest demand in North America. Knock-down kit A knock-down kit (also knockdown kit , knocked-down kit , or simply knockdown or KD )

2856-417: The wheels, internal combustion engine , transmission , and battery . They are either supplied as parts for assembly (a "complete" kit) or obtained from third parties (an "incomplete" kit); all of the interiors are already installed at the originating factory. The term SKD for semi-knocked-down refers to a kit with a complete, welded car body, usually coated or already painted. To gain extra tax preferences,

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2912-400: The workforce may be less costly than in the country of origin. The plants may also be effective for low-volume production. The CKD concept allows firms in developing markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the CKD kit exporting company gains new markets that would otherwise be closed. In the automotive industry, the most basic form of a vehicle in the KD kit lacks

2968-696: Was also assembled by Shanghai GM, with production beginning in February 2013. In addition to the base XTS, there are five trim packages labeled "Luxury", "Premium Luxury", and "Platinum", with the optional XTS V-Sport offered in both "V-Sport Premium Luxury" and "V-Sport Platinum". Some of the standard features include dual-zone automatic climate control, 4G LTE connectivity, adaptive cruise control, keyless entry, leather seat-upholstery, 8-way power front seats, parking assist and comprehensive safety equipment like ABS, stability control, dual-stage front airbags, front side airbags, side-curtain airbags front and rear, and

3024-534: Was announced that the previous generation of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and the GMC Sierra 1500 would be sold alongside their successors for the 2019 model year , as the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD and the GMC Sierra 1500 Limited. Final assembly of these trucks, which would only be sold in Double Cab, Standard Bed form, would occur at Oshawa Car Assembly. This marks the first time since 2009 that Oshawa Assembly ( Oshawa Truck Assembly ), which also assembled

3080-628: Was done by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) in Port Melbourne, Victoria . Local content requirements were met by using Australian suppliers for the interiors (seats, carpeting, etc.) as well as for lights, heaters, and other components. Various Rambler models were assembled in New Zealand from the early 1960s until 1971 by Campbell Motors in Thames (later Toyota New Zealand ), which had also built Toyota , Datsun (later known as Nissan) , Hino, Renault, and Peugeot cars. New Zealand had developed

3136-416: Was one of six locations building Chevrolet Motor Company automobiles before it was acquired by General Motors in 1918. In January 1918, Oshawa became the first Canadian GM plant to minimize the issue of large scale layoffs by cutting the second shift and alternating day- and night-shift workers at two-week intervals. This system was later adopted at other plants around the continent. The plant later moved to

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